Injap rama -rama adat: China Valve Foundry

1. Pengenalan

Custom Butterfly valves are essential components in modern fluid control systems, known for their compact design, fast operation, dan fleksibiliti.

Originally conceptualized in the early 20th century, these injap have evolved significantly to meet the growing demands of industries requiring efficient and cost-effective flow control solutions.

Hari ini, butterfly valves are widely used in diverse sectors such as rawatan air, minyak dan gas, HVAC, pemprosesan kimia, Marin, dan food and beverage industri.

Their popularity stems from their ability to handle a broad range of fluids—including gases, cecair, and slurries—with minimal pressure drop and rapid shutoff capabilities.

2. What Is a Butterfly Valve?

A butterfly valve is a type of quarter-turn rotary valve used to regulate, isolate, or control the flow of fluids, gas, or slurries in piping systems.

Its name is derived from the disc’s operation, which resembles a butterfly’s wings as it rotates within the valve body.

Butterfly valves are widely recognized for their compact design, quick actuation, kos rendah, dan broad size range, making them suitable for both low- and high-pressure applications across a variety of industries.

Core Components and Their Functions

Badan injap

The valve body is the outer casing that houses all internal components and interfaces with the pipeline through wafer, Lug, flanged, or butt-welded ends.

Valve sizes typically range from DN50 (2 inci) to over DN3000 (120 inci) for large-scale industrial applications.

Butterfly Disc

The disc is the rotating element that regulates flow. Shaped like a circular or elliptical plate, it is mounted either centrally or slightly offset on the shaft.

When rotated 0° (parallel to the flow), the disc allows full flow through the valve. When turned 90° (perpendicular), it fully blocks the flow, achieving shutoff.

Valve Stem (Shaft)

The stem connects the actuator to the disc, transmitting the torque necessary for rotation.

In large or high-pressure valves, the stem may include upper and lower bearings or bushings to reduce operating torque and extend service life.

Tempat duduk (Meterai)

The seat is a ring-shaped sealing surface located inside the valve body. It interacts with the disc edge to provide a tight seal when closed. The seat plays a critical role in leak-tightness and longevity.

Penggerak

A mechanism (manual, pneumatik, elektrik, or hydraulic) that drives the disc’s rotation. Manual actuators use handwheels or levers; automated versions integrate with control systems for remote operation.

3. Working Principle of Butterfly Valves

Butterfly valves function based on a quarter-turn rotational motion that controls the position of a disc relative to the flow path.

The simplicity of this design allows for quick operation, shutoff yang boleh dipercayai, and efficient flow modulation, making them widely used in both on-off and throttling applications.

Basic Operating Principle

At the heart of a butterfly valve’s operation is the disc, which rotates around a central or offset shaft:

• Open Position (0°): When the disc is aligned parallel to the flow direction, the valve offers minimal flow resistance.
  This allows the medium to pass through almost unimpeded, resulting in a low-pressure drop across the valve.
• Closed Position (90°): When the disc is rotated perpendicular to the flow, it presses tightly against the seat, forming a seal that stops the flow.
  Depending on the valve type (berdaya tahan, prestasi tinggi, or triple offset), this seal may be either soft or metal-to-metal.
• Pendikit (10°–80°): Intermediate positions allow partial opening of the valve, where the disc restricts the flow similar to an orifice plate.
  The valve can be used to control flow rate, although accuracy varies based on disc design and valve type.

Flow Modulation Characteristics

The relationship between disc angle and flow rate is non-linear, particularly for standard resilient-seated butterfly valves.

At lower disc angles, small movements cause significant changes in flow, which can make precise modulation challenging.

Walau bagaimanapun, high-performance and triple offset butterfly valves offer improved control characteristics and are better suited for regulated flow applications.

Sealing Mechanisms

Butterfly valves achieve shutoff through direct contact between the disc edge and the valve seat. The type of seal determines both the performance and application suitability:

• Resilient-Seated: Utilizes a soft elastomeric seat (Mis., EPDM, Nbr) for bubble-tight sealing.
  Ideal for low- to medium-pressure systems but may degrade in corrosive or high-temperature environments.
• High-Performance (Double Offset): The disc is offset from the seat centerline, reducing friction during operation and improving sealing under pressure. Suitable for moderate pressure and temperature applications.
• Triple Offset: Adds a third geometric offset to eliminate friction entirely during operation, membenarkan metal-to-metal sealing suitable for high-pressure, suhu tinggi, and critical service conditions.

Speed of Operation

Thanks to the 90° rotational motion, butterfly valves can be operated rapidly:

• Manual valves typically require one quick turn of the lever or several turns of a gearbox.
• Automated valves (elektrik, pneumatik, atau penggerak hidraulik) can open or close in 1 ke 5 saat, depending on valve size and actuator type.

This speed makes butterfly valves ideal for emergency shutdown systems (ESD), frequent cycling operations, or processes requiring rapid flow isolation.

4. Types of Butterfly Valves

Butterfly valves come in a wide variety of configurations tailored to specific installation requirements, performance criteria, and actuation preferences.

They are commonly classified based on body design, prestasi pengedap, dan actuation method.

Based on Body Design

This classification refers to how the valve connects to the piping system and how it is supported structurally.

Wafer Type Butterfly Valve

The wafer-style butterfly valve is the most common and cost-effective design.

It is designed to be sandwiched between two pipeline flanges using long bolts that pass through the valve body and both flanges.

The wafer valve provides a tight seal against bi-directional pressure, preventing backflow.

Walau bagaimanapun, it does not support downstream piping, so it is not suitable for applications requiring dead-end service.

Lug Type Butterfly Valve

The lug design features protruding lugs with threaded inserts around the valve body, allowing the valve to be bolted to each flange separately.

This configuration enables one side of the piping system to be disconnected without affecting the other, making it useful for systems that require periodic maintenance or isolation of a single side.

Lug-type valves are suitable for dead-end service when installed with the appropriate pressure rating.

Double Flanged Butterfly Valve

The double-flanged design includes flanges on both ends of the valve body, which are bolted directly to the pipeline flanges.

This construction provides enhanced mechanical strength and support for heavy piping systems.

It is particularly suited to large-diameter pipelines, buried installations, and applications involving frequent opening and closing.

Butt-Welded End Butterfly Valve

In this type, the valve is permanently welded to the pipeline, eliminating flanged joints and reducing potential leak points.

This design is ideal for high-pressure, suhu tinggi, or hazardous environments where joint integrity and long-term sealing are critical.

Typical applications include oil and gas, Pengagihan stim, and process plants handling toxic or flammable fluids.

Based on Sealing and Performance

Butterfly valves also vary based on the sealing mechanism and their suitability for different pressure and temperature conditions.

Resilient-Seated Butterfly Valve

These valves use a soft elastomeric seat (such as EPDM, Nbr, or Viton) to provide bubble-tight shutoff.

The disc compresses against the seat to form a seal, which is effective for clean water, udara, and non-aggressive fluids.

Resilient-seated valves are widely used in water treatment, HVAC, and low-pressure industrial applications.

They typically operate within a pressure rating of PN10–PN16 and temperatures up to 200°C.

High-Performance Butterfly Valve (Double Offset)

High-performance butterfly valves incorporate a disc that is offset from the centerline of both the pipe and the shaft.

This double-offset design reduces friction between the disc and seat during operation, extending the valve’s lifespan and allowing it to handle higher pressures and temperatures—up to Class 300 and around 400°C.

These valves are suited for applications in power generation, petrochemical systems, and steam service.

Triple Offset Butterfly Valve

The triple offset design includes a third geometric offset that results in a conical seating surface, eliminating rubbing between the disc and seat.

These valves typically use metal-to-metal seating, allowing them to achieve zero-leakage shutoff (Kelas VI) under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions—up to Class 600 and 600°C.

Triple offset valves are ideal for critical applications such as steam, cryogenic service, hydrocarbon processing, and corrosive chemical handling.

Based on the Actuation Method

The actuation method determines how the valve is operated—manually or through automation.

Manual Actuation Butterfly Valve

Manual butterfly valves are operated using a lever (for small diameters) or a gear operator (for larger sizes). They are cost-effective, simple to install, and easy to maintain.

These valves are appropriate for systems where flow changes are infrequent and remote operation is unnecessary.

Electric Actuation Butterfly Valve

Electric actuators use a motor to open and close the valve disc, providing precise control over valve positioning.

These actuators can be integrated into automated systems such as SCADA or PLCs, enabling remote operation and diagnostics.

Electric actuation is commonly used in building automation, water distribution networks, and industrial process control.

Pneumatic Actuation Butterfly Valve

Pneumatic actuators operate the valve using compressed air. They are known for rapid response times and reliable cycling.

Pneumatic butterfly valves are commonly found in chemical plants, food processing facilities, and clean-in-place (CIP) sistem, where frequent actuation and quick shutoff are required.

Hydraulic Actuation Butterfly Valve

Hydraulic actuators use pressurized hydraulic fluid to generate torque, making them suitable for large-diameter valves or systems with high operating pressure.

They offer excellent force transmission and are used in demanding industries such as offshore drilling, loji kuasa, and heavy manufacturing.

5. Materials and Coatings of Butterfly Valves

The choice of materials and coatings in butterfly valve construction is critical to ensuring durability, chemical compatibility, Integriti tekanan, dan rintangan kakisan.

Depending on the application—whether it’s potable water, bahan kimia yang menghakis, wap, or slurry—various combinations of body, cakera, tempat duduk, and coating materials are selected to meet operational and environmental demands.

Valve Body and Disc Materials

The valve body and disc are structural components that must withstand internal pressure, tekanan mekanikal, and chemical exposure. Common materials include:

• Besi tuang (CI)
  Cost-effective and widely used in low-pressure water and HVAC systems. Not suitable for corrosive or high-temperature applications.
• Besi mulur (DI)
  Stronger and more impact-resistant than cast iron. Often used in water distribution, wastewater treatment, and fire protection systems.
• Keluli karbon
  Suitable for high-pressure systems and industrial environments. Requires protective coatings to prevent corrosion.
• Keluli tahan karat (SS304/SS316)
  Rintangan kakisan yang sangat baik; commonly used in chemical processing, Persekitaran marin, and food-grade applications. SS316 offers superior resistance to chlorides and acids compared to SS304.
• Bronze or Nickel-Aluminum Bronze (NAB)
  Commonly used in seawater applications due to their exceptional resistance to saltwater corrosion and biofouling.
• Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel
  Provide high mechanical strength and excellent resistance to pitting, Crevice Corrosion, dan tegasan kakisan retak. Ideal for aggressive chemical or offshore environments.
• PVC, CPVC, and Other Plastics
  Ringan dan tahan karat; ideal for chemical dosing, low-pressure water, and non-metallic piping systems.

Tempat duduk (Meterai) Bahan

• EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)
  Suitable for water, udara, and mild chemicals. Not compatible with oils or hydrocarbons. Temperature range: –40°C to +120°C.
• Nbr (Nitrile Rubber)
  Resistant to oils, fuels, and some chemicals. Used in industrial, petroleum, and hydraulic applications. Temperature range: –10°C to +100°C.
• Faston (Fkm)
  Excellent chemical and heat resistance. Suitable for aggressive fluids, pelarut, and high-temperature environments. Temperature range: –20°C to +200°C.
• Ptfe (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
  Inert to nearly all chemicals. Ideal for corrosive and high-purity applications. Offers non-stick surface with minimal friction. Temperature range: –50°C to +250°C.
• Logam-ke-logam (Stellite, Ss, Inconel)
  Used in triple-offset butterfly valves for high-temperature, tekanan tinggi, and zero-leakage applications. Resistant to erosion, Pakai, and thermal cycling.

Shaft and Bearing Materials

• Keluli tahan karat
  Commonly used for corrosion resistance and strength.
• 17-4 PH keluli tahan karat
  Offers high strength and hardness with good corrosion resistance.
• Bronze or Teflon-Coated Bearings
  Reduce friction, enhance wear resistance, and improve actuation smoothness.

Coating and Lining Options

Protective coatings and internal linings enhance corrosion resistance, improve flow, and prolong service life:

• Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE)
  Provides excellent corrosion protection for potable water and wastewater applications. Applied electrostatically and cured to form a durable coating.
• Nylon Coating
  Used for enhanced chemical resistance and smoother surface finish, reducing friction and buildup.
• Rubber Lining
  Natural or synthetic rubber lining offers abrasion resistance and chemical protection, especially in slurry handling and acidic services.
• PTFE Lining
  Offers superior chemical inertness, used in highly corrosive environments and hygienic applications such as food and pharmaceuticals.
• Glass Flake or Ceramic Epoxy Coatings
  Used in harsh environments to resist erosion, tekanan tinggi, and chemical attack.

6. Key Technical Specifications of Butterfly Valves

Pressure Ratings

Butterfly valves are manufactured to handle specific pressure ranges, defined by international standards:

• PN Ratings (metric)

• • PN10: Maximum pressure 10 bar (~145 psi)
  • PN16: Maximum pressure 16 bar (~232 psi)
  • PN25, PN40 also available for high-performance valves

• ANSI/ASME Class Ratings (imperial)

• • Kelas 150 (hingga 285 psi at 38°C)
  • Kelas 300 and above for high-pressure applications

Julat suhu

The operating temperature of a butterfly valve depends largely on the body, cakera, and seat materials:

Julat saiz (Nominal Diameter)

Butterfly valves are available in a wide range of nominal diameters:

• Common Range:
  DN50 (2 inci) to DN1200 (48 inci)
• Extended Range:
  Up to DN3000 (120 inci) for large industrial and infrastructure projects (Mis., water treatment plants, dam outlets)

Pekali aliran (Cv/kv)

Flow coefficient represents the valve’s ability to allow fluid passage:

• Cv (Imperial): Flow rate (gallons/min) of water at 60°F with 1 Penurunan tekanan psi
• Kv (Metrik): Flow rate (m³/hr) pada 1 bar pressure drop

Custom butterfly valves typically offer high Cv values due to their full-bore design when fully open. Cv depends on disc shape, valve size, and degree of opening. Contohnya:

• DN100 (4") butterfly valve: Cv ≈ 120–150
• DN300 (12") butterfly valve: Cv ≈ 1500–2000

Kelas kebocoran

Defined by international standards such as ANSI/FCI 70-2 dan Dalam 12266, leakage classes indicate the valve’s sealing performance:

Resilient-seated butterfly valves typically meet Class VI, while metal-seated or triple-offset valves may achieve Class IV or tighter with specialized machining.

Keperluan tork

Operating torque depends on valve size, tekanan, media type, and seat friction:

• Small valves (DN50–DN150): ~20–80 Nm
• Large valves (DN600–DN1200): >1000 Nm

7. Advantages of Butterfly Valves

• Compact and Lightweight: Ideal for space-constrained installations.
• Fast Operation: Quarter-turn design enables rapid open/close cycles.
• Kos efektif: Especially in large-diameter applications compared to gate or ball valves.
• Penurunan tekanan rendah: Streamlined flow when fully open minimizes energy losses.
• Multi-function: Suitable for both on-off and throttling services.
• Reka bentuk mudah: Fewer moving parts result in lower maintenance needs and enhanced reliability.

8. Batasan dan cabaran

• Not Suitable for High-Pressure Throttling: Disc position may cause cavitation and vibration.
• Seal Degradation: Especially in resilient-seated designs exposed to abrasive or high-cycle operations.
• Flow Obstruction: The disc remains in the flow path even when fully open.
• Limited Temperature Range: Elastomeric seats restrict use in high-temperature applications.
• Potential for Leakage: Especially in low-cost or improperly selected valves under high stress.

9. Applications of Butterfly Valves

• Air & Rawatan Air Sisa: Efficient for isolation and control of clean and dirty water.
• Minyak & Gas: Used for fuel handling, penapisan, and offshore systems.
• HVAC Systems: Regulating hot or chilled water and air distribution.
• Chemical and Petrochemical: Resistant materials handle aggressive fluids and vapors.
• Marin & Luar pesisir: Compact size is beneficial for tight engine rooms.
• Makanan & Beverage: Hygienic valves with PTFE or stainless internals are standard.
• Penjanaan kuasa: Cooling water and auxiliary service lines.
• Pulpa & Paper: Handles slurry and fiber-laden flows with robust disc and seat designs.

10. Butterfly Valve vs. Other Valve Types

11. Kriteria pemilihan

Choosing the right butterfly valve involves a thorough evaluation of multiple factors to ensure optimal performance, panjang umur, and cost-effectiveness within a specific application.

Key criteria include:

Fluid Characteristics

• Type of Fluid: Clean liquids, slurries, bahan kimia yang menghakis, or gases—each requires specific seat materials and body construction to withstand erosion, kakisan, and abrasion.
• Kelikatan: Higher viscosity fluids may require valves with enhanced sealing and actuator torque.
• Presence of Solids: Fluids containing suspended solids or particulates demand robust seats and body designs to prevent wear and leakage.

Operating Pressure and Temperature

• Pressure Rating: Match valve pressure class (Mis., PN10, PN16, Kelas 150) to pipeline operating pressure to avoid premature failure.
• Julat suhu: Consider seat and body material limits—rubber seats for low temperatures and PTFE or metal seats for high-temperature service up to 600°C.

Required Shutoff Tightness

• Leakage Class: For critical isolation, triple-offset butterfly valves offer near zero leakage (Kelas VI).
  For less demanding applications, resilient seated valves provide economical sealing with acceptable leakage.

Valve Actuation

• Manual vs Automated: Determine whether manual lever, gear, pneumatik, elektrik, or hydraulic actuators best suit the operation frequency, safety requirements, and integration into control systems.
• Speed of Operation: Applications requiring rapid open/close cycles may favor quarter-turn actuators.

Installation Constraints

• Space Availability: Custom Butterfly valves have a compact design, making them suitable for limited space installations compared to bulkier valve types.
• Connection Type: Consider compatibility with piping—wafer, Lug, or flanged designs based on installation and maintenance needs.

Kos vs. Baki prestasi

• Weigh upfront costs, maintenance requirements, and expected lifespan. Sometimes investing in high-performance valves reduces total cost of ownership through reliability and fewer replacements.

12. Future Trends in Butterfly Valve Technology

• Smart Integration: IoT-enabled actuators with sensors for real-time monitoring (tekanan, suhu, position), enabling predictive maintenance.
• Bahan lanjutan: Carbon fiber bodies (30% lebih ringan daripada keluli) for offshore use; ceramic seats for extreme abrasion.
• Extreme Environments: Cryogenic models (-196° C.) for LNG; high-temperature designs (800° C.) for hydrogen plants.
• Kemampanan: Low-leakage designs (Class VI+) to reduce emissions; recyclable materials for valve bodies.

13. Kesimpulan

Custom butterfly valves are essential components in modern fluid control systems, known for their compact design, fast operation, dan fleksibiliti.

Originally conceptualized in the early 20th century, these injap have evolved significantly to meet the growing demands of industries requiring efficient and cost-effective flow control solutions.

Hari ini, butterfly valves are widely used in diverse sectors such as rawatan air, minyak dan gas, HVAC, pemprosesan kimia, Marin, dan food and beverage industri.

Their popularity stems from their ability to handle a broad range of fluids—including gases, cecair, and slurries—with minimal pressure drop and rapid shutoff capabilities.

Custom butterfly valves are a cornerstone of modern fluid handling systems due to their efficiency, kos rendah, and adaptability.

Whether used in municipal pipelines, industrial processing, or precision-controlled environments, selecting the right butterfly valve—matched to pressure, fluid, and operational needs—is essential for long-term performance and reliability.

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Soalan Lazim

What is the difference between a wafer and lug-style butterfly valve?

Wafer valves clamp between flanges (no bolt holes), while lug valves have threaded lugs for bolted installation, allowing one-sided removal. Lug valves suit higher pressure (≤25 bar) than wafer (≤16 bar).

How long do butterfly valves last?

Service life ranges from 10–15 years for resilient-seated valves in clean service to 5–8 years for metal-seated valves in abrasive environments. Proper maintenance extends life by 30–50%.

Are butterfly valves suitable for slurry or abrasive fluids?

Metal-seated triple-offset valves are suitable; resilient seats erode quickly. Use hardened disc materials (Mis., Keluli tahan karat dupleks) for extended wear.