4軸加工とは?

1. 導入

In the world of precision manufacturing, CNC machining plays a vital role.

While 3-axis CNC machines have been the standard for many years, the advancement to 4-axis machining has brought increased versatility and precision to a wide range of industries.

From aerospace and automotive to medical and electronics, the ability to machine complex geometries efficiently has transformed modern production.

This blog delves into 4-axis machining, its principles, 種類, and the unique advantages it offers, highlighting why it’s a valuable tool for today’s manufacturers.

2. 4軸加工とは?

4-axis machining is an advanced form of CNC加工 that operates using four axes: the X, Y, Z, and A axes.

These axes control the movement of the cutting tool and the rotation of the workpiece, allowing for the creation of more intricate parts compared to traditional 3-axis machining.

• ×, Y, Z Axes: Standard movement in horizontal (×), vertical (Y), and depth (Z) directions.
• A-Axis (or B-Axis): The fourth axis (A-Axis or B-Axis) provides rotational movement around the X-axis (あ) or Y-axis (B), giving the machine the ability to rotate the workpiece while cutting.

This rotational capability is what distinguishes 4-axis machining from 3-axis, enabling the machine to perform operations like drilling or milling from different angles without the need to reposition the workpiece manually.

両者の主な違い 3, 4, and 5-Axis Machining:

• 3-軸加工: The cutting tool moves along three linear axes (×, Y, Z). It is limited to working on a single plane at a time, which restricts the complexity of parts it can machine.
• 4-軸加工: In addition to the X, Y, と Z 軸, a rotational A-axis (around the X-axis) is introduced.
  This allows the workpiece to rotate, enabling machining on multiple sides without repositioning.
• 5-軸加工: Adds two rotational axes (typically A and B or B and C), allowing the cutting tool or workpiece to tilt and rotate. This capability enables machining complex geometries from any angle in a single setup.

3. How 4-Axis Machining Works?

Detailed Explanation of the 4 軸:

• ×, Y, Z Axes: These control the linear movement of the cutting tool, positioning it precisely in three-dimensional space.
• あ (or B) 軸: This rotational axis allows the workpiece to be rotated, enabling the machine to cut at different angles and along the circumference, ensuring continuous and precise cutting.

段階的なプロセス:

1. Design the Part: Engineers create a 3D model using CAD (コンピュータ支援設計) ソフトウェア, such as SolidWorks or AutoCAD.
2. Generate Toolpaths: カム (コンピュータ支援製造) ソフトウェア, like Mastercam or Fusion 360, converts the 3D model into G-code, which the CNC machine reads.
3. マシンをセットアップする: Operators secure the workpiece on the machine, ensuring it is properly aligned and clamped. They also set the initial position of the cutting tool.
4. Load the Program: The generated G-code is loaded into the CNC machine, and the operator verifies the program through a simulation.
5. Start Machining: The operator initiates the machining process, closely monitoring the machine for any issues and making adjustments as needed.
6. 後処理: 加工が完了したら, the part is removed, and any necessary finishing, such as deburring or polishing, is performed.

Common Programming Languages and Software:

• G-Code: The standard programming language for CNC machines, which provides detailed instructions for the machine’s movements.
• CAM Software: Popular options include Mastercam, Fusion 360, and SolidCAM, which offer advanced features for generating and optimizing toolpaths.

4. Types of 4-Axis CNC Machines

• 4-Axis CNC Milling Machine:
  A 4-axis CNC milling machine enhances standard 3-axis capabilities by adding a rotational A-axis, which rotates around the X-axis.
  This additional axis allows multi-sided machining without manually repositioning the part, making it ideal for creating complex designs and detailed features.
  Used extensively in industries like aerospace, 自動車, そして医療, it is perfect for producing turbine blades, エンジン部品, and medical implants.
• 4-Axis CNC Lathe:
  Combining traditional turning with milling or drilling, a 4-axis CNC lathe adds flexibility by rotating the part on the fourth axis.
  This setup efficiently handles complex, cylindrical parts such as crankshafts and camshafts.
  It eliminates the need for multiple setups, ensuring smoother transitions between operations and higher productivity.

• 4-Axis CNC Router:
  A 4-axis CNC router, often used in woodworking, adds rotational capabilities, allowing for detailed carving and intricate cuts on curved surfaces.
  This machine is widely used for creating complex shapes in sign-making, キャビネット, and artistic furniture.
  The ability to machine multiple faces without repositioning saves time and increases precision.
• 4-Axis Horizontal Machining Center (HMC):
  With a horizontal spindle and a rotary axis, a 4-axis HMC excels at heavy-duty machining on large, bulky parts.
  It’s commonly used for manufacturing engine blocks, トランスミッションのケース, and industrial molds.
  The horizontal setup allows for better chip evacuation, while the rotational axis enables more efficient multi-sided machining.
• 4-Axis Vertical Machining Center (VMC):
  In a 4-axis VMC, the spindle is vertical, and the added axis (A or B) allows more flexible machining of angled or multi-sided surfaces.
  This type of machine is highly versatile and finds applications in industries such as medical devices, エレクトロニクス, and prototype development, offering high precision for intricate designs.

5. Benefits of 4-Axis CNC Machining

4-axis machining has several key advantages that make it a popular choice across multiple industries:

• Increased Precision: With the additional rotational axis, the machine can perform operations on multiple sides of the workpiece, improving accuracy.
  This reduces the need for human intervention, leading to error reductions of up to 30% in certain applications.
• Enhanced Efficiency: By reducing the need for multiple setups and re-positioning of the part, 4-axis machining decreases production time by as much as 50%, depending on the complexity of the part.
• Flexibility in Design: The ability to machine complex geometries and angles makes it ideal for industries such as aerospace and automotive, where part intricacies are paramount.
• Cost Reduction: Fewer setups, quicker production times, and reduced labor costs translate to overall savings, 特に大量生産の場合.

6. Drawbacks of 4-Axis CNC Machining

Despite its advantages, 4-axis machining does come with some limitations:

• Higher Initial Costs: 4-axis machines are generally more expensive than 3-axis machines, with prices ranging from 20,000toover20,000toover100,000, depending on the size and capabilities.
• Complex Programming: Operating and programming a 4-axis machine requires advanced training.
  CNC operators may need an additional 20-30% more time to learn the complexities of 4-axis systems compared to 3-axis systems.
• Limited Movement: While offering more flexibility than the 3-axis, it still cannot handle as many complex geometries as the 5-axis machining.

7. Materials Suitable for 4-Axis Machining

• 金属:

• • アルミニウム: Known for its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties, aluminum is widely used in aerospace and automotive industries.
  • 鋼鉄: Offers high strength and durability, making it suitable for a variety of applications, including structural components and machinery.
  • チタン: Renowned for its high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance, titanium is commonly used in aerospace and medical devices.
  • 真鍮: Often used for its aesthetic appeal and machinability, brass is popular in decorative and industrial applications.

• プラスチック:

• • アクリル: Provides excellent optical clarity and is often used in signage and display cases.
  • ポリカーボネート: Known for its impact resistance and transparency, polycarbonate is used in safety equipment and electronic enclosures.
  • ABS: A strong and durable plastic, ABS is commonly used in consumer electronics and automotive parts.

• 複合材料:

• • Carbon Fiber: Offers high strength and low weight, making it ideal for aerospace and high-performance automotive applications.
  • Fiberglass: Known for its durability and cost-effectiveness, fiberglass is used in marine, 工事, and recreational products.

• その他の素材:

• • Wood: Used in furniture, キャビネット, そして芸術的なプロジェクト.
  • Foam: Commonly used in prototyping and model-making.
  • セラミックス: Used in various industrial and artistic applications, including electrical insulators and decorative items.

8. What Kind of Parts Can Be Machined Using 4-axis Machining?

• 複雑な形状: Parts with intricate features and contours, such as turbine blades and engine components.
• Curved and Angular Surfaces: Parts requiring machining at various angles, such as molds, 死ぬ, and custom fixtures.
• 高精度部品: Parts that demand tight tolerances and high accuracy, such as medical implants and aerospace parts.

9. 4-Axis vs. 3-軸加工

• 3-軸加工:

• • Linear movements only.
  • Suitable for simpler, flat-surfaced parts.
  • Lower initial cost and easier programming.

• 4-軸加工:

• • Adds a rotational axis.
  • Capable of machining more complex and multi-sided parts.
  • Higher initial cost but offers greater flexibility and efficiency.

10. 4-Axis vs. 5-軸加工

• 4-軸加工:

• • One additional rotational axis.
  • Suitable for many complex parts but limited in some multi-angle operations.
  • More affordable and easier to program compared to 5-axis machines.

• 5-軸加工:

• • Two additional rotational axes.
  • Offers the highest level of flexibility and can machine the most complex parts.
  • Higher initial cost and more complex programming, but provides unparalleled versatility.

11. Key Considerations for 4-Axis Machining

Machine Selection:

• 考慮すべき要素:

• • Size and capacity of the machine, ensuring it can handle the largest parts you plan to machine.
  • Precision and repeatability, are crucial for maintaining high-quality standards.
  • Brand reputation and support, as well as reliable customer service and technical assistance, can make a significant difference.

• 比較:

• • VMCs are versatile and suitable for a wide range of applications, while HMCs excel in handling large and heavy parts.
    Multi-tasking machines offer the most comprehensive solution by combining multiple operations in a single setup.

Tooling:

• Importance of Selecting the Right Tools:

• • Choosing the right cutting tools is essential for achieving optimal cutting speed and feed rates, which directly impact productivity and tool life.
  • High-quality tools, such as carbide end mills and coated drills, can significantly extend tool life and reduce wear.

• Common Tooling Options:

• • エンドミル: Used for milling and contouring.
  • ドリル: Essential for creating holes.
  • Reamers: Used for enlarging and finishing existing holes.
  • Taps: Used for creating internal threads.

Workholding:

• Techniques for Securing the Workpiece:

• • Vises: Provide a strong and stable grip for rectangular and square parts.
  • Chucks: Ideal for holding round or irregularly shaped parts.
  • Custom fixtures: Tailored to specific parts, ensuring maximum stability and alignment.

• ベストプラクティス:

• • Ensuring the workpiece is securely clamped and aligned to prevent movement during machining.
  • Regularly inspecting and maintaining work-holding devices to ensure they remain in good condition.

プログラミング:

• Efficient and Accurate Programming:

• • Understanding G-code and utilizing advanced CAM features, such as toolpath optimization and simulation, can greatly improve the machining process.
  • Simulation and verification help identify potential issues before the actual machining begins, saving time and reducing the risk of errors.

• ベストプラクティス:

• • Optimizing toolpaths to minimize tool changes and reduce cycle times.
  • Regularly updating CAM software to take advantage of new features and improvements.

メンテナンス:

• 定期メンテナンス:

• • 潤滑: Keeping moving parts well-lubricated to reduce wear and friction.
  • Calibration: Regularly calibrating the machine to ensure accurate and consistent performance.
  • クリーニング: Removing chips and debris to maintain a clean and safe working environment.

• Common Issues and Troubleshooting:

• • Identifying and resolving problems, such as tool breakage, surface finish issues, and machine malfunctions, can help keep the machine running smoothly and efficiently.

12. Common Applications of 4-Axis Machining

• 航空宇宙産業:

• • エンジンコンポーネント, such as turbine blades and compressor housings.
  • Structural parts, including wing spars and fuselage sections.
  • Turbine blades require high precision and complex geometries.

• 自動車産業:

• • Engine blocks and cylinder heads benefit from the precision and complexity that 4-axis machining can achieve.
  • Transmission components, such as gears and shafts.
  • Exhaust manifolds and other complex exhaust system parts.

• 医療機器:

• • インプラント, such as hip and knee replacements require high precision and biocompatibility.
  • 手術器具, including forceps, scissors, and retractors.
  • Prosthetics, which often involve complex and customized designs.

• 家電:

• • Enclosures and casings for smartphones, 錠剤, and other electronic devices.
  • Connectors and sockets require precise and reliable manufacturing.
  • Heat sinks and cooling solutions benefit from the ability to create intricate designs.

• 石油とガス:

• • Valves and fittings must withstand high pressures and harsh environments.
  • Pumps and compressors require precise and durable components.
  • Drill bits and other downhole tools benefit from the ability to create complex geometries.

• 産業機械:

• • Gearboxes and transmissions require precise and durable gears and shafts.
  • Pumps and valves must operate reliably under various conditions.
  • Industrial automation components, such as robotic arms and grippers.

13. Technological Advancements in 4-Axis Machining

• 自動化とAI:

• • Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) for predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring, which can help detect and address issues before they become critical.
  • Automated tool changers and pallet systems, which further reduce downtime and increase productivity.

• Hybrid Machines:

• • Combining additive and subtractive processes in a single machine allows for the creation of parts with both 3D-printed and machined features.
  • Hybrid machines can significantly reduce production time and material waste, making them an attractive option for complex and innovative designs.

• Advanced Sensors:

• • Real-time monitoring and feedback sensors provide data on tool wear, 振動, and other key parameters, helping to optimize the machining process.
  • Advanced sensors can also enhance safety by detecting and preventing potential collisions and other hazards.

14. Get Started With 4-Axis Machining at これ

これを食べました, we specialize in precision 4-axis CNC machining for a variety of industries.

Whether you need high-volume production or intricate prototypes, our advanced machines and experienced technicians ensure superior quality and on-time delivery.

15. 結論

In conclusion, 4-axis machining bridges the gap between simple 3-axis systems and more advanced 5-axis machines, offering a balance of flexibility, 精度, とコスト効率.

Its ability to handle complex geometries while minimizing setups and downtime makes it a critical tool in today’s manufacturing landscape.

テクノロジーが進化するにつれて, 4-axis machining will continue to be a cornerstone of industries like aerospace, 自動車, および医療機器.

よくある質問

Q: Can 4-axis machining be used for small-scale production?

あ: はい, 4-axis machining is versatile and can be used for both small-scale and large-scale production.

It offers flexibility and efficiency, making it a valuable tool for a wide range of manufacturing needs.

Q: What are the common challenges in 4-axis machining?

あ: Common challenges include proper workholding, avoiding collisions, and ensuring accurate programming.

Regular maintenance and operator training can help mitigate these challenges, ensuring smooth and efficient operation.

Q: Is 4-axis machining more expensive than 3-axis machining?

あ: While 4-axis machines may have a higher initial cost, they often offer long-term savings through reduced setup times, increased productivity, and the ability to handle more complex jobs.

The return on investment can be significant, especially for high-volume or high-precision applications.