1. Introduction Ka helu hoʻoheheʻe kaulike o ka titanium maʻemaʻe (No) a 1 ka lewa 1668.0 ° C (≈ 1941.15 K, 3034.4

Aluminum, ma ke ʻano he māmā, corrosions-resistant, a me ka metala non-ferrous loa, pāʻani i kahi mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka aerospace, hana ana i ka hana automoki, nā leka uila, a

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ʻO nā mea hao hao i wehewehe ʻia e ko lākou hiki ke hana a mālama i kahi lahilahi, ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana iāʻoe iho

ʻO ke kila kalapona kekahi papa o nā huila hao-carbon i loko o ka hao (Lia) lawelawe ma ke ano he matrix a me carbon (C) oe

1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo hoʻokō ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao hao ma mua o ke kila kalapona maʻamau i nā wahi ʻino maʻamau ma muli o kāna kemika a me ka microstructure.

Ma ka hana ʻenekinia, pili pono ke koho kila i ka hana, hana ailihua, kūlia, a me ke kumukūʻai o nā ʻāpana. ʻEkolu mau kila i kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo Pākē

1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ʻo 316Ti he kila kila austenitic e pili ana i ka 300-series (316) kemika me ka hoʻohui ʻia o

1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo "18-8 stainless steel" ʻo ia ka inoa maʻamau no ka ʻohana o nā kila stainless austenitic i ʻike ʻia e

1. Hoʻonohonoho kumu & waiwai ʻoihana Ka 400 moʻo kuhiliʻole kila ke alahaka kūpono ma waena o haʻahaʻa-kuai kalapona kila a me

1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ʻo CE3MN ka mea i hoʻolei ʻia i nā alloys super-duplex i hana ʻia (E.g., Us s32750): hui ia i ka chromium kiʻekiʻe loa

I nā noi kahi e pono ai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻike maka me ka pololei o ka hana ʻana—e like me nā papa inoa i kahakaha ʻia, nā mea hoʻonani hale, hana hanohano, a me ka mea hana pololei

He nīnau koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻepekema waiwai a me nā noi ʻoihana: He kila kuhiliʻole? ʻO ka pane e pili ana i ka wehewehe