ʻO Nickel kekahi o nā metala ʻenehana koʻikoʻi o ka honua, waiwai ʻia no kona kū ʻana i ka corrosion, ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nā hiʻohiʻona alloying maikaʻi loa, a me nā waiwai magnetic kūikawā.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ia i nā ʻoihana mai ka aerospace a me ka uila a hiki i ka hana kemika, ka ikehu hou, Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele, a me ka hana pololei.
Inā hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ke kila kila, hualaola, nā ʻakika hiki ke hoʻouka hou, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana electromagnetic, Hāʻawi ka nickel i nā waiwai i hiki i nā metala ʻē aʻe ke hāʻawi i ka manawa like.
Mawaena o keia mau waiwai, magnetism hāpai pinepine i nā nīnau. Ua ʻike ka poʻe he nui ka hao, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ke keleawe a me ka alumini.
Noho ʻo Nickel i kahi kūlana hoihoi no ka mea ʻo ia wale nō ʻekolu metala elemental i ferromagnetic maoli ma ka lumi wela, pu me ka hao (Lia) a me ka corbat (CO).
Akā naʻe,, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano magnetic o ka nickel ma mua o ka ʻae a ʻaʻole maʻalahi.
ʻO nā mea e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka alloy, keka ao, ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal, Ke hana anuanu, a hiki i ka mālama wela ke hoʻololi nui i kāna hana magnetic.
1. ʻO Nickel Magnetic?
He aha ka Nickel?
Nickel (hōʻailona kemika I, helu atomic 28) he metala hoʻololi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo no ka Pūʻulu 10 o ka papa manawa.
Loaʻa iā ia kahi hui maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, paʻakikī, kumaikalua, mea kūʻai uila, a me ke kūpaʻa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana hou.
| Waiwai | Waiwai |
| Hōʻailona Kimia | I |
| Helu atomic | 28 |
| ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal | Cubic cub (Fcc) |
| Kaupaona atomic | 58.69 g/mol |
| Huakai | 8.90 g / cm³ |
| Malting Point | 1455° C (2651° F) |
| Makaʻikua | 2913° C (5275° F) |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | 90.9 W / m · c · k |
| Mea kūʻai uila | Aneane 22% Iac |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila | 6.99 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m |
| Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka | 13.4 Kila 1 10 ⁻⁶ / K |
| ʻO ka mana wela | 444 J / KIG · K |
Pane pōkole: ʻAe—He Ferromagnetic Kūlohelohe ʻo Nikel
ʻO ka pane maʻalahi ʻAe.
ʻO ka nickel maʻemaʻe ferromagnetic maoli I ka lumi lumi. 'O ia ho'i, hiki:
- E hoihoi ikaika i na magnet mau.
- E lilo i mea magnetized ma lalo o kahi māpuna waho.
- E hoʻopaʻa i kahi hapa o kāna magnetization ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ke kahua o waho.
- E hoʻokumu i nā kāʻei kua magnetic e hoʻolikelike ai i mea e hana ai i ke kahua mau.
Aia ʻo Nickel i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o nā metala elemental e hōʻike ana i ka ferromagnetism kuʻuna ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.
| Mua | ʻO Ferromagnetic maʻamau i ka wela lumi | Ka Mahana Curie |
| 'Eron (Lia) | ʻAe | 770° C |
| 'Lelo'Slelo (CO) | ʻAe | 1,115° C |
| Nickel (I) | ʻAe | 358° C |
Ma luna o kona wela Curie, ʻAʻole hana hou ka nickel ma ke ʻano he mea ferromagnetic a ua lilo Pamagnetic, e pane nawaliwali wale ana i na kahua magnetic o waho.
No ke aha he Magnetic ʻo Nickel
Puka mai ka magnetism o nickel mai kona hale uila—ʻokoʻa, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā electrons ma kāna orbital 3d. Loaʻa iā Nickel ka hoʻonohonoho electron [ARHERE AR] 3d⁸ 4s².
ʻO ia hoʻi aia ʻelua electrons hui ʻole i loko o ka puʻupuʻu 3d. Hoʻokumu kēia mau electrons i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i kahi manawa magnetic net.
Ke hoʻolikelike ʻia nā manawa magnetic o nā ʻātoma pili i ka ʻaoʻao like, lilo ka mea i ferromagnetic.
Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei kēia alignment e kahi mea hana kuantum mechanical i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ka launa pū ʻana, ka mea i makemake i ka hooponopono like ana o na milo electron i kekahi mau metala.
I ka nikela, ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka launa pū ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i ka alignment spin parallel a hiki i 358°C (ka mahana Curie).
2. Hoʻomaopopo i ka Magnetism i nā Metala
He aha ka Magnetism?
ʻO ka Magnetism kahi hanana kino e puka mai ana mai ka neʻe a me ka milo o nā electrons i loko o nā mana.
Hoʻokumu kēlā me kēia electron i kahi māla magnetic liʻiliʻi, akā, inā paha e hōʻike ʻia kahi mea hoʻokalakupua i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana o kēia mau manawa manaʻo atomika.
I ka nui o nā metala, ʻO nā manawa magnetic hoʻokahi i hui pū ʻia me nā milo kūʻē a i ʻole e hoʻomau mau ʻia, ka hopena o ka magnetism liʻiliʻi a ʻike ʻole ʻia.
I nā mea ferromagnetic e like me ka nickel, Akā naʻe,, ʻO nā manawa atomika e pili ana me ka ikaika i hiki ke hoʻolike wale ma luna o nā ʻāpana nui, ka hana ʻana i kahi kahua mākēneki hiki ke ana.
ʻO nā ʻano mea nui o nā mea magnetika
| ʻAno | ʻO wehewehe | Hana Mākēneki | Nā hiʻohiʻona |
| Ferphanevic | Huki ikaika; paʻa ka magnetization; hoʻolikelike ʻia nā manawa magnetic. | Kiʻekiʻe maʻalahi; HySteesisis; nā kāʻei magnetic. | 'Eron, nickel, 'lelo'Slelo, a me ko lākou mau makemake. |
| Ferrimagnetic | Huki ikaika; hoʻolikelike ʻia nā manawa hoʻopaneʻe me ke ʻano like ʻole. | E like me ka ferromagnetic akā nāwaliwali. | Magnetite (Lihuaipuai), ferrites. |
| Antiferromagnetic | Nawaliwali loa; hoʻolikelike ʻia nā manawa magnetic. | Piʻi ka maʻalahi me ka mahana. | Chromium, manganese oxides. |
Pamagnetic |
Nawaliwali loa; ʻaʻohe paʻa; align nā manawa me waho. | E emi ana ka maʻalahi me ka mahana (Kānāwai Curie). | Aluminum, Papa, Titanium. |
| Diamagnetic | Nawaliwali loa ka hoole; ʻaʻohe manawa mau; nā manawa i hoʻoulu ʻia e kūʻē i ke kahua. | ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka maʻalahi. | Liulaala, alakaʻi, bismuth, wai. |
3. No ke aha ʻo Nickel Ferromagnetic
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ferromagnetism o Nickel i nā loina o ka quantum mechanics ma mua o ka electromagnetism maʻamau..
ʻAʻole like me nā metala maʻamau, Loaʻa i ka nickel kahi ʻōnaehana uila e hiki ai i nā miliona o nā manawa magnetic atomic e hui like a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma nā wahi nui., ka hana ʻana i kahi mākēneki macroscopic ikaika.
Loaʻa kēia hanana ma muli o nā hopena i hui ʻia o ka spin electron, hoʻololi pili, ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal, a me ka hoʻokumu domain magnetic.
Hoʻokumu Atomic o Nickel
Aia nā ʻātoma nikela 28 nā electrons hoʻonohonoho ʻia a puni kahi nucleus o 28 protons.
ʻOiai ua paʻa paʻa nā electrons i loko a hāʻawi liʻiliʻi i ka hana magnetic, ka waho 3d nā electrons pāʻani i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi.
ʻO ka nickel crystallize i a cubic cub (Fcc) lattice ma ka lumi wela.
ʻO kēia hoʻonohonoho ʻātoma i kauoha nui ʻia e hoʻonoho i nā ʻātoma nickel e pili kokoke ana no kā lākou hana hawewe electron e uhi, e hiki ai i nā pilina magnetic ikaika ma loko o ke aniani.
Electron Configuration
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho electron ground-state o nickel:
[ARHERE AR] 3d⁸ 4s²
Ua piha hapa 3d orbital loaʻa i nā electrons hui ʻole, Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kahi manawa magnetic intrinsic ma muli o ka spin electron.
Inā hoʻomau mau kēia mau manawa, e hōʻike wale ka mea i ka paramagnetism nāwaliwali. ', Hiki i ka nickel's atomic structure ke hana like i nā milo kokoke.
Pānaʻi Kūʻai
ʻO ke kumu nui e pili ana i ka ferromagnetism nickel ka ka launa pū ʻana, he hopena mechanical quantum e puka mai ana mai ka uhi ana o na hana hawewe electron kokoke.
Makemake kēia pilina i ka hoʻolikelike like ʻana o nā milo electron pili no ka mea e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka ikehu o ke aniani.. Ma ka hopena:
- Hoʻopololei wale ʻia nā manawa manaʻo atomic e pili ana.
- Kūkulu ʻia nā ʻāpana nui o nā ʻātoma i hoʻohālikelike ʻia.
- Loaʻa ka Magnetization ʻoiai me ka ʻole o ke kahua magnetic waho.
ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manawa magnetic o kahi nickel atom ma mua o ka hao, ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā piliona o nā ʻātoma e hoʻohua i ka ʻano magnetic koʻikoʻi.
Mākēneki Domains
E hōʻemi i ka ikehu magnetic holoʻokoʻa, ʻAʻole hana ʻo nickel e like me hoʻokahi magnet nunui.
', ua māhele ʻia i nā microscopic lehulehu nā kāʻei magnetic, i loko o kēlā me kēia me nā miliona mau ʻātoma me ko lākou mau manawa magnetic i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao like.
I loko o kahi ʻāpana nickel ʻole:
- Kuhi nā kāʻei kapu ma nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole.
- Hoʻopau nui ko lākou mau māla magnetic kekahi i kekahi.
- Hōʻike ka mea i ka magnetism waho liʻiliʻi.
Ke hōʻike ʻia i kahi māla magnetic waho:
- Hoʻonui ʻia nā kāʻei kapu.
- Hoʻoneʻe nā paia domain.
- Hoʻololi ʻia nā milo atomika i ke kahua i hoʻohana ʻia.
- Piʻi wikiwiki ka magnetization holoʻokoʻa.
Inā lawa ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kāʻei kapu e kuʻikahi, a ke kokoke mai nei ka nickel hoʻonaʻauao magnetic.
Ka Mahana Curie
He ferromagnetic wale nō ka Nickel ma lalo o kona Mahana i ka mahana, aneane 358° C (631 K).
Ma lalo o kēia mahana:
- ʻOi aku ka mana o ka launa pū ʻana.
- Noho paʻa nā kāʻei kua magnetik.
- Mālama ʻia ka hana ferromagnetic ikaika.
Ma luna o ka mahana Curie:
- Hoʻopilikia ka ikehu wela i ka alignment wili.
- E hāʻule nā kāʻei kua magnetic.
- Hoʻololi ʻia ka nikela i loko o a Pamagnetic waiwai, e hōʻike wale ana i ka magnetism nāwaliwali i kahi kahua waho.
He mea koʻikoʻi kēia hoʻololi e pili ana i ka mahana i nā noi e pili ana i nā mahana hana kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā kaʻa uila, Nā lawehala, nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a me nā lako hana wela wela.
4. Nā mea e pili ana i ka Magnetism o Nickel
ʻOiai he ferromagnetic maoli ka nickel maʻemaʻe, ʻAʻole paʻa kona ʻano hana ma lalo o nā kūlana lawelawe āpau.
Ka ikaika o ka magnetization, hiki ke hoʻopalekana, a hiki ke loli nui ke kūpaʻa magnetic ma muli o ka mahana, NA KAKU ANA LOA, hana mīkini, moloka, a me ke kaiapuni hana a puni.
Keka ao
ʻO ka mahana ka mea nui loa e pili ana i ka magnetism o nickel.
Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻalulu atomika i ka ikehu wela, e hoʻopau mālie i ka hoʻolikelike ʻana o nā kāʻei kua hoʻopaneʻe no ka ferromagnetism.
Ma lalo o kona Mahana i ka mahana (ma kahi o 358°C / 676° F), Mālama ka nickel i ka magnetization kuʻuna a hōʻike i ke ʻano ferromagnetic ikaika.
Ke hoʻokokoke ka mahana i ka lae Curie, Hoʻemi wikiwiki ka manaʻo magnetic a me ka saturation magnetization.
Ke oi aku ka mahana o ka Curie, hāʻule nā kāʻei magnetic, a ke hele nei ka nickel i ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kahi mea ferromagnetic a i kahi paramagnetic.
Ma keia mokuaina, pane nawaliwali wale ia i ke kahua mākēneki o waho a ʻaʻole mālama hou i ka magnetization mau.
Mea nui, Ua hoʻohuli houʻia kēia hoʻololi. Inā ʻoluʻolu ka mea ma lalo o ka mahana Curie me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā microstructural nui a i ʻole ka oxidation, Hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia kona mau waiwai ferromagnetic.
| Lumi mahalaha | Hana magnetic | ʻO nā mea hoʻohālikelike |
| Ma lalo o 300°C | Paʻa ferromagnetism | He kūpono no ka hapa nui o nā mea magnetic |
| 300–358°C | Nawaliwali malie ka Magnetism | Hoʻemi ʻia ka hana magnetic |
| Ma luna o 358°C | Pamagnetic | ʻAʻole kūpono no nā noi magnetic |
| Ma hope o ka ʻoluʻolu ma lalo o ka lae Curie | Hoʻi hou ka Ferromagnetism | Hoʻihoʻi pinepine ʻia nā waiwai magnetik |
NA KAKU ANA LOA
He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui i nā hiʻohiʻona magnetic o nickel no ka mea e hoʻololi i ke ʻano uila a me ka lattice crystal..
Nā mea e like me 'Eron a 'lelo'Slelo hoʻonui maʻamau i ka hana ferromagnetic ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pilina hoʻololi magnetic, ʻoiai e hoʻohui pū ana i nā mea hoʻohui Chromium, Mybrideum, mang kāne, liulaala, a laiina e hoʻemi i ka manaʻo magnetic ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana non-magnetic a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka alignment domain magnetic..
NOEHUI, Hōʻike nā nickel alloys i kahi ākea ākea o ka hana magnetic.
ʻO nā huila nikela-hao e like me Permalloy ua hana ʻia e hoʻokō i ka permeability magnetic kiʻekiʻe loa no nā transformers, ʻO ka paleʻana magnetic, a me nā mea ʻike pololei.
He ʻokoʻa, kiʻekiʻe-hana corrosion-kuʻe i nā alloys e like me Actoel, Hailani, a me na papa he nui o Molol ua hoʻolālā mua ʻia no ka hana mechanical a me kemika, ka hopena i nā hiʻohiʻona nāwaliwali a kokoke ʻole i ka magnetik.
E wehewehe kēia i ke kumu ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka maʻiʻo nickel wale nō e wānana i ka ikaika o ka magnetic.
Hoʻokumu Crystal a me Microstructure
Ua pili loa ka hana manenika o ka nickel me kona cubic alo (Fcc) hale aniani a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā domain magnetic i loko o ka mea.
Ka nui o ka palaoa, ʻano ʻano palaoa, māhele māhele, hoʻokahe, a me nā pō'ino aniani e pili ana i ka ne'e 'ana o nā paia domain magnetic.
ʻO nā mea me nā ʻanoʻano like ʻole a me ke koʻikoʻi kūloko haʻahaʻa e hōʻike pinepine i ka hana magnetic paʻa a hiki ke wānana, ʻoiai hiki i nā microstructures heterogeneous ke hōʻemi i ka permeability magnetic a hoʻonui i ka hysteresis magnetic.
I ka wā hana hana e like me ka hoʻolei ʻana, Kākau, Kauwili, a i ʻole ka mālama wela, hoʻololi i ka morphology palaoa a me ke koʻikoʻi koena e hoʻololi i ka ʻōnaehana domain, e alakaʻi ana i nā ʻano like ʻole i hiki ke ana ʻia i nā waiwai magnetic ʻoiai ke hoʻololi ʻole ʻia ka haku melemele.
ʻO ka hana anu a me ke koʻikoʻi i koe
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mīkini i ka wā o ka ʻōwili anu, hukiʻulu, hanau, noho ', a i ʻole ka mīkini e hoʻololi i ka puʻunaue koʻikoʻi o loko o ka nickel a pili i ka neʻe ʻana o nā domain magnetic.
Hoʻonui ka hana anu i ka dislocation density a me ke koena o ke kaumaha, ka hana ʻana i nā keʻakeʻa e keʻakeʻa ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka domain-wall.
Ma ka hopena, piʻi pinepine ka coercivity i ka emi ʻana o ka permeability magnetic. I nā ʻāpana electromagnetic pololei, hiki i ka hoʻololi anu nui ke hoʻemi i ka hana magnetic a hoʻonui i nā poho hysteresis.
No kēia kumu, nui nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nickel magnetic kiʻekiʻe e hana i ka annealing hoʻomaha hoʻomaha ma hope o ka hana ʻana e hoʻihoʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona magnetic maikaʻi loa a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa dimensional..
ʻO ka mālama wela
ʻO ka hana wela hoʻopili i ka magnetism o nickel ma ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ke kaumaha, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka māhele māhele.
Hoʻoikaika ka annealing kūpono i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa a hoʻemi i ka distortion lattice o loko, e ʻae ana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kāʻei magnetic.
Hoʻonui maʻamau kēia i ka permeability magnetic a hoʻemi i ka ikaika coercive.
Like, ʻO nā mahana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela kūpono ʻole a i ʻole ka nui o ka hoʻoluʻu hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā pae makemake ʻole a i ʻole nā koena koʻikoʻi e hoʻopilikia i ka hana magnetic..
No nā nickel-hao soft magnetic alloys, He hana koʻikoʻi nā pōʻaiapili annealing i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā waiwai magnetic hope ma mua o ka haku mele ponoʻī.
Hoʻohana ʻia ke kahua mākēneki
ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻo Nickel i ka ikaika magnetic paʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana hana āpau. ʻO kāna pane ma muli o ka ikaika a me ka mōʻaukala o ke kahua magnetic i noi ʻia.
Ke hoʻokomo ʻia kahi māla magnetic waho, ʻōniʻoniʻo a hoʻolikelike me ke kuhikuhi kahua, e hoʻonui i ka magnetization a hiki i ka saturation.
Ma waho aʻe o ke kiko saturation, ʻO ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka ikaika o ke kahua e hana i ka magnetization hou.
Ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka māla waho, he hapa o ka magnetization e mau ana remanence, ʻoiai ʻo ke kahua i koi ʻia e hoʻopau i kēia koena magnetization ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ikaika hoʻomake.
Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e ka loop hysteresis o ka mea a he mea nui loa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā kaʻa, Aia, nā mea ʻike makamaka, a me nā mea hana electromagnetic.
ʻO ka hana hana
Hiki i ke kaiapuni lawelawe ke hoʻopili pololei i ka hana magnetic lōʻihi o ka nickel.
ʻOiai ua loaʻa i ka nickel ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, ʻike lōʻihi i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, hoʻouka wela cyclic, nā ea hoʻoheheʻe, haʻalulu mechanical, a i ʻole nā kemika koʻikoʻi ke hoʻololi mālie i ke ʻano o ka ʻili a me ka microstructure.
Hiki i kēia mau hoʻololi ke hoʻopili i ke kūpaʻa magnetic i nā manawa lawelawe lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka nui ma nā wahi ʻoihana koi.
I nā noi e like me nā ʻōnaehana aerospace, Mea Hana Marine, nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā hale hana mana, loiloi nā mea ʻenehana i nā waiwai magnetic a me ka lōʻihi o ke kaiapuni i ka manawa like e hōʻoia i ka hana lōʻihi.
Hana hana hana
Hoʻopuka nā ʻano hana hana like ʻole i nā microstructure ʻokoʻa a me nā kūlana koʻikoʻi koena, ka hopena i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana magnetic.
Loaʻa nā ʻāpana nickel hoʻolei i nā hua nui a me nā hale paʻa lohi, ʻoiai ʻo nā huahana forged e hōʻike ana i nā kīʻaha i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical.
Loaʻa i nā mea i hoʻopau ʻia i ke anu i ke koena koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai nā huahana annealed e hōʻike maʻamau i ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka magnetic permeability a me ka coercivity haʻahaʻa.
Nā kaʻina hana hoʻopau ʻili e like me Machimen, kūhā, Kāleka, a ʻo ka electroplating maʻamau he liʻiliʻi ka hopena pololei i ka magnetism nui, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoikaika i ka hana magnetic i nā mea kani kiʻekiʻe kahi e koi ʻia ai nā hoʻomanawanui magnetic paʻa loa.
5. ʻO Nickel Alloys Magnetic?
ʻO kekahi o nā kuhi hewa maʻamau, ʻo kēlā me kēia huila i loaʻa i ka nickel he magnetic.
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻAʻole hoʻoholo ka maʻiʻo nickel wale nō i ka hana magnetic.
', pili nui ka magnetism:
- ʻO ka hana aniani
- haku mele
- Māhele māhele
- ʻO ka hana wela
- Hana anu
- Ka mahana lawelawe
E like me nā mea hoʻohuihui e hoʻololi i ka hoʻonohonoho atomika nickel, Hoʻololi pū lākou i nā pilina pili e pili ana i ka ferromagnetism.
ʻO ke ʻano Magnetic o nā Alloy Nickel Common
| Alloy | ʻO Nickel Pūnaewele | Moloka | Magnetic ma ka lumi wela | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Nickel 200 | ≥99.0% | Fcc | ʻAe | Nā'āpana uila, Nā lako hana |
| Nickel 201 | ≥99.0% (Ke kala kala) | Fcc | ʻAe | ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i ka meaʻai, nā leka uila |
| Molol 400 | ~63–70% Ma | Nickel-Copper | Māmā liʻiliʻi a māneʻe nāwaliwali | ʻenehana moana, Pumps, Nā Vilves |
| Molnel k-500 | ~63% Ma | Ua paʻakikī | Māmā nāwaliwali | ʻO nā lāʻau kūwaho, Nā mea paʻa |
| Actoel 600 | ~72% Ma | Austetetitic | Maʻamau non-magnetic (Anned) | Nā mea hana wela, Kōlea |
Actoel 625 |
~58% Ma | Austetetitic | Ponoʻole-magnetic | AerERPPACE, Marine, Ke kālepaʻana |
| Actoel 718 | ~52% Ma | Ua paʻakikī | Maliʻa iki ma hope o ka ʻelemakule | Nā ʻenekini mokulele, Nā huakaʻi kuʻuna |
| Wikiwiki c-276 | ~57% Ma | Austetetitic | Non-magnetic (Anned) | Nā mea kālepa kālepa |
| Alloy 20 | ~ 35% i | Austetetitic | Non-magnetic | lawelawe ʻakika sulfuric |
| Nimonic 80A | ~75% Ma | nickel superalloy | Maʻa liʻiliʻi | Nā huila kinoea, AerERPPACE |
6. Pehea e ho'āʻo ai inā he Magnetic ʻo Nickel
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā he magnetic ka nickel a i ʻole ka nickel-containing alloy i ka ʻike mea, honua mālamalama, hōʻoiaʻiʻo, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hana.
ʻOiai hiki i kahi magnet maʻalahi ke hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona wikiwiki, koi pinepine nā noi ʻenekinia i nā ana quantitative o ka permeability magnetic, Magnetic flux density, a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka magnetization.
| ʻAno hoʻāʻo | Pololei | Ka nui | Hoʻopōʻino ʻole | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Mākēneki mau | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa | ʻAʻole | ʻAe | ʻIke kahua wikiwiki |
| ʻO ka mika permeability magnetic | High | ʻAe | ʻAe | Ka hoʻomalu maikaʻi ʻoihana |
| mika gauss | High | ʻAe | ʻAe | Ana mākēneki |
| Uʻi Laʻana Magnetometer (VsM) | Kiʻekiʻe loa | ʻAe | ʻAe | Ka noiʻi waiwai, hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hao |
| SQUID magnetometer | Kiekie loa | ʻAe | ʻAe | ʻImi ʻepekema |
| Microscopy ikaika mākēneki (MFM) | Microscopic | ʻAe | ʻAe | Kānāwai hoʻolālā kahua |
7. Na Hana Hana o ka Magnetic Nickel
ʻO ka hui kūikawā o Nickel ferromagnetism, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, ka hana durability, a me ke kūpaʻa he mea nui ia i nā ʻāpana ʻoihana he nui.
ʻAʻole like me ka hao, Mālama ʻo nickel i ke kūpaʻa ʻino maikaʻi ʻoiai e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano magnetic pono, kūpono ia no nā kaiapuni ʻino kahi e pōʻino koke ai nā mea magnetic maʻamau.
Nā ʻenekini uila a me nā mea hana
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Nickel i nā ʻāpana electromagnetic e koi ai i ka hana magnetic paʻa ma lalo o nā pōʻai magnetization mau.
Hoʻokomoʻia nā noi:
- Nā ʻāpana pole kaʻa
- ʻO nā hui rotor
- Palena mākēneki
- Nā mea hana hana
- Nā mea hana electromagnetic
Nā Relay Electromagnetic a me nā Solenoids
Hiki i ka Nickel ke kiʻekiʻe o ka magnetic permeability ka mea hiki ke hoʻouna i ka flux magnetic kūpono.
Hoʻokomoʻia nā noi maʻamau:
- ʻO nā lima hoʻokuʻu
- Koko Solenoid
- Nā hoʻololi electromagnetic
- Pūnaehana pili
- ʻOihana hoʻokele waiwai
Nā mea ʻike makeke
Ke hilinaʻi nei ka nui o nā ʻenehana ʻike i ka hana magnetic stable o nickel.
Hoʻokomoʻia nā noi:
- Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Hall-effect
- Nā mea ʻike pili
- Nā mea ʻike kūlana
- Nā mea hoʻololi o kēia manawa
- ʻōnaehana ana wikiwiki
ʻO nā Bateri hiki ke hoʻouka hou
ʻO Nickel kahi mea koʻikoʻi i nā ʻenehana pākahi he nui.
Hoʻokomoʻia nā hiʻohiʻona:
- Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH)
- Nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
- Nā cathodes lithium-ion waiwai nui nikela
- Nā mea hōʻiliʻili pākaukau
Nā Mea Elele
ʻO nā uhi nickel electroplated e lawelawe i nā kumu pale a me ka hana.
Nā mea noi maʻamau:
- Nā papa kaapuni i pai ʻia (PnB)
- Nā Kākoʻo
- Nā pūʻolo semiconductor
- Nā pā pale
- Hoʻopili pololei
Na'Āpana Nossopace
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā alloys Nickel-based i nā mokulele a me nā mokulele no ka mea paʻa lākou i ka ikaika mechanical i nā wela kiʻekiʻe..
Aia nā ʻāpana maʻamau:
- Nā ʻenekini turbine
- Nā'ōnaehana exhaust
- Nā mea paʻa
- Nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa
- Nā mea electromagnetic wela kiʻekiʻe
Nā mea kālepa kālepa
Hoʻohui ka nickel maʻemaʻe i nā waiwai magnetic me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi maikaʻi loa i nā kemika alkaline.
Loaʻa nā lako maʻamau:
- Pumps
- Nā Vilves
- Nā mea hana wela
- Nā moku kaomi
- Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe electrochemical
Nā Hoʻohana lapaʻau
Loaʻa nā mea magnetic me ka nikela i loko o nā mea lapaʻau he nui.
Hoʻokomoʻia nā hiʻohiʻona:
- Nā mea hana diagnostic
- ʻO nā mea kōkua i kūpono i ka MRI
- ʻO nā lako hana ʻokiʻoki
- ʻO nā mea hana pololei
- ʻOmomi hana hale hana
Palena Mākēneki
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea hao nikela no ka hoʻopili electromagnetic (Emi) ka pale.
Hoʻokomoʻia nā noi:
- Nā leʻaleʻa uila
- Lako kamaʻilio
- Aerospace electronics
- ʻOihana ʻenehana
- Mea kani pololei
8. Nickel vs Nā Metala Magnetic ʻē aʻe
ʻOiai naʻe 'Eron (Lia), 'lelo'Slelo (CO), a nickel (I) ʻO ia nā metala ferromagnetic ʻekolu e kū maoli ana ma ka lumi wela, ʻokoʻa loa lākou i ka hana magnetic, Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, paʻa wela, a me nā palapala noi.
| Waiwai | Nickel (I) | 'Eron (Lia) | 'Lelo'Slelo (CO) | ʻO ka mea kila ferritic (430) | Martelitic Vielless Steel (410) |
| ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal (ʻOihana lumi) | Fcc | Bcc | Hcp | Bcc | Bctkau ma na |
| Hana magnetic | Ferphanevic | Ferphanevic | Ferphanevic | Ferphanevic | Ferphanevic |
| Ka Mahana Curie | 358° C | 770° C | 1,115° C | ~700–750°C | ~700–760°C |
| Pilikia Magnetic Permeability | Equium-High | Kiʻekiʻe loa | High | Equium-High | Kūpono |
| Hoʻonaʻauao Mākēneki | Loli | Kiʻekiʻe loa | High | Kūpono | Kūpono |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion | Kūpono | Ilihune | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa | Loli |
E kāʻei i ke kū'ē |
Maikaʻi loa | Loli | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Kūpono (ʻO ka Hālāwai Hālau) |
| ʻO ka hoʻomauʻana | Maikaʻi loa | Loli | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Loli |
| Markinpalibility | Maikaʻi loa | Loli | Paʻakikī | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa |
| ʻO nā kumuwaiwai pili | Kūpono | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa | Kiʻekiʻe loa | Kūpono | Kūpono |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā lako hana, nā leka uila, Hoʻololi | Nā hoʻololiʻana, Nā'ee, kila kila | AerERPPACE, magnet mau, nā ʻāpana turbine | Nā hana hana, Nā'ōnaehana exhaust, nā hale hoʻopaneʻe | Nā Vilves, Pumps, Nā'āpana o Turbine |
9. Nā Moʻolelo Maʻamau e pili ana i ka Nickel Magnetism
| Kaao | ʻOiaʻiʻo |
| ʻO nā mea hoʻohui nickel a pau he magnetic. | ʻAʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo. Nui nā nickel alloys (E.g., Actoel, Molol, Hailani) he non-magnetic a nāwaliwali paha ma muli o ka dilution o ka ferromagnetic structure e nā mea ʻē aʻe.. |
| Nalo ka magnetism mau loa ka Nickel ke wela. | Wahahee. Hoʻi hou ka magnetism o Nickel ke hoʻomaha ʻia ma lalo o kona mahana Curie (358° C), inā ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka mea. |
ʻO Nickel ka mea metala nui loa. |
Wahahee. He kiʻekiʻe ka manawa magnetic ka hao i kēlā me kēia atom a me ka magnetization saturation kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Nickel ke kolu o ka metala elemental magnetic (ma hope o ka hao a me ka cobalt). |
| He magnetic ka Nickel i nā mahana a pau. | Wahahee. Ma luna o 358°C, lilo ka nickel i paramagnetic. Ma lalo o 358°C, he ferromagnetic. |
| Hiki i ka ho'āʻo magnet ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka nickel mai nā metala ʻē aʻe. | Hoʻopunipuni hapa. Hiki i ka ho'āʻo magnet ke hōʻike i ka ferromagnetism, akā, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka nikela, 'Eron, a me ka corbat. Nā ho'āʻo hou aku (E.g., ʻO ka loiloi Chemical, huakai) koiʻia. |
10. Hopena
Noho ʻo Nickel i kahi kūlana kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā metala ʻenekinia no ka mea hui pū ferromagnetism maoli, ʻO ka paleʻana o ka corrossion, maikaʻi loa, a hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe-mahana hana.
E like me kekahi o nā metala elemental ʻekolu e hōʻike ana i ka ferromagnetism ma ka lumi wela, He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka nickel i nā noi mai nā mea electromagnetic a me nā mea ʻike i nā mea hana kemika a me nā ʻōnaehana aerospace kiʻekiʻe..
Akā naʻe,, ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hana magnetic ma ka nickel ma mua o ka hoʻohālikelike maʻalahi a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
ʻO ka nickel maʻemaʻe ka ferromagnetic, aka, ua emi kona ikaika i ko ka hao. Eia hou, NA KAKU ANA LOA, ʻO ka mālama wela, Ke hana anuanu, ʻO ka hanaʻana i keʻano, a me ka microstructure he mea koʻikoʻi ko lākou a pau i ka hana magnetic.
No nā ʻenekinia a me nā mea hoʻolālā, ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā mea nickel kūpono e pono ai ke kaulike ʻana i nā kumu he nui, me ka hoʻoheheʻe magnetic, ka ikaika ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, hana ailihua, wela lawelawe, a me ke ola ola.
I ke koi ʻana i nā kaiapuni ʻoihana kahi e noho pū ai ke kūpaʻa corrosion a me nā waiwai magnetic hilinaʻi, ʻO ka nickel kekahi o nā mea ʻenehana nui loa a waiwai nui i loaʻa.
FaqS
He nickel magnetic maʻemaʻe ma ka lumi wela?
ʻAe. He ferromagnetic ka nickel maʻemaʻe ma ka lumi wela (20° C) a hiki i kona mahana Curie o 358°C.
ʻO nā nickel alloy a pau he magnetic?
ʻAʻole. ʻO ke ʻano magnetic o nā nickel alloys e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui a me kā lākou ʻike.
Nui nā nickel alloys (E.g., Actoel, Molol, Hailani) ʻaʻole magnetic a nāwaliwali nāwaliwali.
Pehea ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka nickel magnetism me ka hao?
He haʻahaʻa ko Nickel i ka manawa makeke no kēlā me kēia atom (0.6 μ_B vs. 2.2 μ_B no ka hao) a me ka magnetization saturation haʻahaʻa (0.6 T vs. 2.15 T). ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka hao ma mua o ka nickel.
Hiki ke hana i ka nickel non-magnetic?
ʻAe. Hoʻohui i ka nickel me nā mea pono ʻole (E.g., liulaala, Chromium, Titanium) hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka lattice ferromagnetic a hana i nā alloy magnetic non-magnetic a nāwaliwali paha..
He aha ka mea hao nickel magnetic loa?
Permalloy (80% I, 20% Lia) ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hao nickel magnetic loa, me ka pili pili i oi aku 100,000.
