E hele ma kekahi kūlanakauhale kahiko, a e ʻike aku ʻoe iā ia-ʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna o nā hale keleawe, Nā kiʻi kiʻi, a me nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā.
Kuhi pinepine ʻia kēia verdigris hōʻailona no ka ʻōpala, aka? He keleawe e like me ka hao? ʻO ka pane pōkole ʻaʻole, akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka moʻolelo piha a me ka waiwai ʻepekema.
ʻO ke keleawe kekahi o nā metala kahiko loa o ke kanaka, hoʻohana ʻia no nā kaukani makahiki i nā mea āpau mai ka uwila uila a me ka paipu a hiki i ka hana kiʻi a me ke kālā.
ʻO kona kūpaʻa a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ua lilo ia i mea nui i nā noi he nui. Ke hoʻomau nei ka huikau e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke keleawe ke ʻike ʻia i nā mea.
Hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kahi kikoʻī, ka nānā piha ʻana i ka hana corrosion o ke keleawe.
E ʻimi mākou i ka wehewehe kemika o ka rust, nā hana ʻino maoli o ke keleawe, nā ʻano ʻino keleawe like ʻole, nā mea kaiapuni e pili ana i kona lōʻihi, a me nā hopena kūpono no ka ʻenekinia a me ka hoʻolālā.
1. ʻO ke keleawe Rust?
ʻO ka pane ʻAʻole.
Liulaala hana ʻaʻole rust no ka mea, ʻo ka rust he mea ʻino e hana ʻia ma ka hao a me ka hao wale, e like me ke kila kalapona a me ka hao.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōpala me nā mea hao hydrated, mua Fe₂O₃·nH₂O a Lihuaipuai, e ulu ana i ka wā e hana ai ka hao me ka oxygen a me ka makū.
ʻAʻole like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide pale i loaʻa ma nā metala non-ferrous, porous ka pala, henia, a pili wale i ka metala lalo.
E like me ia e lele ana, ʻike mau ʻia ka hao hou, e ʻae ana i ka corrosion e holomua hohonu i loko o ka mea.
ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o ke keleawe.
Ma kahi o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōpala, komo ke keleawe oxiyan, e hana mālie ana i nā ʻāpana ʻili lahilahi o nā ʻokikene keleawe.
No nā manawa lōʻihi o ka ʻike lewa, hoʻopili kēia mau papa ʻokikene me ka wai, kalapona kalapona, sulfur pūhui, a me nā mea kaiapuni ʻē aʻe e hoʻohua ai i kahi mānoanoa, kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻili paʻa i ʻike nui ʻia Patina.
ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā metala ferrous a me nā metala non-ferrous.
ʻAʻole like me ka ʻōpala, ʻO ka patina keleawe i hoʻopaʻa ikaika ʻia i ka substrate a hana ma ke ʻano he pale pale kūlohelohe.
Ma mua o ka hoʻokē ʻai ʻana, hoemi nui ia i ka nui o ka oxygen, kaiwa, a hiki i nā mea haumia ke komo i ka metala lalo.
Ma ka hopena, lohi nui ka corrosion ma hope o ka paʻa pono ʻana o ka papa pale.
2. ʻO ke kaʻina hana ʻino keleawe piha
ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻino keleawe he hanana hikiwawe akā he hoʻololi electrochemical lohi i hana ʻia i nā makahiki he nui.
E like me ka pilina o ka metala me ka oxygen, kaiwa, kalapona kalapona, a me nā mea haumia o ka lewa, ʻo kona ʻili ke hoʻololi ʻia.
Keena 1: Ke keleawe metala hou
Hōʻike ʻia ke keleawe ʻulaʻula-ʻalani ʻulaʻula me ka laumā, palana lealea.
I kēia hana, ʻAʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide pale.
Ma hope koke o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ea, hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen me ka ʻili keleawe.
ʻOiai hoʻomaka kēia pane i loko o nā minuke, he mau nanometer wale nō ka mānoanoa o ka pae oxide a aneane ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka maka.
Hōʻike kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ultrathin oxide i ka laina mua o ka pale ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Keena 2: Hoʻokaʻa mua
Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻike, puka mālie ka ʻili kīʻaha kīʻaha (Cu₂O).
Hōʻike ʻia kēia oxide ma ke ʻano he kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula a paʻa mau a paʻa paʻa i ka metala lalo.. ʻAʻole like me ka ʻōpala hao, ʻaʻole ia e pohā a ʻili paha.
', He mea pale ia e hoʻolohi i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i loko o ka substrate keleawe.
ʻO ka nui o ka oxidation i kēia wā e pili ana i kekahi mau kumu kaiapuni, komo me ke aniani, kaulike, a me ka loaʻa o ka oxygen.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana lewa maʻamau, lohi a lokahi ka hana.
Keena 3: Hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi Layer Oxide ʻeleʻele
Me ka hoʻolaha lōʻihi, ʻāpana o ka ʻokikene kīʻaha e hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia i loko ʻokikene kīʻaha (CuO).
Hoʻololi mālie ke kala o ka ʻili mai ka ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula a i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha, he hoʻololi i ʻike mau ʻia ma luna o nā panela hale keleawe i ʻike ʻia, mea hana hana, a me nā kiʻi kiʻi waho ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka lawelawe ʻana.
ʻOiai ua loli nui ka helehelena, paʻa a pale ka papa oxide.
I kēia hana, ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka corrosion i loko o ka metala kumu i kaupalena ʻia no ka mea ke hoʻomau nei ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka lawe ʻana o ka oxygen a me ka wai..
Keena 4: Hoʻokumu ʻia o ka Patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo pale
I nā kaiapuni waho, ma kahi o ka makū a me ke kalapona kalapona lewa, ka papa ʻokesada e loaʻa i nā hopena kemika hou.
Hoʻololi mālie nā pūhui keleawe i nā huahana corrosion paʻa e like me kalapona keleawe kumu (Cu₂(Oh)₂CO₃), ʻoiai ʻo nā kaiapuni i loaʻa i ka sulfur hiki ke hana i nā pūhui keleawe sulfate kumu.
Hiki i nā ʻāpana kahakai me ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana o ka chloride i nā huahana corrosion e pili ana i ka copper chloride.
Hoʻokumu kēia mau hopena i ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo e pili ana me nā hale keleawe kahiko.
Kūʻē i ka manaʻo kaulana, keia ili uliuli ʻaʻole he hōʻailona o ka hemahema o ka waiwai. ', hōʻike ia i ka papa pale oʻo e hōʻemi nui i ka nui o ka corrosion e hiki mai ana.
Ke hoʻomohala piha, hana ka patina ma ke ano he pale kaiapuni pono, e kaupalena ana i ka laha ana o ka oxygen, kaiwa, a me nā mea haumia e pili ana i ka metala lalo.
He ʻokoʻa ka manawa e pono ai no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka patina maoli.
Ma na wahi kuaaina maemae, ʻO ka hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa e pono ai i nā makahiki he nui, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻenehana a i ʻole ka lewa moana e hoʻolalelale pinepine i ke kaʻina hana ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻahaʻa a me ka nui o ka nui o nā pūhui reactive..
Keena 5: Paʻa i ka ʻili no ka wā lōʻihi
Ma hope o ka oʻo ʻana o ka patina, komo ke keleawe i kahi kūlana kūpaʻa paʻa o ka lawelawe.
Ke emi nui nei ka nui o ka corrosion no ka mea e hana ana ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he pale pale hoʻōla ponoʻī..
Hoʻoponopono maoli ʻia nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā poino kūloko ma o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka oxidation a me ka ulu ʻana o ka patina, e ʻae ana i ka papa pale e hoʻāla hou i ka manawa.
ʻO kēia ʻano pale ponoʻī kekahi o nā kumu nui i wehewehe nui ʻia ke keleawe no nā ʻōnaehana ola lōʻihi a me nā noi ʻenehana koi..
Pākuʻi hoʻolālā, Pūnaehana Pūnaewele, KOMIKANA LOA, nā mea hana wela, ʻōnaehana paipu, a hiki i ka hoʻolele ʻana i nā ʻoihana kikoʻī ke mālama i ka kūpaʻa kūpono no nā makahiki he nui me ka mālama liʻiliʻi.
3. Nā ʻano ʻino keleawe
ʻOiai ua kaulana ke keleawe no kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion maikaʻi loa, ʻaʻole paʻa loa ia i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa.
ʻAi ʻAi ʻAiʻoniʻoni
ʻO ka ʻinoʻino o ka lewa ka mea maʻamau a me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka pōʻino o ke keleawe keleawe.
Hana ʻia ia i ka wā e hana mālie ai ka ʻili a pau me ka oxygen, kaiwa, kalapona kalapona, a huli i nā mea haumia o ka lewa.
Ma mua o ke komo hohonu ʻana i ka metala, ʻO ka hopena e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide lahilahi e ulu mālie i loko o kahi patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻa.
No ka mea, paʻa paʻa nā huahana corrosion i ka substrate, pale maikaʻi lākou i ke keleawe i lalo mai ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana.
Hōʻike kēia ʻano hana corrosion i ke kumu o ke kaupaku keleawe, hale hana hale, monuments, a hiki i nā kiʻi kiʻi waho ke hoʻomau maikaʻi ʻia no hoʻokahi haneli me ka mālama liʻiliʻi.
Kahiki Galvaniko
Hiki ke ʻinoʻino Galvanic ke hoʻopili uila ʻia ke keleawe i kahi metala ʻoi aku ka ikaika ʻoiai e ʻike ʻia ʻelua i kahi electrolyte e like me ka wai ua., Ke wai wai, a i ʻole condensate ʻoihana.
No ka mea, he ʻano hanohano ke keleawe i ka moʻo galvanic, ʻo ka metala liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e lilo i anode a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka corrodes.
ʻO nā mea e like me ke kila kalapona, zinc, aluminum, a me ka magnesium i hiki ke hoopili pono ia me ke keleawe.
Hiki i nā hui kūpono ʻole ke hoʻolalelale i ka corrosion o nā ʻāpana pili ʻoiai ʻo ke keleawe ponoʻī ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia..
Hoʻopili uila, nā mea pono dielectric, a no laila he mea nui ke koho ʻana i nā mea waiwai ke hoʻohui i nā metala like ʻole.
Pihaʻana
ʻO ka pitting corrosion kahi ʻano hoʻouka kūloko i hōʻike ʻia e ka hana ʻana o nā lua liʻiliʻi akā hohonu ma ka ʻili metala..
ʻOiai ke kūpaʻa maʻamau ke keleawe i ka lua, kemika wai maikaʻi ʻole—me ka pH haʻahaʻa, kiʻekiʻe o ka chloride, hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka oxygen dissolved, a i ʻole ka wai paʻa—hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka haki ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni pale.
No ka mea hiki ke komo hohonu nā lua i ka waiho ʻana i ka hapa nui o ka ʻili, paʻakikī lākou e ʻike i ka wā o ka nānā maʻamau.
I nā ʻōnaehana paipu, nā mea hana wela, a me na mea hooluolu, ʻO ka ʻinoʻino lua ʻole i mālama ʻole ʻia hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka leaka a i ʻole ka poho puʻe.
ʻAi-ʻino
Hana maikaʻi loa ke keleawe i nā wai kahe ma lalo o nā kūlana hana maʻamau.
Akā naʻe,, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kahe kahe, nā ʻāpana abrasive i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a i ʻole ke kahe kūpikipiki e hiki ke wehe mālie i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni pale mai ka ʻili.
ʻO ka wehe pinepine ʻana i kēia ʻāpana pale e hōʻike i ka metala hou i ka ʻino mau, ʻo ka hopena i ka hoʻemi ʻia ʻana o ka pā.
ʻO kēia hui ʻana o ka mechanical a me ka electrochemical degradation i kapa ʻia ʻo erosion-corrosion.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hanana i nā impeller pump, ʻO nā kīwaha, paipu moana, Nā Vilves, a me nā ʻōnaehana hydraulic kahi kiʻekiʻe ka wikiwiki o ka wai.
Hoʻolālā hydraulic kūpono, Nā ala e lele ana, a me ke koho ʻana i ka alloy kūpono e hōʻemi nui i ka pilikia erosion-corrosion.
ʻO ke kūleʻaʻana o ke kalaʻana (SCC)
Hoʻomaka ka pohā ʻinoʻino i ka wā e hana like ai ke koʻikoʻi tensile a me kahi kaiapuni corrosive i nā mea hiki ke maʻalahi..
Hōʻike ke keleawe maʻemaʻe i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka SCC, akā naʻe, hiki i kekahi mau ʻāpana keleawe - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keleawe i ʻike ʻia i nā kaiapuni i loko o ka amonia - hiki ke ʻike i ka haki ʻana ma o kahi mīkini i ʻike ʻia i ka wā kahiko. wā māwae.
ʻO nā koʻikoʻi hana koena, Ke hana anuanu, a i ʻole ka hoʻouka ʻana i waho hiki ke hoʻokē i ka hoʻomaka ʻana. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka wela hoʻoluhi koʻikoʻi kūpono a me ke koho ʻana i ka alloy kūpono nā hana pale kūpono.
ʻO ka ʻinoʻino i hoʻopili ʻia e ka Microbiologically (Mic)
Ma kekahi mau ʻōnaehana wai ʻoihana, Hiki i nā microorganism ke hoʻololi i ka ʻino ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana kemika kūloko a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā huahana metabolic corrosive..
ʻOiai ua loaʻa i ke keleawe nā waiwai antimicrobial kūlohelohe e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria, Hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā biofilm ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpaʻa.
Hiki i kēia mau kaiaola olaola kūloko ke hoʻonui i ka pōʻino o ka lua a ma lalo o ka waiho ʻana.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo MIC i nā ʻōnaehana wai hoʻomaha, ʻoihana moana, a me nā lako hana ʻenehana kahi i lawa ʻole ai ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai.
4. Nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻino keleawe
Hoʻomalu ʻia ka corrosion keleawe ʻaʻole wale e ka mea ponoʻī akā e ka puni a puni a me nā kūlana lawelawe.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke keleawe—a inā paha e hoʻomau ʻia ka pale ʻana a i ʻole ka lilo ʻana i ka ʻāina—e hilinaʻi ʻia i nā mea pili..
Kaiapuni lewa
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kaiapuni kekahi o nā mea hoʻoholo mua o ke ʻano corrosion keleawe.
Ma na lewa kuaaina maemae, holo mālie ka oxidation, e ʻae ana i kahi patina pale paʻa e hoʻomohala i nā makahiki he nui.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻO nā ʻāpana kahakai e hōʻike i ke keleawe i ka wai paʻakai waiwai nui o ka chloride, ʻoiai nā kūlanakauhale ʻoihana e hoʻolauna i ka sulfur dioxide a me ka nitrogen oxides e hoʻolalelale i nā hopena kemika ma ka ʻili metala..
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka haʻahaʻa no ka mea hāʻawi ka makū i ka electrolyte e pono ai no ka ʻino electrochemical.
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka patina ma mua o nā kaiapuni maloʻo mau.
Kemika wai
Ke hana ke keleawe i nā ʻōnaehana paipu, nā mea hana wela, Kāhewa, a i ʻole nā kaapuni hoʻoluʻu, ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka wai ka mea nui e pili ana i ka ʻino.
Ka wai ʻino me ka pH haʻahaʻa, ka nui o ka oxygen dissolved, kiʻekiʻe o ka chloride, a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ammonia maʻiʻo hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ka papa oxide pale.
Like, ʻO ka wai me ka kemika kaulike e hāpai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive paʻa e hoʻonui nui i ke ola lawelawe.
He mea nui ka holo o ka wai. ʻO ke kahe haʻahaʻa e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka wai paʻa e hoʻoikaika i ka ʻino a me ka ulu olaola.
Hiki i nā kahe kahe kiʻekiʻe ke hana i ka erosion-corrosion ma o ka wehe ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale.
Keka ao
Hoʻopili ka wela i nā ʻano hana electrochemical i pili i ka ʻino.
ʻO nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i nā kinetics, hoʻokē i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka oxide, a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o nā huahana corrosion.
I nā mea hoʻololi wela, nāʻaiʻana, a me nā lako hana ʻoihana, ʻO nā mahana hana kiʻekiʻe e pono e noʻonoʻo pono i ke koho ʻana i ka alloy a me ka kemika wai.
Hiki i ke kaʻa uila wela ke hana i nā koʻikoʻi hoʻonui ʻokoʻa e hoʻoikaika i ka hana corrosion lōʻihi.
Nā mea hoʻohaumia o ka lewa
Hoʻopilikia nui ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ʻoihana i ke ʻano a me ka hana ʻino o ke keleawe i ʻike ʻia.
Hoʻoikaika nā kinoea i loko o ka Sulfur i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūhui keleawe sulfate, ʻoiai ke kākoʻo nei ke kalapona kalapona i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka carbonate keleawe kumu.
Hiki i nā waihona chloride kahakai ke hana i nā chloride keleawe e hoʻololi i ka haku a me ke kala o ka patina.
No ka mea, ua hoʻemi nā lula kaiapuni i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka sulfur ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻokoʻa pinepine ka patina maoli i hana ʻia ma nā hale keleawe o kēia wā mai ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma nā hale mōʻaukala.
Hoʻopili me nā metala like ʻole
ʻO ka mana electrochemical maikaʻi o Copper e hana i ka hoʻohālikelike galvanic i mea noʻonoʻo nui.
Pili pololei me ka alumini, kīpīʻo galvan i kali, ʻaihue kīwī, a i ʻole ka magnesium i loko o nā wahi pulu hiki ke hana i nā cell galvanic e hoʻolalelale i ka corrosion o nā mea haʻahaʻa loa..
Hoʻolālā kūpono kūpono, nā mea holoi holoi, nā hui dielectric, a hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa kūpono e hōʻemi i ka corrosion galvanic i nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekinia.
Kūlana ʻili a me ke ʻano hana
Hoʻopili ke kūlana ʻili mua i ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale.
ʻOi aku ka lōkahi o ke keleawe i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma mua o ka ʻili a i ʻole nā mea i hana nui ʻia.
Nā mea hoʻohaumia o ka ʻili, nā koena mīkini, a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka oxide a hana i nā wahi ʻino.
Nā hana hana e like me ka hoʻolei ʻana, Kākau, Kauwili, Machimen, a hiki i ka wiliwili ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka palaoa a me ke koena koʻikoʻi, pili ʻole i ka hana corrosion lōʻihi.
5. ʻO ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo Patina ka manaʻo ua pōʻino ke keleawe?
ʻAʻole, ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻo patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ua pōʻino ke keleawe. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna o ke keleawe he hōʻailona o ka pale, ʻaʻole hoʻohaʻahaʻa. Eia ke kumu:
ʻO ke ʻano pale o Patina
| Thancecture | Patina (ʻōmaʻomaʻo) | 'Ōwili (ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula) |
| Hoʻopili | Hoʻopili, paʻa paʻa i ka metala | Pili ʻole, nā ʻōpala |
| Potiwale | Huakai, ʻano porous ʻole | Polō, hiki ke komo i ka wai |
| Ka hopena pale | Hoʻokaʻulua nui i ka ʻino | Hoʻokē ʻino (hoʻopalekana) |
| Hoʻololi leo | Minina (ʻaʻohe spalling) | Nui (spalling, huika ola) |
| Mechanical pono | Mālama i ka pono o ka hale | Hoʻonāwaliwali ke kumu |
Ka Papahana Patina
ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo ma luna o ke keleawe he mea hoʻolālā multi-layered:
| Palapika | Kohano (}m) | Ka Hoʻolālā | Hana |
| Papa waho | 10-50 | Cu₂CO₃(Oh)₂ (kalapona keleawe kumu) + CuSO₄·3Cu(Oh)₂ (kumu keleawe sulfate) | Pale i ka lewa; papa nani |
| Papa waena | 5-20 | Cu₂O (kīʻaha kīʻaha) | Hoʻopili a pale |
| Papa loko | 5-10 | Cu (liulaala) | Nā Pākuʻi Base Metal |
ʻO Patina he hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā
ʻAʻole pale wale ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo - mahalo nui ʻia no kona ʻano nani. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona:
- Kiʻi o ke kūʻokoʻa (Nuioka): Ua hoʻomohala ke kiʻi keleawe i kona patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma luna 20-30 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka patina ma kahi o 0.1 mm manoanoa a ua pale i ke kii no ka oi 130 mau makahiki. - ʻO nā hale keleawe o nā hale pule ʻEulopa: Nui nā hale mōʻaukala i loaʻa nā hale keleawe i hoʻomohala i nā patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo nani i nā kenekulia.
- Na hale o na hale aupuni: ʻO ka hale keleawe ma nā hale aupuni e hoʻomohala pinepine i kahi patina i pale a nani hoʻi.
6. Pale ʻino o nā Alloy Copper ʻokoʻa
ʻOiai ua hoʻoili ʻia nā ʻāpana keleawe a pau i kahi degere o ka pale ʻana mai ke keleawe ponoʻī, ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui e hoʻoikaika nui i ka hana ma nā wahi like ʻole.
| Alloy | ʻO nā mea nui nui | Kūleʻa ʻinoʻino o ka lewa | Pale ʻino ʻino moana | Ke kū'ē kū'ē | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Lole keleawe (C11000) | Cu ≥99.9% | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa | Nā mea kālepa uila, kū, plumbing, nā mea hana wela |
| ʻO nā keleawe oxygen-manuahi (C10100) | Cu ≥99.99% | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi ma nā wahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe | Nā lako hana Vacuum, nā leka uila, Nā Hana Hana Semiconductor |
| Keihei (Cu-zn) | Liulaala + Zinc | Maikaʻi loa | Loli | Loli | Nā Vilves, KahawaiOli, ʻāpana paipu, hana hanohano |
| Bronze (Me-sn) | Liulaala + Kū | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa | Kāhele, Bussings, Mary Ples, Kauluhi |
Silikino Bronze (me kona) |
Liulaala + Silikino | Kūpono | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Nā mea hoʻopaʻa kālai, KOMIKANA LOA, Kālā Pūnaewele |
| Ailunimina bronze (Me ka) | Liulaala + Aluminum | Kūpono | Kūlana kūʻokoʻa | Kūpono | Nā mea hana pump, Nā Vilves, lako waho, Nā Kahu Pūnaewele |
| Copingickel (90/10, 70/30) | Liulaala + Nickel | Kūpono | Kūlana kūʻokoʻa | Kūpono | Paipu wai kai, Kāhewa, nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā ʻōnaehana waho |
| Beyreellium Kina (Cu-Be) | Liulaala + Beryllium | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa | Na'Āpanaʻo Aerospace, punawai, nā poʻi pololei, Nā'Āpana Pūnaewele |
7. Coper vs. 'Eron: He Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike o ka Hana ʻino
ʻO ke keleawe a me ka hao e hōʻike ana i ʻelua ala ʻokoʻa like ʻole i ka hana corrosion.
ʻOiai e loaʻa ana nā metala ʻelua i nā hopena electrochemical i ka wā e ʻike ai i ka oxygen a me ka wai, ʻo ke ʻano o kā lākou huahana corrosion e hoʻoholo inā lilo ka corrosion i mea luku a pale paha.
| Kālā | Liulaala | 'Eron (Ke kila/Hao) |
| Huahana ʻino | ʻOke keleawe, carbonates, sulfates, chrlodes | ʻOka hao waiʻona ('ōwili) |
| Ka waihoʻoluʻu huahana corrosion | ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli-māmā | ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula, ʻalani-ʻulaʻula |
| Hoʻonui leo | Minina (1-1.5× Nokia) | Nui (3-7× Nokia) |
| Ka hopena pale | ʻAe (he pale ka patina) | ʻAʻole (hoʻokē ʻino ka ʻōpala) |
| Pāpaʻi/Flaking | Minina | Mana |
| Hoʻonāwaliwali mīkini | Lohi (mau makahiki a hiki i na keneturia) | wikiwiki (mahina a mau makahiki) |
ʻO ka pōʻino (lewa) |
0.1-2.0 µm/makahiki | 10-100 µm/makahiki |
| ʻO ka ʻino ma lalo o ka wai | Loli (me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale) | wikiwiki (kaumaha i ka wai kai) |
| Manaolana ola (kūhae) | 100+ mau makahiki (hale he nui no na keneturia) | 10-50 mau makahiki (ina i uhi ole ia) |
| Mālama | Minina (pale pale ʻana) | High (pāpale, Kāleka, kikiʻu) |
| ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻino | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa | Kiʻekiʻe loa |
8. Pehea e pale ai i ke kopa keleawe
ʻOiai ʻo ke keleawe ke kūpaʻa maoli i ka corrosion, Pono nā hana ʻenehana kūpono e hoʻonui i ke ola lawelawe, ʻoi loa i nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi e like me nā ʻōnaehana kai, hale hana kemika, a me nā kaapuni wai ʻoihana.
E koho i ka Copper Alloy kūpono
ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā mea waiwai ke kumu mua a koʻikoʻi loa i ka corrosion-control strategy.
Hāʻawi nā ʻāpana keleawe like ʻole i nā pae like ʻole o ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kaiapuni:
- Lole keleawe kūpono no nā noi uila a me ka ʻike lewa ākea.
- ʻO nā huila Cupronickel hāʻawi i ke kūʻokoʻa wai kai.
- Ailunimina bronze hāʻawi maikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili kai, Kāu kamaliʻi, a me ka lole.
- keleawe silikoni hāʻawi maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion no nā mea hana hale a me nā ʻoihana.
ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi huila e pili ana i ke kaiapuni lawelawe maoli e pale ai i ka hāʻule mua ʻana a hōʻemi i nā koi mālama.
Hoʻomalu i nā Kūlana Kaiapuni
Hiki ke hoʻemi pinepine ʻia ka nui o ka corrosion ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā kūlana hoʻolaha.
ʻO nā hana hoʻomalu koʻikoʻi:
- Ka mālama ʻana i nā kemika wai kūpono.
- Ka hoomalu ana i ka chloride.
- Kāohi i nā ʻāpana wai kū.
- E hoemi ana i ka holo kahe nui.
- Ke kaupalena ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea haumia ʻoihana.
- Ke pale nei i ka hōʻiliʻili wai pono ʻole.
I nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu a me nā lako hana, He mea koʻikoʻi loa nā polokalamu mālama wai no ka mea hiki ke hōʻino i nā ʻāpana keleawe kūpaʻa ʻole i ke kino.
Kāohi i ka ʻinoʻino Galvanic
ʻO ka nui o nā hemahema keleawe ʻaʻole i kumu ʻia e ke keleawe ponoʻī akā ma ka hoʻopili pono ʻole ʻana me nā metala like ʻole..
Ke hoʻopili ke keleawe i ka alumini, zinc, Magnesum, a i ʻole ke kila kalapona i loko o kahi ʻāina pulu, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi cell electrochemical. ʻO ka metala liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e lilo i anode a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki.
Loaʻa nā ʻano pale maʻamau:
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea hoʻokaʻawale dielectric.
- Ke koho ʻana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa kūpono.
- Ke noi ʻana i nā pale pale ma nā wahi pili.
- Ke pale nei i ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i ka metala-i-metala ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana kūpono ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili wale nō.
E noi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau pale
ʻOiai ua hana maoli ke keleawe i kahi patina pale, pono paha nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou no nā noi kikoʻī.
| Aoha ai | Ke kaʻina hana | Palekana | Noi |
| Lakuʻi | Ka uhi ʻana o ka acrylic a i ʻole polyurethane | Kāohi i ka ʻino; pale i nā mea hoʻonani | Matapili, Hoʻokikola, lako uila |
| Hoʻolauna | ʻO ka waiʻuma nitric luʻu (10-25%, 40-60° C) | Hoʻokumu i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide pale; hoʻoneʻe i nā mea haumia o ka ʻili | Pili uila, Nā'āpanaʻokoʻa |
| Hoʻololi Chromate | Lapaʻau ʻakika Chromic | Hoʻopiliʻia ke kū'ēʻana | Lako uila, Marine, AerERPPACE |
| Hoʻololi | Kū, nickel, a i ʻole ka uhi kālā | Pale pale; ke ola | Pili uila, plumbing |
| ʻO Benzotriazole (BTA) | Mea hoʻopaʻa kimeka | Hoʻokumu i ke kiʻi pale | Lako uila, 'ōnaehana Papa |
Hoʻolālā a mālama pono
Hoʻopili nui ka hoʻolālā ʻenekinia maikaʻi i ka hana ʻino keleawe.
ʻO nā hana i paipai ʻia:
- Hōʻalo i nā kihi ʻoi kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai nā waihona.
- Ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe e pale i ka wai kū.
- Ka mālama ʻana i nā ala kahe o loko.
- Ka nānā 'ana i nā wahi i 'ike 'ia i nā kemika a i 'ole ka wai kai.
- Ka nānā ʻana i nā helu corrosion ma nā mea koʻikoʻi.
Hāʻawi ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe kūlohelohe o Copper i kahi pono, akā ʻo ka hoʻolālā kūpono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō piha ʻana i ka pono.
9. Hoʻopilikia anei ka Copper Corrosion i ka hana uila?
Manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo Copper ka mea hoʻokele uila i makemake ʻia ma muli o kāna conductivity uila maikaʻi loa, koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi.
Akā naʻe,, ʻaʻole pololei ka manaʻo ʻaʻohe hopena o ka corrosion keleawe i ka hana uila.
Hiki i ka ʻino keleawe ke hoʻopili i ka conductivity uila, ʻoi aku ma nā pilina pili, wahi pili, a me nā noi kiʻekiʻe o kēia manawa.
ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā huahana corrosion i hana ʻia, ka mānoanoa o ka papa ʻino, 'Āpana Kūlana, a inā paha ʻo ka ʻili i hoʻopilikia ʻia he ʻāpana o ke ala nui e lawe ana i kēia manawa.
Pehea ka hopena o nā huahana Copper Corrosion i ka hana uila
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi hopena kemika hoʻokahi ka ʻino keleawe. Hoʻopuka nā kaiapuni like ʻole i nā pūhui corrosion, a he ʻokoʻa ka hopena o kēlā me kēia hui i ka hana uila.
| Huahana ʻino | Ka hopena i ka hoʻokele uila | Nā ʻano ʻino a me ka mīkini |
| Cu₂O (ʻOkika ʻAka) | Hoʻemi liʻiliʻi | He semiconductor me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huahana corrosion keleawe ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni Cu₂O lahilahi ka hopena liʻiliʻi i ka conductivity. |
| CuO (ʻOkisa Kupika) | Hoemi haahaa | ʻOi aku ka pale uila ma mua o Cu₂O. E like me ka mānoanoa o ka papa oxide, piʻi nui ke kūpaʻa pili. |
Cu₂S (Sulfide keleawe) |
Hoemi nui | Nā ʻano i loko o nā kaiapuni i loaʻa i ka sulfur. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka uila a hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa loa i nā pilina uila. |
| Cu₂CO₃(Oh)₂ (Kapona kalapona kumu / Patina) | Haʻahaʻa conductivity; hiki ke insulating ke manoanoa | ʻO ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loaʻa ma nā hale keleawe o waho he paʻa loa akā ʻaʻole hoʻokele uila, ʻaʻole kūpono ia ma nā ʻili pili. |
| CuCl₂ (Copper Chloride) | Hoemi nui | He mea maʻamau i ka moana a i ʻole ka chloride kaiapuni. Hoʻoikaika ia i ka corrosion kūloko a hana i ka paʻa ʻole, nā ʻāpana kūʻē kiʻekiʻe. |
ʻO ke kumu nui kēlā ʻO kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide lahilahi ma ke keleawe i hōʻike ʻia he liʻiliʻi ka hopena i ke kahe o kēia manawa, akā, hiki i nā papa corrosion ma nā pilina uila ke loaʻa ka hopena nui.
Ka hopena o ka ʻinoʻino keleawe ma nā pili uila
Pono haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa nā pilina pili uila e hōʻoia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kēia manawa.
Hiki i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni lahilahi ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻopili metala-a-metala no ka mea pono e hele ke au i kahi pale pale kūʻokoʻa ma mua o ke keleawe..
ʻOkoʻa ka hopena ma muli o ka mea pili a me ke ʻano pale.
| ʻAno Hoʻopili | Ka hopena o ka ʻino | Nā Hana Kāohi maʻamau |
| Hoʻopili gula-Plated | ʻO ka hopena liʻiliʻi no ka mea ua kūpaʻa ke gula i ka corrosion-resistant a paʻa kemika. | ʻO ka mea maʻamau e pono ai ka pale liʻiliʻi; hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka uila pololei. |
| Nā Hoʻopili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka tin | Ka hopena haʻahaʻa; Hiki mālie ka tin oxide akā hiki ke hoʻonui i ke kū'ē ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana. | ʻO ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa a me ka hoʻomalu kaomi pili pono. |
| Nā Hoʻopili Kāleka-Plated | Ka hopena haʻahaʻa; hiki ke ʻeleʻele ke kālā ma nā wahi i loaʻa i ka sulfur, hana ʻana i ke kālā sulfide. | Nā uhi pale a me nā kaiapuni hana i hoʻomalu ʻia. |
Hoʻopili keleawe ʻole |
Ka hopena nui; hoʻonui nā ʻāpana oxide a me ka sulfide i ke kūpaʻa pili. | Pākuʻi kino, ʻO ka hanaʻana o Nickel, nāʻaʻa gula, pūhui antioxidant, a i ʻole nā lubricants pili. |
| Pili keleawe | Ka hopena haʻahaʻa; Hiki i ka dezincification ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka alloy a pili i ka hilinaʻi uila. | Nā māka keleawe pale ʻino, Wehe, a me ka hoomalu kaiapuni. |
No nā ʻōnaehana uila koi, ʻAʻole hoʻohana pololei ʻia ke keleawe ʻole ma ke ʻano he ʻili pili. ', ʻO nā ʻāpana keleawe i uhi ʻia me ka tin, nickel, dala, aiʻole ke gula e mālama i ka hana uila.
10. Nā Moʻolelo Maʻamau e pili ana i ka Rust Copper and Corrosion
| Kaao | ʻOiaʻiʻo |
| "E like me ka hao." | ʻAʻole ʻeleʻele ke keleawe. E ʻino ia ma ka hana ʻana i nā oxides, carbonates, a me nā sulfate-ʻaʻole i ka hao ʻokikene. ʻAʻole ʻeleʻele ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo. |
| "ʻO ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke ʻano o ka pohō ke keleawe." | ʻO ka'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo he papa pale e hoʻolohi i kaʻino. ʻAʻole ia e hōʻike i ka pōʻino. |
| "ʻO ke keleawe ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion." | ʻAʻohe metala ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻino. Paʻa ke keleawe akā ʻaʻole pale. Hiki ke ʻino ʻia e kekahi mau mea kemika, wai ʻakika, a me ka hoʻohui galvanic. |
| "Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana keleawe a pau ke kūpaʻa ʻino." | He ʻokoʻa ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma waena o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a me nā ʻāpana keleawe like ʻole. Hiki i nā keleawe kiʻekiʻe-zinc ke dezincification; ʻO ke keleawe nickel-aluminium he kūpaʻa nui loa. |
"ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe i ka wai kai." |
Nā pāpale keleawe (ʻoi aku ke keleawe nickel-aluminium, keleawe keleawe, a me nā hui keleawe-nickel) hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā noi wai kai. Akā naʻe,, ʻO kekahi mau keleawe e hiki ke hoʻopau i ka dezincification. |
| "ʻIke mau ʻia ka ʻino keleawe." | Hiki ke ʻino ma lalo o ka ʻili (E.g., pitting, dezincification) a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia a hiki i ka wā e hiki ʻole ai. |
| "Ua like ka palahu me ka ino o ka corrosion." | ʻO ka tarnishing kahi ʻano ʻili o ka ʻili e pale ai (Patina) a i ʻole he nani wale. ʻAʻole pono ia e pōʻino. |
11. Hopena
ʻAʻole ʻele ke keleawe e like me ka hao, akā, ke hana nei ia i kahi kaʻina corrosion i hoʻomalu ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana oxide pale a me kahi patina paʻa.
ʻO kēia ʻano corrosion kūʻokoʻa kekahi o nā kumu kumu i noho mau ai ke keleawe a me ke keleawe i nā mea hana ʻenehana pono no nā kaukani makahiki..
Akā naʻe,, Pili loa ka hana ʻino keleawe i nā kūlana kaiapuni, NA KAKU ANA LOA, maikaʻi hana, a me nā koi noi.
ʻOiai ʻo ke keleawe maʻemaʻe e hāʻawi maikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa corrosion a me ka conductivity uila, nā hao keleawe kūikawā e like me ke keleawe, ailunimina bronze, keleawe keleawe, a me cupronickel hāʻawi i ka hana i hoʻonui ʻia no nā noi koi ʻoi aku.
No nā ʻenekinia e koho ana i nā mea, ʻO ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo ai ʻaʻole ia e ʻino ke keleawe, akā inā kūpono paha kāna ʻano hana corrosion me ka ʻoihana lawelawe i manaʻo ʻia.
FaqS
He keleawe ʻeleʻele i ka wai paʻakai?
ʻAʻole, ʻAʻole ʻeleʻele ke keleawe i loko o ka wai paʻakai—he ʻino. ʻO kekahi mau hao keleawe (e like me ke keleawe nickel-aluminium a me ke keleawe silika) kūʻē nui i ka ʻino wai paʻakai.
Akā naʻe,, Hiki ke maʻalahi nā keleawe kiʻekiʻe-zinc i ka dezincification.
No ke aha e lilo ai ke keleawe i ʻōmaʻomaʻo?
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo he patina-he papa pale o ke keleawe keleawe a me ka sulfate.
Hoʻokumu kēia papa i nā makahiki o ka ʻike ʻana i ka CO₂ lewa, kaiwa, a me na mea sulfur. He kūlohelohe a palekana.
He keleawe ʻōmaʻomaʻo palekana ke hoʻopā?
ʻAe, palekana ka paina uliuli. He hale paʻa, pūhui keleawe ʻona ʻole. Akā naʻe,, holoi lima ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana ma ke ʻano he hana maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke keleawe i nā ʻōnaehana wai inu?
ʻAe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke keleawe i nā ʻōnaehana wai inu. Ua ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka wai inu a he antimicrobial maoli.
Dezincification-kūpaʻa (DR) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keleawe no nā lako.
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka tarnish a me ka corrosion?
ʻO ka tarnishing ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻili mai kahi ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe lahilahi—he pale a nani paha. ʻO ka corrosion ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kemika o ka metala; hiki ke ʻaʻahu a i ʻole ka ʻāina.
Hoʻopili ke keleawe me ka waikawa?
ʻAe. Hoʻopili ke keleawe me nā waikawa e hana i nā paʻakai keleawe a me ke kinoea hydrogen (a i ʻole nā huahana ʻē aʻe). ʻO ia ke kumu e hiki ai i ka wai ʻakika ke hoʻopōʻino i ka paipu keleawe.
Pehea ʻoe e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ka patina ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai ke keleawe?
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ka hui ʻana o ka paʻakai a me ka vīneka, aiʻole ka wai lemon a me ka paʻakai.
Akā naʻe,, ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia ka wehe ʻana i ka patina no ka mea e pale ana i ka metala lalo. No nā mea hoʻonani, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe keleawe pāʻoihana.
He pōʻino ka ʻino keleawe?
ʻAʻole maʻamau. ʻAʻole ʻawaʻawa nā huahana corrosion keleawe ma ke ʻano paʻa.
Akā naʻe,, hiki i nā paʻakai keleawe ke lilo i mea ʻawaʻawa i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, oi loa aku i ka wai inu (ʻoiai he micronutrient pono ke keleawe).
E ʻino ke keleawe i ka lewa?
ʻAe, hana ia i patina pale. Ma na kuaaina, ʻO ka paina ka nui o ke keleawe kalapona (ʻōmaʻomaʻo); ma na wahi hana, he keleawe sulfate paha (ʻōmaʻomaʻo) a i ʻole keleawe sulfides (ʻeleʻele hina).
Mālama ka patina i ka metala lalo.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke keleawe e lilo ai i ʻōmaʻomaʻo?
Maki 5-20 mau makahiki, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ke kaiapuni. I loko o nā kaiapuni ʻino (kailoa, Kahahana), ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hana ʻana o ka patina; ma ka maloo, kaiapuni maemae, hiki ke lawe i mau makahiki.
