No ke aha i kakaikahi ai ka russ nikel?

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Nickel "kakaʻikahi ka rusts" no ka mea he ʻano lahilahi, haohao, a me ka papa ʻili o ka oxide/hydroxide e ulu mālie ana ma lalo o nā kūlana lawelawe he nui.

ʻO kēlā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive - maʻamau ʻo NiO ka nui nanometer / I(Oh)₂-type layer — hoʻemi nui i ka hoʻoheheʻe metala ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻopili pololei me ka wai a me ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka lawe ionic..

AliLila, thermodynamics paʻa loa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka nickel oxide, a hui pū nā kinetics oxidation lohi e hana i ka nickel a me ka nui o nā nickel-rich alloys ʻoi loa ka corrosion-resistant i loko o kahi ākea o nā lewa a me nā kaiapuni wai..

ʻŌlelo kēlā, ʻAʻole palekana ka nickel: i loko o kekahi mau mea hoʻopāpā koʻikoʻi a i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke ʻino, a koho ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūikawā a i ʻole nā ​​​​palapala i kahi e kū ai nā kaiapuni kūikawā.

2. He aha ke ʻano o ka "rust".

ʻO "Rust" kahi huaʻōlelo maʻamau i mālama ʻia no ka flaky, porous iron oxides (hao oxyhydroxides) ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hao a i ʻole ke kila kalapona i ke alo o ka wai a me ka oxygen.

Hōʻike maʻamau ka Rust pale ʻole, nā huahana corrosion voluminous e hiki ai ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻouka wikiwiki ʻana i ka metala lalo.

Ke nīnau ka poʻe ʻenekinia "He rust nickel?” ʻo kā lākou manaʻo maʻamau: ke hana nei ka nickel i ke ʻano like o ka holomua, ʻinoʻino hoʻokēʻai ponoʻī i hana ʻia e ka hao?

ʻO ka pane ʻenehana pōkole: ʻaʻole - ʻaʻole like ka nickel i ka flaky like, ʻohu pale pale ʻole i hana ʻia e ka hao, no ka mea, hoʻokumu ka nickel i kahi ʻokikene paʻa paʻa e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻouka hou ʻana. Akā hiki i ka nickel ke ʻino ma lalo o nā kūlana e hoʻopau a hoʻopau paha i kēlā papa pale.

3. ʻO nā kumu atomika a me ka uila e pale aku ai ka nickel i ka pala

I ka pae atomic, pili i ka corrosion resistance pehea ka ikaika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻātoma i ka oxygen a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ia mau oxides thermodynamically a me ka hana.

• Hoʻolālā uila a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. ʻO Nickel kahi metala hoʻololi me nā orbital 3d piha piha. Ke komo nei kēia mau electrons 3d i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka oxygen e hana i nā oxide nickel a me nā hydroxides.
  Ka thermodynamics o Ni→NiO (a me nā oxides/hydroxides pili) e hāʻawi mai i ka oxide i kūpaʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai kū.
• ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka oxide a me ka compactness. ʻO ke ʻano aniani o NiO a me nā ʻāpana oxide/hydroxide maʻamau he paʻa a pili, me ka porosity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
  Hoʻohālikelike kēia me nā huahana hoʻoheheʻe hao (E.g., FeO·OH) porous a hiki ke komo i ka electrolyte.
• Haʻahaʻa ionic neʻe. No ka oxide pale e pono ai, ka lawe ʻana i nā ion (ʻo nā cation metala i waho a i ʻole oxygen/wai i loko) ma o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni pono e lohi.
  Loaʻa i ka Nickel oxides ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ionic conductivity i nā mahana ambient i mea e pale ai ka ulu ʻana iā ia iho a pale..

E hoʻopili pololei: ʻoluʻolu ka nickel chemistry i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o a kope, haohao, haʻahaʻa-solubility oxide ma mua o ka voluminous, nā huahana ʻino porous.

4. Hoʻolauna: kemika a me ke ʻano o ke kiʻi pale

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka nickel "kakaʻikahi ka ʻōpala" i nā kaiapuni maʻamau ʻo ka passivation - ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi mea lahilahi loa. (nanometer–micrometer), huakai, a me ka papa oxide/hydroxide paʻa ma ka ʻili metala e hōʻemi loa i ka hopena hou aʻe.

Nā mea nui e pili ana i ka nickel passivation:

• Ka Hoʻolālā. ʻO ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive ka mea maʻamau me ka nickel(Ii) ʻano ʻano oxide/hydroxide (ʻO Nio lāua ʻo N.(Oh)₂) a hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā ʻokikene valence hui ʻia a i ʻole hydroxides ma muli o ka pH a me ka hiki redox.
• Ke ho'ōla nei. Inā hoʻopōʻino ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a wehe ʻia paha, Hiki ke hoʻololi wikiwiki i ke alo o ka oxygen a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻoneʻe, hoʻokumu hou i ka pale.
• ʻO ka pili a me ka paʻa. ʻAʻole like me ka flaky, nā mea hao pale ʻole (Fe₂O₃/FeOOH) e ulu ana ma luna o ke kila, ua paʻa a paʻa paʻa ka papa oxide o nickel i ka substrate, ʻo ia ka mea e hana ai i mea pale diffusion maikaʻi e kūʻē i ka oxygen a me ka ion ingress.
• Paʻa Thermodynamic. ʻO nā kāʻei kapu thermodynamic (i hōʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi Pourbaix) e hōʻike ana ma luna o kahi ākea o ka pH a me ka nickel hiki ke kākoʻo i kahi ʻokikene passive ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e like me Ni²⁺.
  Hōʻike kēlā pukaaniani i ke kumu e pale ai ka nickel i ka ʻinoʻino ma nā wahi wai.

5. ʻO nā kinetics a me nā waiwai kino e hoʻolohi i ka oxidation

Ma waho aʻe o ka makemake thermodynamic, nā kumu kinetic e kaupalena i ka corrosion:

• Hoʻokumu wikiwiki ʻia o kahi lahilahi, pale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Hoʻokumu koke ka oxide mua, a laila lilo ka ulu ʻana i ka palena ʻana iā ia iho no ka lohi o ka laha ʻana o nā ʻano ionic ma o ka oxide.
• Haʻahaʻa kīnā haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ala diffusion no ka oxygen a me nā ion metala; ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka ion lohi e hōʻemi i ka ʻinoʻino.
• Hoʻopau ʻili a me ka metallurgy. Makei, ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kahua hoʻomaka no ka hoʻouka ʻia ʻana o ka ʻāina i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka nickel surfaces, ili porous.
  Ka poni mīkini, Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hemahema o ka ʻili.

6. Ke kuleana o ka hoʻohuihui, nā uhi a me ka microstructure

ʻO ka nickel maʻemaʻe i hala, akā ma ka hana ʻenekinia, hoʻohana mau ʻia ka nickel ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui a i ʻole he uhi ʻili; ʻO kēia mau hoʻohana e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

• Nickel alloys. Nā mea e like me Monel, Inconel a me Hastelloy (ʻO Nickel-e pili ana i nā alloys) hoʻohui i ka nickel me ka chromium, Mybrideum, keleawe a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
  Hoʻonui ka Chromium a me ka molybdenum i ka paʻa a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive a hāʻawi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pitting., ʻinoʻino a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā waikawa.
• Electroless a me electroplated nickel. Hāʻawi kēia mau uhi i kahi mau, paʻa paʻa e hoʻokaʻawale i ka substrate mai ke kaiapuni a loaʻa pinepine ka adhesion maikaʻi a me ka mānoanoa like.
• Moloka. Ka nui o ka palaoa, e pili ana i ka electrochemistry kūloko.
  ʻO nā hoʻonā paʻa like ʻole me ka ʻole o nā hana ʻelua e hōʻemi i nā cell micro-galvanic e hoʻoikaika i ka corrosion kūloko..

7. Nā palena kaiapuni - kahi e ʻino ai ka nickel

Loaʻa nā palena o ka passivity o Nickel. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kūlana e hoʻololi ai i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive e wehewehe i ka wā e ʻino ai ka nickel:

• Hoʻouka a me ka lua ʻana o Chloride. Kiʻekiʻe chloride kaʻina (E.g., wai kai a i ʻole nā ​​wai paʻakai kiʻekiʻe) hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive a hoʻoulu i ka lua a i ʻole ka crevice corrosion - ʻoi loa i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
  ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nickel alloys ma muli o ka chromium a me ka molybdenum.
• Nā ʻakika hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika. Kekahi mau kaiapuni hoemi waika (E.g., hydrochloric acid, ʻakika sulfuric ma nā ʻano kikoʻī a me nā mahana) hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoheheʻe ikaika o ka nickel.
• ʻO ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā kūlana oxidizing. Hoʻololi nā wela kiʻekiʻe i nā waiwai oxide a hiki ke hoʻolalelale i ka laha ʻana ma o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e hiki ai ke pi'i a'e ka po'i 'ana i kekahi mau ea ho'ohehe'e a i 'ole nā ​​pa'akai hehee.
• ʻO nā kaiapuni alkaline chloride a me ka microbiologically influenced corrosion. Hiki i nā mea kemika a me nā mea olaola ke hana i nā microenvironments e hoʻouka i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive.
• ʻO ka hui ʻana o Galvanic i nā mea hanohano a i ʻole nā ​​geometries hoʻolālā hiki ke hana i nā wahi anodic/cathodic kūloko ma lalo o nā kūlana i kāohi ʻia.

8. ʻO nā ʻano hana ʻole a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻohaʻahaʻa

ʻO nā ʻano hana hemahema maʻamau no ka nickel a me ka nickel-alloys me ka lua, Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni, ka hoʻouka kaua intergranular a me ke koʻikoʻi i kōkua ʻia. He kūpono a hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻolālā mitigation i ka hoʻolālā a me ka mālama ʻana:

• Koho koho. E koho i kahi nickel alloy kūpono (E.g., nickel-chromium no nā kaiapuni oxidizing, nickel-molybdenum no ka hoʻomanawanui chloride) kūpono i nā kūlana lawelawe.
• Nā mea kino kino. Paulinaolina nikoki, ʻO ka hanaʻana o Nickel, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa passivation a me ka polishing e hōʻemi i nā wahi hoʻomaka a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlike kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
• Nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā. E pale i nā māwae, ami paa, a me nā ʻāpana stagnation; e hoʻolako i ka wai a me ke komo no ka nānā ʻana.
• Ka palekana Cathodic a me nā anodes kaumaha. I kekahi mau ʻōnaehana kahi o ka nickel he ʻāpana o ka hui nui-metala, ʻO nā anodes o kēia manawa a i ʻole ka mōhai kaumaha e pale i nā metala ʻoi aku ka ikaika.
  Nānā: i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka hanohano o ka nikela ʻaʻole ia e pōmaikaʻi mai nā anodes mōhai ponoʻī.
• Ka hoʻomalu kaiapuni a me nā mea pale. Ka mālama ʻana i nā pae chloride, ʻO kaʻike o ka oxygen, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka corrosion inhibitors hiki ke mālama i ka passivity.
• Nānā mau. E nānā i nā hōʻailona mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana a hoʻoponopono i mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana.

9. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hana ʻoihana e hoʻohana i ka hana ʻino o ka nickel

No ka mea, hoʻokumu ka nickel i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale a hāʻawi i nā alloys ikaika, hoohana nui ia:

• ʻO ka nickel plating a me ka electroplating: ʻO nā waihona nickel he nani, nā ʻili ʻino ma luna o ke kila a me nā substrate ʻē aʻe (hoʻohana ʻia ma nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā hana hana).
• Nickel-base mloys (Actoel, Hailani, Molol): hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu kemika, nā wahi hau, nā mea hoʻololi wela a me nā kaiapuni kai kahi e pono ai ke kū'ē i ka corrosion a me ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe.
• Kālā, nā mea paʻa kuhiliʻole a me nā mea uila: Hoʻohana ʻia nā nickel a me ka nickel alloys no ka lōʻihi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
• ʻO nā pākahi a me ka electrochemistry: ʻO ka nickel hydroxide a me ka nickel oxides he mau mea electrode pākaukau (Ni–MH, Ni–Cd, ni-based cathodes).
• Catalysis a me ka hana kemika kūikawā: ʻO nā ʻili nickel a me nā alloys nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau a me nā kākoʻo catalyst.

Hoʻolālā nā mea hoʻolālā i nā nickel a i ʻole nickel-rich alloys no nā noi ma kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa, kūlākuai, a me ka helu ʻana o ka corrosion he mau mea nui.

10. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea like

11. Hopena

ʻO Nickel "ʻaʻole hiki ke rusts" no ka mea ua hui pū ʻo ia i ka hanohano electrochemical intrinsic me ka hiki ke hana i kahi mānoanoa., ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni pasive oxide/hydroxide paʻa e hoʻopau iā ia iho a hoʻōla iā ia iho.

ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i luna e hoʻonui i ka puka makani lawelawe palekana. Akā naʻe,, Ua wehewehe ka passivity o nickel i nā palena - chlorides, kekahi mau waikawa, hiki i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻole ke lanakila i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

Hoʻomaopopo i ka thermodynamics (kahua paʻa), kinetics (hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka lawe ʻana), metralurgy (microstructure a me ka alloying) a me ke kaiapuni (Chemisstry, keka ao, nā meaʻikeʻike) he mea nui e wānana i ka hana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka ikaika, mau mea ola lōʻihi.

 

FaqS

Paʻa loa ka nickel i ka ʻino?

ʻAʻole. Kū'ē ka Nickel i nā kaiapuni he nui no ka passivation, akā, ʻo nā kemika koʻikoʻi (ʻakika paʻakikī ikaika, chloride wela, kekahi mau lewa sulphide) hiki iā ia ke hoʻopōʻino i ka nickel a i ʻole kona mau ala. He mea nui ke koho ʻana i ka alloy kūpono.

Pehea e pale ai ka nickel plating i ke kila?

ʻO ka hoʻopalapala nickel ka hana ma ke ʻano he pāpaʻa e kū'ē i nā meaʻino a me, ma muli o ka ʻōnaehana, ma ke ano he hanohano (cathodic) puni.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o Nickel ma mua o ka hao; ʻAʻole ia e kaumaha i ke kila - inā ua haki ka uhi, hiki i ke kila ke corrode maikaʻi ma kahi i hōʻike ʻia.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka nickel a me ke kila kila?

Ke hilinaʻi nui nei nā kila kila i ka ʻike chromium e hana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive Cr₂O₃; nickel a me nickel alloys hilinaʻi ma NiO / Ni(Oh)₂ kiʻiʻoniʻoni a loaʻa pinepine iā Cr, Mo a i ʻole Cu e hoʻonui i ka pale.

Hoʻoholo ka hoʻolālā Alloy i ka mea hana maikaʻi loa i kahi kaiapuni i hāʻawi ʻia.

Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i ka nickel i ka wai kai?

ʻO kekahi mau nickel alloys (E.g., Molol, kekahi mau huila Ni-Cu) hana maikaʻi i ka wai kai. ʻAʻole kūpono nā mea ʻē aʻe.

He paʻakikī nā kaiapuni kai (chrlodes, oxycongen, biology); koho i nā ʻāpana me ka hana wai kai i hōʻike ʻia.

Pili ka wela i ka nickel passivation?

ʻAe. Hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe ka wela ke hoʻokē i nā kaʻina hana corrosion, hoʻololi i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe oxide, a i kekahi mau mea e hoʻopau i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive. E noʻonoʻo i ka ʻikepili huila no nā palena lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka nickel rust?

ʻAʻole - ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano o ka hao. ʻAʻole hana ʻo Nickel i ka "rust" (ʻo ke kila kila). ', ulu koke ka nickel i kahi lahilahi, huakai, kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide/hydroxide pili (maʻamau NiO / I(Oh)₂ a me nā oxide hui ʻia) e hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻili a hoʻolohi nui i ka ʻino.

ʻŌlelo kēlā, nickel hiki ʻino ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana koʻikoʻi (pāpaʻi waiwai chloride, nā ʻakika hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika, mahana kiʻekiʻe, etc.).