Na Waiwai Kuhiwi

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana

Nā mea kanu lāʻau he mau mea hao i ho'ākāka 'ia e ko lākou hiki ke hana a mālama i ka lahilahi, ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana iāʻoe iho (Cr₂o₃) kiʻi loa.

ʻO kēia kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive - i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka wā e hiki ai ka ʻike chromium ≥10.5 wt% - ʻo ia ke kumu o ko lākou pale ʻana i ka corrosion a hoʻokaʻawale i ke kila kila mai nā kila kalapona maʻamau.

Ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka alloying (Cr, I, Mo, N, No, Nb, etc.) a me nā morstructure (Austetetitic, ferritic, Martesestic, Duplex, Hoʻopau-paʻakikī), loaʻa nā ʻenekinia i kahi papa ākea o nā hui pū ʻana o ka hana corrosion, ikaika, paʻakikī, fabricability a me ka helehelena.

1. He aha ke kila kila?

ʻO wehewehe. ʻO ke kila kila he mea hao i loaʻa i ka chromium lawa (nominally ≥10.5 wt%) e hana mau, pale chromium-oxide (Cr₂o₃) papa hāneʻe i loko o nā wahi oxygenated.

He lahilahi kēlā kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive (ʻanuʻu nm), hoʻoponopono iā ʻoe iho inā loaʻa ka oxygen, a ʻo ia ke kumu kumu no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ka mea.

Nā Element Alloying Core a me kā lākou mau hana

• Chromium (Cr, 10.5%-30%): ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi loa. Ma ka lawa pono o ka noonoo, Hoʻopili ʻo Cr me ka oxygen e hana i kahi ʻōʻō, kiʻi ʻoniʻoni paʻa ʻole Cr₂O₃ (2–5 nm mānoanoa) e ālai ana i ka media corrosive mai ka hoouka ana i ka matrix hao.
  Hoʻonui ka maʻiʻo Cr kiʻekiʻe i ka pale ʻino maʻamau akā hiki ke hoʻonui i ka brittleness inā ʻaʻole kaulike me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
• Nickel (I, 2%-22%): Hoʻopaʻa i ka pae austenitic (cubic cub, Fcc) I ka lumi lumi, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility, paʻakikī, a me ka wellingbility.
  Hoʻonui pū ʻo Ni i ke kūʻē ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka corrosion cracking (SCC) i loko o nā kaiapuni chloride a me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa (pale i ka haki ʻana ma lalo o 0 ℃).
• Mybrideum (Mo, 0.5%-6%): Hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka pale ʻana i ka lua a me ka crevice corrosion (nui loa i nā wahi waiwai-waiwai) ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka paʻa o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive.
  Hoʻokumu ʻo Mo i ka molybdenum oxide (MoO₃) e hoʻoponopono i ka pōʻino kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūloko, he mea nui ia no nā noi kai a me nā kemika.
• Titanium (No) a me Niobium (Nb, 0.1%–0.8%): Nā mea hoʻopaʻa karbida. Hoʻohui maikaʻi lākou me ke kalapona (C) e hana i ka TiC a i ʻole NbC,
  ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o Cr₂₃C₆ ma nā palena o ka palaoa i ka wā wili a i ʻole ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe-ke pale nei kēia i ka "chromium depletion" a me ka corrosion intergranular ma hope. (Igc).
• Mang kāne (Mn, 1%-15%): He kumu kūʻai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Ni no ka hoʻokū ʻana o austenite (E.g., 200-moʻo kila kila).
  Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Mn i ka ikaika akā hiki ke hōʻemi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka paʻakikī ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mākau Ni-bearing.
• KālekaʻAʻI (C, 0.01%-1.2%): Hoʻopili i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika. Haʻahaʻa C maʻiʻo (≤0.03%, L-papa) hōʻemi i ka hana carbide a me ka pilikia IGC; kiʻekiʻe C maʻiʻo (≥0.1%, nā māka martensitic) hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī ma o ka mālama wela.

Hoʻokaʻawale Microstructural a me nā ʻano koʻikoʻi

ʻO kahi kila kila Austetetitic (300-Nā mo'ānō, 200-Nā mo'ānō)

• Ka Hoʻolālā: Kēia CR (16%–26%), I (2%-22%) a i ʻole Mn, low c (≤0.12%). Nā māka maʻamau: 304 (18Cr-8ni), 316 (18Cr-10ni-2mo), 201 (17Cr-5Ni-6Mn).
• Moloka: Austenitic piha (Fcc) I ka lumi lumi, non-magnetic (koe wale no ka hana anu).
• ʻAno kumu: Maikaʻi loa, paʻakikī (ʻoiai ma nā mahana cryogenic a hiki i -270 ℃), a me ka wellingbility; pale pale kino kaulike.

ʻO ka mea kila ferritic (400-Nā mo'ānō)

• Ka Hoʻolālā: Kēia CR (10.5%-27%), low c (≤0.12%), ʻaʻole a liʻiliʻi paha Ni. Nā māka maʻamau: 430 (17Cr), 446 (26Cr).
• Moloka: Ferritic (cubic cubic, Bcc) i nā mahana a pau, magnetic.
• ʻAno kumu: Kumukūʻai-maikaʻi, maikaʻi ke kū'ē i ka corrosion maʻamau, a me ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation i nā wela kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 800 ℃); palena ductility a weldability.

Martelitic Vielless Steel (400-Nā mo'ānō, 500-Nā mo'ānō)

• Ka Hoʻolālā: Kr (11%-17%), kiʻekiʻe C (0.1%-1.2%), low ni. Nā māka maʻamau: 410 (12Cr-0.15C), 420 (13Cr-0.2C), 440C (17Cr-1.0C).
• Moloka: Martesestic (tetragonal pili kino, Bctkau ma na) Ma hope o ka piʻiʻana a me ka huhū; magnetic.
• ʻAno kumu: Paʻakikī paʻakikī a kau i ke kū'ē (HRC 50-60 ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela); ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana.

ʻO ka kila kila fuplex (2205, 2507)

• Ka Hoʻolālā: Nā pae austenitic-ferritic kaulike (50%± 10% kēlā me kēia), kiʻekiʻe Cr (21%-27%), I (4%–7%), Mo (2%–4%), N (0.1%–0.3%). Nā māka maʻamau: 2205 (22Cr-5Ni-3Mo), 2507 (25Cr-7Ni-4Mo).
• Moloka: ʻĀpana pālua (Fcc + Bcc), magnetic.
• ʻAno kumu: ʻOi aku ka ikaika (ʻelua o nā māka austenitic) a me ke kū'ē i ka SCC, pitting, a me ka ʻinoʻino o ka māwae; kūpono no nā kaiaola kai koʻikoʻi a me nā kemika.

Hoʻopau-paʻakikī (Ph) Kila kohu ʻole (17-4Ph, 17-7Ph)

• Ka Hoʻolālā: Cr (15%-17%), I (4%–7%), Cu (2%-5%), Nb (0.2%–0.4%). Papa maʻamau: 17-4Ph (17Cr-4Ni-4Cu-Nb).
• Moloka: Martensitic a i ʻole austenitic base me nā precipitates (Nā māhele waiwai Cu, NbC) ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻelemakule.
• ʻAno kumu: Ikaika loa (ikaika ikaika >1000 Mpa) a me ke kū'ēʻana; hoʻohana ʻia i nā aerospace a me nā noi olakino.

2. Hana Koʻikoʻi: Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion

ʻO ke kūpaʻa corrosion ka waiwai e wehewehe ai i ke kila kila, paʻa i ka paʻa o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive a me ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui. Hōʻike nā māka ʻokoʻa i ke kūpaʻa kūʻokoʻa i nā mīkini corrosion kikoʻī.

Mechanism Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Passive a me General Corrosion Kū'ē

ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive Cr₂O₃ hana ʻia i loko o nā kaiapuni i loaʻa i ka oxygen (Kōlea, wai) a ho'ōla iā ia iho—inā ʻeha (E.g., Nāʻalā), Cr i loko o ka matrix hikiwawe reoxidizes e hoʻoponopono i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
Genenation Corrison (hoʻokahe like ʻole) aia wale nō ke hoʻopau ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e like me nā waikawa hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika (hydrochloric acid) a i ʻole nā ​​lewa hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe.

• Nā helu Austetitic (304, 316): E pale i ka ʻino maʻamau i ka lewa, wai hou, a me nā wahi kemika māmā. 316 Hoʻopilikia 304 i loko o ka chloride-waiwai media ma muli o ka hoʻohui Mo.
• Nā helu Ferritic (430): ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻino maʻamau i ka ea a me nā ʻoluʻolu kūʻokoʻa akā hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lua i nā kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe-chloride.
• Nā helu Duplex (2205): Kūʻē kūʻē i ka corrosion maʻamau, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hiki ke hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni o Cr me ke kūʻē ʻana o Mo.

Nā ʻano ʻinoʻino kikoʻī a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka papa

Pitting and crevice corrosion

Hiki ke ʻino i ka lua i ka wā o nā ion chloride (Cl⁻) komo i nā hemahema kūloko i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive, hana liilii, nā lua ʻino hohonu.
Ua like ka ʻino o ka ʻāʻī akā ʻike ʻia i loko o nā āpau haiki (E.g., weld seams, nā mea hoʻopili paʻa) kahi e hoʻopau ai ka oxygen i ka ʻino.

• Nā ʻElemu Hoʻoikaika Nui: Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻo Mo a me N i ke kū'ē ʻana—ʻo kēlā me kēia 1% ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana e hōʻemi ana i ka mahana lua koʻikoʻi (Cpt) e ~10℃.
  316 (CPT ≈ 40 ℃) Hoʻopilikia 304 (CPT ≈ 10 ℃); 2507 kila pālua (CPT ≈ 60 ℃) kūpono no nā noi wai kai.
• Nā Hana Kāohi: E hoʻohana i nā mākau Mo-bearing, pale i nā hoʻolālā crevice, a hana i nā lapaʻau passivation (ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka waiuma nitric) e hoʻoikaika i ka pono kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Intergranur corrosior (Igc)

Kū mai ka IGC mai ka pau ʻana o ka chromium ma nā palena ʻai: i ka wā welding a i ʻole ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe (450–850 ℃), hui ka kalapona me Cr a lilo i Cr₂₃C₆, e waiho ana i kahi Cr-depleted zone (Cr < 10.5%) e lilo ana ka passivity.

• Nā Papa Kūʻē: L-papa (304L, 316L, C ≤ 0.03%), nā māka paʻa (321 me Ti, 347 me Nb), a me ka helu duplex (low c + N hoʻokūpaʻa).
• Miomi: ʻO ka hana wela wela (hoʻoheheʻe annealing ma 1050-1150 ℃) e hoʻoheheʻe Cr₂₃C₆ a puʻunaue hou iā Cr.

ʻO ke kūleʻaʻana o ke kalaʻana (SCC)

Loaʻa ka SCC ma lalo o ka hana hui ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi tensile a me ka media corrosive (E.g., kohuala, nā hoʻonā ʻana), e alakaʻi ana i ka haʻihaʻi koke.
Nā helu Austetitic (304, 316) hiki ke maʻalahi i ka SCC ma nā wahi chloride wela (>60℃), ʻoiai nā māka ferritic a me duplex e hōʻike ana i ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

• Nā Papa Kūʻē: 2205 kila pālua, 430 kila ferritic, a me nā māka PH (17-4Ph).
• Miomi: E ho'ēmi i ke kaumaha tensile (kaumaha e hōʻoluʻolu ai), hoʻohana i nā kaiapuni haʻahaʻa-Cl⁻, a i ʻole koho i nā māka duplex.

Ke kū'ē i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka oxidation

Hoʻomaikaʻi ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation me Cr a me Si; kiʻekiʻe-Cr ferritics (E.g., 446 me ≈25–26% Cr) pale i ka oxidation a hiki i ~800 °C. Austenitics e like me 310S (≈25% Cr, 20% I) hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation a hiki i ~1 000 ° C.
No ka hoʻomau i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole carburizing ea, koho i nā mea hoʻohui wela a i ʻole Ni-base superalloys.

3. Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies

ʻOkoʻa nui nā waiwai mechanical o ke kila kila ma muli o ka microstructure a me ka mālama wela, hiki i ka hoʻopilikino ʻana no ka lawe ʻana, komo-resistant, a i ʻole nā ​​noi cryogenic.

Kiʻi mīkini (MAKAINA WAU, RESESSE):

Kūlike a me ka paʻakikī

• Nā helu Austetitic: Maikaʻi loa (elongation ma ka hoomaha 40%-60%) a me ka (koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi Akv > 100 J ma ka lumi wela).
  Mālama lākou i ka paʻakikī i nā mahana cryogenic (E.g., 304L Akv > 50 J ma -200 ℃), kūpono no ka waihona LNG a me nā moku cryogenic.
• Nā helu Ferritic: ductility haʻahaʻa (elongation 20%–30%) akā, ʻilihune haʻahaʻa wela ʻoʻoleʻa (ka wela hoʻololi palupalu ~0 ℃), ka kaupalena ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā wahi anu.
• Nā māka Martensitic: Haʻahaʻa ductility (elongation 10%–15%) a me ka oolea ma ke kulana kinai; hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka paʻakikī (Akv 30–50 J) aka, hoemi i ka paakiki.
• Nā helu Duplex: Kaulike ductility (elongation 25%–35%) a me ka (Wai > 80 J ma ka lumi wela), me ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa maikaʻi (wela hoʻololi palupalu < -40℃).

ʻO ka paleʻana o ka momona

He mea koʻikoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka luhi no nā ʻāpana ma lalo o nā ukana cyclic (E.g., Nā papahele, punawai).
Nā helu Austetitic (304, 316) loaʻa ka ikaika luhi haʻahaʻa (200–250 MPa, 40% o ka ikaika tensile) I ka moku'āina; Hoʻonui ka hana anu i ka ikaika luhi i 300-350 MPa akā hoʻonui i ka naʻau i nā hemahema o ka ʻili..
Nā helu Duplex (2205) hōʻike i ka ikaika o ka luhi (300–380 MPa) ma muli o kā lākou ʻano hana ʻelua, ʻoiai nā māka PH (17-4Ph) hiki i 400-500 MPa ma hope o ka ʻelemakule.
Nā mea kino kino (ʻO ka panaʻana, hoʻolauna) hoʻonui hou i ke ola luhi ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

4. Na Waiwai wela a me Uila

Nā waiwai wela

• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua (20 ° C): 304 ≈ 16 W · m⁻¹ · ke⁻¹; 316 ≈ 15 W · m⁻¹ · ke⁻¹; 430 ≈ 25–28 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wela ma mua o ke kila kalapona a i ʻole aluminika.
• Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka (20-100 ° C): Austenitics ≈ 16–17 ×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹; ferritics ≈ 10–12 ×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹; pālua ≈ 13–14 ×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹.
  ʻO ka CTE kiʻekiʻe aʻe o Austenitics e alakaʻi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wela a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino o ka welding.
• Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe: Mālama ʻo Austenitics i ka ikaika ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa; nā māka kūikawā (310S, ferritics pale wela) hoʻonui i ka wela hoʻohana. No nā noi kolo mau, koho i nā kila kolo a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohui Ni-based.

Waiwai waiwai

ʻO ke kila kila he mea hoʻokele uila maʻalahi, me ka resistivity kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke keleawe a me ka alumini akā haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea metala ʻole.
Nā helu Austetitic (304: 72 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m) ʻoi aku ka nui o ka resistivity ma mua o nā māka ferritic (430: 60 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m) ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui.
ʻAʻole kūpono kona conductivity uila no nā conductors kiʻekiʻe (hoʻomalu ʻia e ke keleawe/alumimina) aka, ua lawa no na kookoo lepo, nā pā uila uila, a me nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa i kēia manawa kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka ikaika mechanical a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

5. Hana Hana

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ke kila kila (Welding, hana, Machimen) he mea koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻenehana, me nā ʻokoʻa nui ma nā papa.

Hana Hoowela

Pili ka weldability i ka microstructure, NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA, a me nā mea hoʻohuihui:

• Nā helu Austetitic (304, 316): ʻO ka weldability maikaʻi loa ma o ka wili ʻana arc, wili kinoea, a me ka ulana.
  Nā māka haʻahaʻa C (304L, 316L) a me nā māka paʻa (321, 347) pale IGC; post-weld passivation hoʻonui i ka corrosion kū'ē.
• Nā helu Ferritic (430): ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma muli o ka coarsening palaoa a me ka brittleness i loko o ka ʻāpana wela (Haz). Pono ka welding i ka hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa a me ka preheating (100–200 ℃) e hoemi i ka pohā HAZ.
• Nā māka Martensitic (410): Weldability haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka maʻiʻo C kiʻekiʻe ke kumu o ka paʻakikī a me ka haki ʻana o HAZ; hoʻomāhana mua (200–300 ℃) a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma hope o ka weld (600–700 ℃) he mea pono.
• Nā helu Duplex (2205): Maikaʻi ka weldability akā pono ka mana wela (wela waena < 250℃) e mālama i ke kaulike pae (50% austenite/ferrite). Post-weld hoʻonā kuhikuhi (1050–1100 ℃) Hoʻihoʻi hou i ke kū'ē kū'ē.

Hana Hana

Hoʻopili ʻia ka formability i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī o ka hana:

• Nā helu Austetitic: Maikaʻi ka formability ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe ductility a me ka haʻahaʻa hana paʻakikī.
  Hiki iā lākou ke huki hohonu, kiʻiʻia, kū, a ʻōwili ʻia i loko o nā ʻano paʻakikī (E.g., 304 no na kini mea ai, Nā palapala hana).
• Nā helu Ferritic: Hiki ke ʻano haʻahaʻa akā hiki i ka pohā i ka wā o ke anuanu ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; hana mehana (200–300 ℃) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana.
• Nā māka Martensitic: Poor anu formability (haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa); Hana ʻia ka hana ʻana ma ke kūlana annealed, ukaliʻia e ka piʻiʻana a me ka huhū.
• Nā helu Duplex: Maikaʻi ke ʻano (e like me 304) akā makemake ʻia ka ikaika hana kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.

Hana Mīkini

Hoʻopili ʻia ka machinability e ka paʻakikī, paʻakikī, a me ka hana ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu:

• Nā helu Austetitic: ʻAʻohe machinability ma muli o ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, hana paʻakikī, a me ka pili puʻupuʻu i nā mea hana ʻoki. Pono ka mīkini i nā mea hana ʻoi, uku hānai haʻahaʻa, a me ka ʻoki ʻana i nā wai e hōʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu.
• Nā helu Ferritic: ʻAno machinability, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā māka austenitic akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila kalapona.
• Nā māka Martensitic: Machinability maikaʻi ma ke kūlana annealed (HB 180–220); hoʻonui ka paʻakikī i ka pilikia, e koi ana i na mea hana carbide sima.
• Nā māka PH: Māmā machinability i loko o ka solution-annealed state; paʻakikī ka ʻelemakule i ka mea, hana ʻole i ka mīkini ma hope o ka ʻelemakule.

6. Nā Pono Hana a me nā noi kūikawā

Ma waho aʻe o ka hana kumu, nā waiwai hana o ke kila kila (Keia Riana, paulapua, Nā waiwai magnetic) e hoʻonui i ka laulā noi.

Keia Riana

Nā helu Austetitic (316L, 316LVM) a me nā māka PH (17-4Ph) he biocompatible—he mea make ole, hoonaukiuki ole, a kū i ka wai o ke kino (koko, kikokiko).

316LVM (Ke kala kala, hehee wale) hoʻohana ʻia no nā implants ʻokiʻoki (papa iwi, Nā wilipū, Nā papa'ōlelo) ma muli o kona maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i loko o nā kaiapuni physiological.

Hoʻololi ʻili (Kāleka, etching electrochemical) e hoʻonui hou i ka biocompatibility ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka adhesion bacteria.

Nā Pono o ka ʻili a me nā mea nani

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili o ke kila kila no ka nani a me ka hana:

• Hoʻopau mīkini: 2Na B, No.4 (pua), BA (ʻālohilohi annealed), aniani. E koho i ka hoʻopau no ka nani a me ka maʻemaʻe.
• Uilaiauliwi: hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maʻalahi o ka ʻili a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion; hoʻohana maʻamau i nā mea lapaʻau/meaʻai.
• Ka hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe: ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau nitric a i ʻole citric acid e wehe i ka hao manuahi a hoʻonui i ka papa passive, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūpaʻa corrosion no ka meaʻai a me nā noi olakino.
• kala kala & Nā pāpale: Hiki i ka PVD a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻonaninani kūlohelohe ke hoʻohui i ke kala a i ʻole ka pale hou; pono ka ho'opa'a 'ana i ka ili.

Nā waiwai magnetic

Hoʻoholo ʻia ka Magnetism e ka microstructure:

• Nā helu Austetitic: Non-magnetic i ke kūlana annealed; ʻO ka hana anu e hoʻoulu i ka magnetism nāwaliwali (ma muli o ka hoʻololi martensitic) akā ʻaʻole pili i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
• Ferritic, Martesestic, a me ka helu duplex: Magnetic, kūpono no nā noi e koi ana i ka pane magnetic (E.g., nā mea hoʻokaʻawale magnetic, ʻāpana ʻenekona).

7. Nā noi maʻamau e ka ʻohana

• Austetetitic (304/316): ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻahu hale kiʻi, lāʻau lāʻau, CRERETRACESS.
• Ferritic (430/446): demirative trim, nā pahu kaʻa (446 kiʻekiʻe-temp), Nā hana hana.
• Martesestic (410/420/440C): kā mākou kā'ā, Nā Vilves, Nā papahele, komo i nā'āpana.
• Duplex (2205/2507): pono & aila (OHUA OUKA), ʻO nā'ōnaehana kai, mea hana kemika.
• Ph (17-4Ph): nā mea hana aerospace, nā mea paʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka pale corrosion haʻahaʻa.

8. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea hoʻokūkū

Pono ke kaulike o ka mea koho ʻO ka hana mechanication, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, Ke kaumaha, Kauhini, KAHOU HōʻOHE, a ke kumu kūʻai o ke ola.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma lalo nei e kālele ana i ke kila kuhili ʻole me nā mea ʻē aʻe i manaʻo nui ʻia i ka hana ʻenekinia.

9. Hopena

ʻO nā kila kila he ʻohana waiwai nui e hoʻohui i ke kūpaʻa corrosion, hana mechanical a me ka maʻalahi aesthetic.

ʻO ka hoʻohana kūleʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pae, microstructure a hoʻopau me ke kaiapuni lawelawe a me ke kaʻina hana.

E hoʻohana i ka PREN a me nā hoʻāʻo corrosion i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana nānā no nā kaiapuni chloride; e hoʻomalu i ka mōʻaukala wela a me ke kūlana o ka ʻili; koi i nā MTR a me ka ʻatikala mua ʻana i ka corrosion / mechanical qualification no nā ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi.

Ke hōʻike pono ʻia a hana ʻia, nā kila kuhiliʻole e hāʻawi i ke ola lōʻihi o ka lawelawe a me ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokele waiwai.

 

FaqS

Oe 316 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka 304?

Aole mau. 316Hāʻawi ka ʻikepili Mo i ka pale ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pitting i nā kaiapuni chloride; akā, no nā noi hale non-chloride 304 ʻoi aku ka maʻamau a kūpono.

He aha ka waiwai PREN e pono ai iaʻu ke huli no ka lawelawe wai kai?

PREN ≥ 35 no ka ʻike ʻana i ka wai kai haʻahaʻa; no ka pipiʻi a i ʻole ka wai kai mahana e noʻonoʻo iā PREN ≥ 40+ (duplex a i ʻole superaustenitics). E hōʻoia mau me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paena.

Pehea e pale aku ai i ka corrosion intergranular ma hope o ka wili?

E hoʻohana i ke kalapona haʻahaʻa (L) a i ʻole nā ​​māka paʻa, e hōʻemi i ka manawa i loko o ka laulā sensitization, a i ʻole e hana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka pickling inā pono.

I ka manawa e koho ai i ka duplex ma kahi o ka austenitic stainless?

E koho i ka duplex inā makemake ʻoe i ka ikaika nui a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka chloride/pitting a me ke kūpaʻa SCC ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka superaustenitics-maʻamau i ka ʻaila. & aila, desalination a me nā noi hoʻololi wela.