Na Mea Pono Pono Kalapona

ʻAihue kīwī He papa ia o na huila hao-carbon i loko o ka hao (Lia) lawelawe ma ke ano he matrix a me carbon (C) ʻo ia ka mea hoʻohuihui mua, ʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā haʻahaʻa mai 0.002% i 2.11% Ma ke kaumaha.

Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia i kekahi o nā mea ʻenehana i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma muli o kāna kumukūʻai-kūpono, kūmole, a me nā waiwai mechanical tunable.

ʻAʻole like me nā kila kila, e hilinaʻi ana i nā mea hoʻohui nui e like me ka chromium, nickel, a i ʻole molybdenum e hoʻopili i nā waiwai, hiki i ke kila kalapona i kāna hana ma o ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻike kalapona, moloka, a me nā wela wela.

'Ōwili, ʻO ke kila kalapona ke kumu o nā ʻoihana me ke kūkulu ʻana, hana ana i ka hana automoki, shopbuilding, hana mīkini, a me nā mea hana.

ʻO kona kūpono no kēia mau ʻāpana mai he kaulike ma waena o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, paʻakikī, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, a me ka hoʻokō, lilo ia i mea kumu ma na hana ku'una a me ka 'enekinia holomua.

Pono ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kila kalapona a kālailai manaʻo nui hoʻopili kemika, moloka, nā waiwai mechanical a me ka wela, Pūnaewele kūleʻa, hiʻona uila, a me nā ʻano hana.

Hoʻopili pololei kēlā me kēia mau mea i ka hana waiwai ma nā noi honua maoli.

1. Hoʻohui a me ka microstructure

ʻO ke kalapona ka mea hoʻololi mana mua

Noho nā ʻātoma kalapona i nā wahi interstitial i ka lattice hao a hana i ka cementite (Likahi). ʻO ka hapa nui o ke kalapona e hoʻomalu i nā hakina māhele a me nā mahana hoʻololi:

• Haʻahaʻa-C (≤ 0.25 wt%) - ferrite matrix me ka pearlite i hoʻopuehu ʻia: maikaʻi loa ductility a weldability.
• Kauwaena-C (≈ 0.25–0.60 wt%) - hoʻonui i ka hakina pearlite; ma hope o ke kinai a me ka huhū ke kaulike o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī.
• Kiʻekiʻe-C (> 0.60 wt%) — ka nui o ka pearlite/cementite; kiʻekiʻe e like me ka-quenched paʻakikī a me ka ʻaʻahu kūpaʻa; palena ductility.

Hoʻopili kēia mau hoʻoponopono i ka pilina hao-carbon equilibrium; ʻO nā microstructures maoli i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka nui o ka hoʻoilo a me nā hoʻohui alloy.

Nā mea liʻiliʻi a me kā lākou mau kuleana

• Mang kāne (Mn) - hui pū me ka sulfur e lilo i MnS ma mua o FeS, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hardenability a me ka ikaika tensile, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa. 0.3–1.2 wt% maʻamau.
• Silikino (A) - deoxidizer a me ka hoʻoikaika paʻa (Kuhi. 0.15–0.50 wt%).
• Phoshorus (P) a me Sulfur (S) - hoʻomalu ʻia i nā pae ppm haʻahaʻa; hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo P ke kumu o ka embrittlement ma ka wela haʻahaʻa; S ke kumu o ka pōkole wela ke ʻole e hoʻēmi ʻia (E.g., Mn hoʻohui a desulfurization).
• Hoʻohui hui (Cr, Mo, I, V, No) - ke loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e lilo ke kila i "haʻahaʻa-alloy" a loaʻa i ka ikaika paʻakikī, ʻoʻoleʻa a i ʻole ka mana wela kiʻekiʻe; hoʻoneʻe kēia i nā mea ma mua o ka ʻohana "carbon steel" maʻalahi.

2. Hoʻoponopono Microstructural ma o ka Hoʻoponopono Wela

ʻO ka mālama wela ka lever ʻoihana mua no ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka kemika carbon-steel like i loko o nā microstructure ʻokoʻa a me nā hoʻonohonoho waiwai mechanical..

Annalile (piha / hana anneal)

• Kumu: hooluolu, hoʻopau i ke kaumaha, homogenize microstructure a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability.
• Kaapuni (MAKAINA WAU): wela i luna pono o Ac3 (aiʻole i kahi mahana austenitizing i kuhikuhi ʻia) → paʻa e hoʻohālikelike (pili ka manawa i ka nui o ka pauku; rule-of-thumb 15-30 min no kēlā me kēia 25 ke palika anu) → pumehana mālie (pinepine 20–50 °C/hr a i ʻole ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana o ka umu ahi).
• Hana ʻia ka microstructure: pearlite koʻikoʻi + ferrite; Hiki ke ulu ka carbide spheroidization me ka subcritical soak.
• Ka hopena waiwai: ʻoʻoleʻa haʻahaʻa, ductility kiʻekiʻe a me ka formability; pono ma mua o ka hana anu nui a i ʻole ka mīkini.

Hana maʻamau

• Kumu: hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa, hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī e pili ana i ka anneal piha.
• Kaapuni (MAKAINA WAU): wela ma luna o Ac3 → paʻa ~15-30 min no kēlā me kēia 25 mm → ʻoluʻolu i ka lewa mālie.
• Hana ʻia ka microstructure: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pearlite ma mua o ka anneal me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
• Ka hopena waiwai: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hua / UTS ma mua o ka annealed, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻakikī notch a me nā ʻano mīkini like ʻole ma nā ʻāpana.

Spheroidizing

• Kumu: hana i kahi palupalu, hale hana maʻalahi no nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hana ʻana.
• Kaapuni (MAKAINA WAU): paʻa lōʻihi (~ 10–40 hola) malalo iki o Ac1 (a i ʻole cyclic subcritical anneal) e paipai i ka carbide coarsening i spheroids.
• Hana ʻia ka microstructure: ferrite matrix me nā ʻāpana cementite spheroidal (spheroidite).
• Ka hopena waiwai: paakiki haahaa loa, maikaʻi machinability a me ka ductility.

Queech (hāwanaʻu)

• Kumu: hana i ka ʻili martensitic paʻakikī a i ʻole ka nui ma o ka hoʻomaloʻo wikiwiki ʻana mai ka austenite.
• Kaapuni (MAKAINA WAU): austenitize (pili ka mahana ma luna o ke kalapona a me ka mea hao, pinepine 800–900 °C) → paʻa no ka homogenization → kinai i ka wai, aila a polymer quenchants; ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻolili ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻoluʻu koʻikoʻi e hoʻopau i ka pearlite/bainite.
• Hana ʻia ka microstructure: Martissite (a i ʻole martensite + paʻa austenite ma muli o Ms a me kalapona), hiki i ka bainite ke hoʻoluʻu i waena.
• Ka hopena waiwai: kiʻekiʻe loa ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika (Martissite); kiʻekiʻe ke koena tensile koʻikoʻi a me ka maʻalahi i ka pohā / distortion me ka ʻole o ka mana kūpono.

Huhū

• Kumu: e ho'ēmi i ka brittleness o ka martensite a hoʻihoʻi i ka paʻakikī i ka wā e paʻa ai ka paʻakikī.
• Kaapuni (MAKAINA WAU): e hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou i ke kila kinai ʻia i ka mahana wela (150–650 °C ma muli o ka paʻakikī/ʻoʻoleʻa i makemake ʻia), Pā (30-120 min ma muli o ka pauku) → ʻoluʻolu ea.
• 'Āpanaʻo Microstructr?: Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka martensite i ka martensite tempered a i ʻole ferrite+spheroidized carbide; ka ua o nā carbide hoʻololi; ka emi ʻana o ka tetragonality.
• Ka hopena waiwai: kūʻai kūʻai: kiʻekiʻe hoʻonanea ʻana → haʻahaʻa paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka ductility.
  Hana ʻia nā hana ʻoihana maʻamau i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka HRC a i ʻole mechanical minima.

3. Na Pono Mekanika o ke kila kalapona

Hāʻawi ka papa ma lalo nei i mea hōʻike, 'enekinia-pono paena no hoʻohaʻahaʻa-, Kūpono- a me nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe i nā kūlana maʻamau (hana wela/hana maʻamau a kinai ʻia & huhū ma kahi i ʻike ʻia).

Eia na MAKAINA WAU helu no ke alakaʻi - koi ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana no nā noi koʻikoʻi.

Plasticity a me ka paakiki

Hōʻike ka Plasticity i ka hiki ke hana i ka deformation mau loa me ka ʻole o ka haki, ʻoiai ʻo ka paʻakikī e pili ana i kona hiki ke komo i ka ikehu i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana:

• Ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa: Hōʻike i ka plasticity maikaʻi loa, me ka elongation i ka hoomaha ana mai 20%-35% a me ka hoemi ana o ka wahi mai 30%-50%.
  ʻO ka paʻakikī o kona notch (Wai) ma ka lumi wela ma luna 100 J, hiki i nā kaʻina hana e like me ke kaha kiʻi hohonu, noho ', a me ka wili me ka pohā ole.
  ʻO ia ka mea i makemake nui ʻia no nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā ʻeleʻele e like me nā panela automotive a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaola kila.
• Ke kila kalapona waena: Hoʻohālikelike i ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī, me ka elongation ma ka haki o 10%–20% a me Akv o 50–80 J ma ka lumi wela..
  Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia kona paʻakikī, pale aku i ka palupalu o ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe i kinai ʻia, i kūpono i nā noi e like me nā shafts transmission, Kauluhi, a me nā bolts.
• Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe: Loaʻa i ka plasticity maikaʻi ʻole, me ka elongation i ka haki ma lalo 10% a Akv pinepine emi mai 20 J ma ka lumi wela.
  I nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e lilo ana i mea nahaha, me ka hāʻule nui o ka paʻakikī hopena, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono ia no nā ʻāpana lawe ukana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ukana ikaika a i ʻole ka hopena.
  ', hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā ʻāpana static e koi ana i ka pale lole kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā ʻili pahi a me nā ʻōwili puna.

ʻO ka paleʻana o ka momona

ʻO ke kūpaʻa luhi ʻo ia ka hiki o ke kila kalapona ke kū i ka hoʻouka cyclic me ka ʻole o ka hemahema, he waiwai koʻikoʻi no nā ʻāpana e like me nā kumu a me nā pūnāwai e hana ana ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi mau.

Loaʻa ka ikaika luhi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa carbon (ma kahi o 150–200 MPa, 40%-50% o kona ikaika tensile), ʻoiai ke kila kalapona waena ma hope o ke kinai ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana e hōʻike ana i ka ikaika o ka luhi (250-350 mpa) ma muli o kāna microstructure i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.

Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe, ke mālama pono ʻia ka wela e hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o loko, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka ikaika luhi o 300-400 MPa,

akā, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kāna hana luhi i nā hemahema o ka ʻili e like me nā ʻōpala a me nā māwae, ka mea e pono ai ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili (E.g., Kāleka, ʻO ka panaʻana) e hoʻonui i ke ola luhi.

4. Nā waiwai hana

Ma waho aʻe o nā anana mechanical maʻamau, Hōʻike ke kila kalapona i kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻano hana e hoʻoholo ai i kona kūpono no nā kaiapuni a me nā kūlana lawelawe.

ʻO ka hana ʻino a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana

ʻAʻole hana ke kila kalapona i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pasive oxide pale (ʻaʻole like me nā kila kuhili ʻole chromium); ', ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka oxygen a me ka maʻu e hoʻoheheʻe, porous iron oxides ('ōwili) e ʻae i ke komo mau ʻana o nā ʻano mea ʻino.

ʻO ka maʻamau o ka pōʻino o ka lewa no ke kila kalapona pale ʻole 0.1–0.5 mm/makahiki, akā, e wikiwiki ana nā kumukūʻai i ka waikawa, ka honua waiwai alkaline a i ʻole chloride (ʻo kahi laʻana, i ka wai kai).

Nā pane ʻenekinia maʻamau:

• Kaona Kahua: galvanizing wela, Hoʻololi, nā ʻōnaehana pena ʻano, a me nā uhi hoʻololi kemika (E.g., phoPshanging).
• Hoʻolālā: hoʻokahe wai e pale aku i ka wai kū, kaawale o na metala like ole, a me ka hoʻolako no ka nānā ʻana/mālama.
• Pani waiwai: kahi i koʻikoʻi ai ka ʻike, e kuhikuhi i ke kila kila, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole e hoʻopili i nā pale / lining ikaika.

Pono ke koho ma muli o ke kaiapuni i manaʻo ʻia, ola lawelawe pono a me ka hoʻolālā mālama.

Nā waiwai wela a me nā palena wela lawelawe

Hoʻohui ke kila kalapona i ka conductivity wela kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻonui wela haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka mea kūpono no nā noi hoʻoili wela me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia ma lalo o ka loli wela.

Nā waiwai helu koʻikoʻi a me nā hopena:

• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua: ≈ 40–50 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ ma ka lumi wela - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kila kuhili ʻole maʻamau a me ka hapa nui o nā polymers ʻenekinia; kūpono no nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā paipu paila a me nā ʻāpana kapuahi.
• Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka: ≈ 11–13 × 10⁻⁶ /°C (20-200 ° C), ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka alumini a kūpono hoʻi me nā hui kila he nui.
• Ke kū'ēʻana: Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā mahana a hiki i 425 ℃, akā ua emi koke kona ikaika ma luna o 400 ℃ ma muli o ka ʻili ʻana a me ka palupalu.
  Loaʻa ka mahana lawelawe hoʻomau kiʻekiʻe loa o 350 ℃, ʻoiai ua kaupalena ʻia ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe i 300 ℃ ma muli o kona hiki ke kiʻekiʻe i ka palupalu wela.
  Ma luna o kēia mau mahana, pono nā kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​mea wela wela no ka mālama pono ʻana i ka hale.

Waiwai waiwai

ʻO ke kila kalapona kahi mea hoʻokele uila maikaʻi, me ka resistivity o kahi 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ Ω·m ma ka lumi wela—ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke keleawe (1.7 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m) akā haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka nui o nā mea metala ʻole.

Hoʻemi iki kona conductivity uila me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kalapona, ʻoiai ua hoʻopau nā ʻāpana cementite i ke kahe o nā electrons manuahi.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kalapona no nā conductors uila kiʻekiʻe (he kuleana i hoʻomalu ʻia e ke keleawe a me ka aluminika), kūpono ia no nā koʻokoʻo lepo, nā pā uila uila, a me nā ʻāpana hoʻoili haʻahaʻa i kēia manawa kahi lua o ka conductivity i ka ikaika mechanical.

5. Ka hana ʻana i ka hana - ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana

Hana wela a hana anu

• Hoʻohala wela / Kauwili: Hoʻohaʻahaʻa- a me nā kila kalapona waena e hōʻike i ka hana wela maikaʻi loa.
  A ~1000–1200 °C hoʻololi ka microstructure i austenite me ka ductility kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa deformation haʻahaʻa, hiki ana i ka hana wela nui me ka poha ole.
• Nā kākela kiʻekiʻe: ʻOi aku ka ʻilihune ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka cementite paʻakikī; pono ka forging i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā helu deformation i hoʻomalu ʻia e pale aku i ka haki ʻana.
• Ke anuanu / hana: Ua kūpono nā kila kalapona haʻahaʻa i ka hana anu a me ka hana pepa, hiki i nā anana lahilahi me ka hoʻopau ʻili maikaʻi a me ka mana ana.

Nā noʻonoʻo welding a me ka hana maikaʻi loa

Ua hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka weldability i ka maʻi kalapona a me ka pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hale martensitic paʻakikī i ka ʻāpana wela. (Haz):

• Nā kāhiko haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (C ≤ 0.20%): Weldability maikaʻi me nā kaʻina hana maʻamau (ARC, ME/MAG, Tig, kuʻi kūʻē). Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka HAZ martensite a me ka hydrogen-induced cracking.
• Na kila kalapona waena (0.20% < C ≤ 0.60%): Weldability haʻahaʻa. Manaihi (maki 150-300 ° C) a me nā mahana interpass hoʻomalu, hoʻohui ʻia ma hope o ka weld tempering, koi ʻia e hōʻemi i ke koena o ke koʻikoʻi a pale i ka haʻalulu HAZ.
• Nā kākela kiʻekiʻe (C > 0.60%): He maikaʻi ʻole ka weldability. He kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī o ka HAZ a me ka pohā; ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka wiliwili no nā mea koʻikoʻi i makemake i ka hui ʻana me ka mīkini a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻopihapiha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma mua o ka wela..

Hana Mīkini

ʻO ka hana mīkini e pili ana i ka maʻalahi o ka hiki ke ʻoki ʻia ke kila kalapona, unuhi, a wiliia, i hoʻoholo ʻia e kona paʻakikī, paʻakikī, a me nā morstructure:

• Ke kila kalapona waena (E.g., 45# Kukui Kekuhi): Loaʻa i ka hana mīkini maikaʻi loa.
  ʻO kona paʻakikī kaulike a me ka paʻakikī e hōʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o ka mea hana a hana i kahi hoʻopau ʻili maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā ʻāpana mīkini e like me nā shafts a me nā mīkini.
• Ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa: Makemake ʻo ia e pili i nā mea hana ʻoki i ka wā o ka mīkini ma muli o kona plasticity kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka mea hana.
  Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoki ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoluʻu lubricating.
• Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe: I ka moku'āina, ʻo kona paʻakikī hoʻemi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana machining; ma ke kulana kinai, ʻo kona paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe e paʻakikī ai ka mīkini, e koi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki e like me ka carbide cemented.

6. Nā palena a me nā ʻano hana hoʻonui

ʻOiaiʻo kāna mau pono he nui, Loaʻa i ke kila kalapona nā palena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kāna hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hana hoʻonui i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia.

Nā palena nui

• ʻO ke kū'ē kū'ē: E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, hiki i ke kila kalapona i ka pala i ka nui o na kaiapuni, e koi ana i ka lapaʻau ʻana a i ʻole ke pani ʻia me nā mea ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion no ka hoʻohana lōʻihi i nā kūlana paʻakikī.
• Liʻiliʻi ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe: Ua emi loa kona ikaika ma luna o 400 ℃, ʻaʻole kūpono ia no nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe e like me nā ʻāpana ʻenekini jet a i ʻole nā ​​paipu paila kiʻekiʻe..
• ʻAʻahu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko ke kila kalapona maʻemaʻe ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻili, ka kaupalena ʻana i kona hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi lole kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana.

Nā ʻano hana hoʻonui

Hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano o ka metallurgical a me ka ʻenekinia ʻenehana e hoʻonui i ke ola lawelawe a hoʻonui i nā envelopes noi:

• Eha hanona: Carpurize, ʻO ka nitriding a me ka induction/laser hardening e hoʻopuka i kahi hihia paʻakikī paʻakikī (paʻakikī hihia a hiki i ka HRC ~60) me ke kumu ductile-i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā mīkini, nā kāmeka a me nā kumu.
  Hāʻawi kū hoʻokahi ʻo Nitriding i ka paʻakikī i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka liʻiliʻi o ka distortion.
• AliLila / nā puʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: ʻO nā hoʻohui liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o Cr, I, Mo, Hoʻololi ʻo V a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā kila kalapona i mau māka haʻahaʻa me ka hoʻoikaika paʻakikī, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe-mehana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka corrosion.
  Hoʻoloholo: ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 1-2% Cr i kahi kumu kalapona waena e hāʻawi i kahi huila Cr-bearing (E.g., 40Cr) me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana mechanical.
• ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui a me nā pale: ʻO nā uhi hoʻoheheʻe wela seramika, PTFE/epoxy polymer linings, ʻO nā pale metala a i ʻole nā ​​uhi weld e hui pū i ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai o ke kila kalapona me kahi ʻili kūʻokoʻa kemika a tribologically - kūpono i ka hana kemika., lawelawe meaʻai a me ka lawelawe corrosive.
• ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a me ka hana ʻenehana: ʻO ka panaʻana, Kāleka, a me ka wili ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻemi i nā concentrators stress a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola luhi; ʻO ka passivation a me nā ʻōnaehana uhi kūpono e hoʻomaka i ka corrosion.

7. Nā Hana Hana Hana maʻamau o Carbon Steel

ʻO ka envelop waiwai ākea o Carbon steel, ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ke kaulahao hoʻolako makua e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea paʻamau a me nā mea hana ma nā ʻoihana he nui.

ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana kīwila

Noi: nā kaola a me nā kolamu, hoʻoikaika i nā pā (rebar), ʻāpana alahaka, ke kūkuluʻana i nā lauoho, hoʻolima-anu, ʻahuʻahu.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: maikaʻi ke kumu kūʻai-i-ikaika ratio, NoMame, weldability a me ka mana dimensional no ka hana nui.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā kila kalapona haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​kila māmā (nā papa ʻōwili, ʻāpana ʻōwili wela, nā profiles i hoʻokumu ʻia anu); hana ma ka oki ana, wiliwili a bolting; pale corrosion ma ke galvanizing, pena a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōnaehana uhi duplex.

ʻO nā mīkini, ka hoʻoili mana a me nā mea hoʻololi

Noi: Nā papahele, Kauluhi, Nā Koho Pūnaewele, ankles, lihao, nā hale bearings.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: ka machinability kaulike o nā māka kalapona waena, ikaika a paakiki; hiki ke paʻakikī i ka ʻili no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu me ka mālama ʻana i kahi kumu paʻakikī.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā kila kalapona waena (E.g., 45#/1045 Kōkua kikowaena) ua hala & hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha; Maki, kūhā, pana-peening no ke ola luhi.

Aitompetitive a me ka halihali

Noi: Nā Kūlana Chassis, Nā'āpana i hoʻokuʻuʻia, Nā mea paʻa, nā pā lima kino (ʻO kaʻaihueʻoluʻolu), nā mea hoʻoili a me ka braking (nā kila kila waena / kiʻekiʻe-carbon).
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: kūʻai nui ʻana i ka hana nui, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, weldability a me ka hiki no ka localized hardening.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā kila kalapona haʻahaʻa no nā paneli kino (ʻōwili anu, uhi ʻia); nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe no ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā ʻāpana me ka mālama wela; electrocoatings a me galvanneal no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

Pono, ʻoihana kinoea a me ka petrochemical

Noi: Piping, nā honu, kino mea paahana iho, wili kola, kākoʻo i keʻano.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: ka ikaika a me ka loaʻa kālā no nā paipu nui-diameter a me nā mea hana kaumaha; maʻalahi o ka hana kahua.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: ʻaʻahu pinepine ʻia nā paipu kila kalapona a me nā ʻāpana kaomi (uhi kuhiliʻole, polimer liner) ma ka lawelawe kino; ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a me ka microstructure i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka paʻakikī haʻihaʻi i ke anuanu.

Hoʻoulu ikehu, nā paila a me nā mea hoʻoili wela

Noi: paipu paila, nā mea hana wela, nā mea hoʻolālā turbine (ʻāpana wela ʻole), nā hale kākoʻo.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity a me ka fabricability maikaʻi no ka wela-hoʻololi noi kahi e mau ai ka mahana i loko o nā palena lawelawe.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: hoʻohaʻahaʻa- i nā kila kalapona waena no nā paipu a me nā kākoʻo; kahi o ka wela a i ʻole ka pāpaʻi corrosive ma mua o nā palena, e hoʻohana i nā kila kila.

Nā lako hana, ʻokiʻoki i nā kihi, nā pūnāwai a me nā ʻāpana lole

Noi: ʻokiʻana i nā hana hana, Nā pale pale, Nā Punches, punawai, uwea make, komo i nā papa.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: Hiki i nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe a me nā kila mea hana ke hoʻokō i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe loa a hoʻopaʻa i ke kūpaʻa ke mālama ʻia ka wela.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā māka kalapona kiʻekiʻe (E.g., T8/T10 a i ʻole nā ​​mea hana kila like) kinai a hoohuoi i ka paakiki i makemakeia; wili ili, nā lāʻau cryogenic a me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi.

Ka moana a me ka hana moku

Noi: nā papa hull, Nā lālā hoʻonohonoho, NāʻImi, nā mea paʻa a me nā mea paʻa.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: mea hoʻokele waiwai me ka hana maikaʻi a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma ke kai.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: hoʻohaʻahaʻa- i nā kila hana kalapona waena; nā uhi kaumaha, ka pale cathodic a me ka corrosion-resistant claddings maʻamau.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kila ʻino a i ʻole nā ​​​​composite i pale ʻia kahi e pono ai nā wā mālama lōʻihi.

Rail, nā mea kaumaha a me ka mining

Noi: alahao, huila, ankles, bogies, nā pahu excavator a me nā bākeke, nā ʻāpana crusher.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: hui o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī a me ka hiki ke paʻakikī i ka ʻili no ka pale ʻana ma lalo o ka hoʻouka mechanical loa.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: Kūpono- a me nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela; induction a i ʻole ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili no nā ʻili pili.

Poolali, nā pahu a me nā moku kaomi (lawelawe ʻole ʻino a i mālama ʻia)

Noi: paipu wai a me ke kinoea, Nā pahu mālama, nā moku hoʻopaʻa paʻa (i ka wā o ka corrosion a me ka mahana i loko o nā palena).
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: waiwai no nā puke nui a me ka maʻalahi o ka hui ʻana.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā papa kalapona haʻahaʻa a me nā paipu me nā kaʻina weld i kūpono i ke code; nā linings o loko, nā uhi a i ʻole ka pale cathodic i ka lawelawe corrosive.

Nā mea kūʻai, nā mea hana a me ka hana maʻamau

Noi: Nā Frame, nā pā, Nā mea paʻa, Nā lako hana, nā lako a me nā mea hana.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: uku haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lau a me nā huahana coil.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā kila haʻahaʻa kalapona i ʻōwili anuanu, ka zinc a i ʻole ka mea i uhi ʻia; noho ', huki kaha, He mea maʻamau ka wiliwili wahi a me ka uhi pauda.

Nā mea paʻa, nā lako a me nā lako

Noi: nā bolts, Nā Kahu, Nā wilipū, Pins, nā hinges a me nā mea hoʻohui hale.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: hiki ke hana anu, mālama ʻia ka wela a hoʻopaʻa ʻia; hana wānana ma lalo o ka preload a me nā kūlana luhi.
Nā koho maʻamau & ka hoʻoiliʻana: nā kila kalapona waena a me nā kila kalapona i hui pū ʻia no nā mea hoʻopaʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe (ua hala & wahine maila); Hoʻololi, phosphate me ka aila a i ʻole ka galvanizing wela no ka pale ʻino.

Hoʻohana kūikawā a kū mai

Noi & nā ʻano: hana hoʻohui i nā ʻāpana hana (moena pauda a me ka uhi uea-arc), hale huila (laminates kila-composite), ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kila kalapona i ʻaʻahu ʻia a laina ʻia paha e hoʻololi ai i nā alloys pipiʻi.
No ke aha ke kila kalapona: ʻO ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ka hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hybridization (ʻili kila me ka ʻili i hana ʻia) a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano hana kokoke.

8. Hopena

ʻO ke kila kalapona kekahi o nā mea metala i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana hou ma muli o kona hui pū ʻana kumukūʻai-kūpono, nā waiwai mechanical tunable, a me ka hana maikaʻi loa.

Hoʻomalu nui ʻia kāna hana e NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA, moloka, a me ka haku mele ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ma o ʻO ka mālama wela (Annalile, Queech, huhū, a maʻamau) a ʻenekinia ʻili (Nā pāpale, Wehe, kukupupuole, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana).

Mai a ʻike mechanical, ʻO ke kila kalapona ka laulā ākea: hāʻawi nā māka haʻahaʻa carbon i ka ductility kiʻekiʻe, NoMame, a me ka wellingbility; Hāʻawi nā kila kalapona waena i ke kaulike o ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me ka machindability; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, a me ka hoʻoikaika kino.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hana mechanical, loaʻa i ke kila kalapona nā waiwai hana e like me Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua, kū ponoʻole, a me ke kumu kūʻai uila, ʻoiai ʻo kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe e kaupalena ʻia e pili ana i nā kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kila kila.

ʻAno ʻenehana he hiʻona wehewehe o ke kila kalapona. Loaʻa kāna mau noi mai kūkulu a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa i ʻO nā mīkini, ikaika, Poolali, a me na mea paahana pale lole, e hōʻike ana i kona hiki ke hoʻololi i nā koi mechanical a me ke kaiapuni.

Ka palena o ka corrosion, ʻaʻa, a hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe ma o paakiki ili, AliLila, pio ke pale, a me nā ʻōnaehana hybrid a ʻaʻahu paha, e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokūkū ʻana o ke kila kalapona ʻoiai i nā kūlana koi.

FaqS

Pehea e pili ai ka waiwai kalapona i nā waiwai hao kalapona?

Hoʻonui ke kalapona i ka paʻakikī, ikaika ikaika, a kau pale, akā ho'ēmi i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī.

ʻO ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa he mea hiki ke hana; ʻO ke kila kalapona waena ke kaulike i ka ikaika a me ka ductility; ʻO ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe he paʻakikī a paʻa i ka ʻaʻahu akā palupalu.

Hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kila kila?

ʻAʻole kūpaʻa ke kila kalapona e like me ke kila kila.
Hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i ke kila kila i loko o nā kaiapuni non-corrosive a i ʻole ke pale ʻana i ka ʻili (Nā pāpale, Wehe, a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana) ua pili. I nā wahi kūpono loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​mea hao.

Ua kūpono ke kila kalapona no nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe?

Hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki i ~425 ℃, ke kila kalapona waena a hiki i ~350 ℃, a me ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ~300 ℃. No nā mahana ma luna o kēia mau palena, ʻōlelo ʻia nā kila i hoʻohuihui ʻia a i ʻole wela wela.

Pehea e pale ʻia ai ke kila kalapona mai ka ʻino?

ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau e pili ana i ka galvanizing hot-dip, Hoʻololi, Kāleka, phoPshanging, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polymer a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana i ka seramika, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻaʻahu ʻia paha no nā kaiapuni paʻakikī.