Aluminum, ma ke ʻano he māmā, corrosions-resistant, a me ka metala non-ferrous loa, pāʻani i kahi mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka aerospace, hana ana i ka hana automoki, nā leka uila, A papa hana i nāʻoihana.
ʻO ka helu heheʻe o ka aluminika-i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka mahana i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka alumini mai kahi paʻa a i kahi wai ma lalo o ke kaomi o ka lewa maʻamau-he waiwai thermophysical koʻikoʻi e hoʻokele i kāna hana., Hoʻolālāʻiaʻo Alloy, a me ka noi hana.
1. Nā waiwai kino o ka alumini maʻemaʻe — ʻikepili helu hoʻoheheʻe kī
| Waiwai | Waiwai (A) | Waiwai (Imperial) | Nā moʻolelo |
| Malting Point (kaulike, 1 atm) | 660.32 ° C (933.47 K) | 1220.58 ° F | ʻO ka mahana kuhikuhi maʻamau no ka maʻemaʻe (99.999%) AL. |
| Ka wela wela | 933.47 K | - | Kūlike wela piha. |
| ʻO ka wela huna o ka hui ʻana | 397 kJ·kg⁻¹ | ≈ 170.68 BTU·lb⁻¹ | Pono ka ikehu e hehee ai 1 kg (Oole 1 lb) ma kahi hehee. |
wela kūikawā (luhi, kokoke., kokoke 25 ° C) |
897 J · kg⁻¹ · ke Kg | ≈ 0.2143 BTU·lb⁻¹·°F⁻¹ | E hoʻohana i ka cp pili i ka wela no ka helu wela pololei. |
| Huakai (luhi, ~20 °C) | 2,700 kg·m⁻³ | ≈ 168.6 lb·ft⁻³ | ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka wai a pili i ka mahana. |
| Lae paila (lewa) | ≈ 2,470 ° C | ≈ 4,478 ° F | Hoʻohana i ka palena o luna no ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe. |
2. ʻO nā mea nui e pili ana i ka lae heheʻe o ka alumini
ʻOiai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka alumini maʻemaʻe ma 660.32 ° C, nui nā kumu kūpono e hoʻololi i ka hana hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi:
Alloy chemistry - solidus and liquidus
Hana nā alumini alumini ʻaʻole he wahi hehee hookahi. He wai (ka mahana ma luna o ka wai piha) a a Nā Sodia Solidus (ka wela ma lalo o ka paʻa loa).
ʻO ka heleʻana o nā mea'ē aʻe (A, Mg, Cu, Zn, Lia, etc.) hoʻololi i kēia mau palena a hoʻohua pinepine i kahi lau heheʻe (wahi mushy) me nā hopena hoʻolei koʻikoʻi.
- Eutectics: ʻO kekahi mau ʻōnaehana alloy he mau haku mele e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mahana Ma lalo o ko Al maemae (Hoʻoloholo: Al–Si eutectic ma ≈ 577 ° C no ka ~12.6 wt% Si).
- Ka hopena kūpono: ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea hao me kahi ākea ākea i ka weluwelu wela, ka emi ʻana o ka porosity a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
ʻO nā mea haumia a me nā mea tramp
Ka hoʻohaumia ʻana (E.g., Pb, Bi, Cu mai ka ʻōpala hui ʻia) hiki ke hana i nā ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā intermetallic brittle, hoʻoulu i nā anomalies hoʻoheheʻe kūloko a hoʻololi i nā ala paʻa; He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i nā hana hana hou.
Ka paipai
Pilikia ka wela hehee (pili Clapeyron); ma ka ʻoihana ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia kēia hopena ma muli o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana ma ke kaomi lewa.
Nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe palaoa a me nā mea inoculants
ʻAʻole hoʻololi nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe palaoa kemika i ka helu heheʻe no kēlā me kēia, akā hoʻololi lākou i ka hana nucleation i ka wā paʻa (undercooling, helu o na nuclei), ke hoʻololi nei i ke ala paʻa pono a me ka microstructure.
Nā hanana o ka ʻili a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide
Hoʻokumu ka alumini i kahi kiʻi alumina paʻa (Al₂o₃) Ke Kuhi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hoʻololi ka oxide i ka wela heheʻe nui, pili ia i ka hoʻoili wela ma ka ʻili, ʻike ʻia ka ʻano palaka a me ke ʻano hopu wela e nā ala pili/pyrometric.
3. Nā pae hoʻoheheʻe o nā alumini alumini maʻamau
Aia ma lalo iho nā mea pōkole ʻelua, nā papa ʻoihana e hōʻike ana typical hehee (paʻa paʻa → wai) RESESSE no ka mea maʻamau huhū (Kākau) Apana Apana Aluminum a e hoolei ana i na alumini alumini.
Mea nui: ʻO kēia mau helu he mau pae maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻolālā kaʻina hana a me ke koho ʻana i nā mea.
Hana maʻamau / Paʻa ʻana i nā Aluminum Aluminum — ʻAno heheʻe maʻamau
| Kolepa a Alloy | Hoʻohemo melū (° C) | Hoʻohemo melū (° F) | Hoʻohemo melū (K) | Nā ʻŌlelo Aʻo |
| 1050 / 1100 (ʻO Al maʻemaʻe kālepa) | ~660.3 – 660.3 | ~1220.6 – 1220.6 | ~933.5 – 933.5 | Ma kahi kokoke i ka hehee hoʻokahi ma muli o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa. |
| 2024 (Al-Cu) | ~500 – 638 | ~932 – 1180 | ~773 – 911 | Laulā hau nui; ʻoluʻolu i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. |
| 2014 (Al-Cu) | ~500 – 638 | ~932 – 1180 | ~773 – 911 | E like me 2024; pili ka maʻiʻo Cu kiʻekiʻe i ka hana wela. |
| 5083 (Al–Mg) | ~570 – 640 | ~1058 – 1184 | ~843 – 913 | Kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma muli o Mg; Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion. |
| 5454 (Al–Mg) | ~595 – 645 | ~1103 – 1193 | ~868 – 918 | Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā moku kaomi a me nā pahu. |
6061 (Al–Mg–Si) |
~555 – 650 | ~1031 – 1202 | ~828 – 923 | Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka mea hoʻohui; ka pae hoʻoheheʻe koʻikoʻi no ka mālama wela. |
| 6082 (Al–Mg–Si) | ~555 – 650 | ~1031 – 1202 | ~828 – 923 | ʻO ka mana ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka moʻo 6xxx. |
| 7075 (Al–Zn–Mg–Cu) | ~477 – 635 | ~891 – 1175 | ~750 – 908 | Laulā hoohehee nui loa; hiki ke hooheheeia. |
| 3003 (Al–Mn) | ~640 – 660 | ~1184 – 1220 | ~913 – 933 | ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana kokoke i ka alumini maʻemaʻe. |
Nā Aluminum Aluminum Hoolei Ma'amau — Ka Heehee Ma'amau
| Kolepa a Alloy | Hoʻohemo melū (° C) | Hoʻohemo melū (° F) | Hoʻohemo melū (K) | Nā ʻŌlelo Aʻo |
| Al–Si eutectic (~12.6% ʻAe) | ~577 – 577 | ~1070.6 – 1070.6 | ~850.1 – 850.1 | ʻO ka haku mele ʻana me kahi helu heheʻe ʻoi. |
| A356 / AlSi7Mg | ~558 – 613 | ~1036 – 1135 | ~831 – 886 | Maikaʻi castability a me ka wela-treatable. |
| A357 (hoʻololi ʻia ʻo A356) | ~555 – 605 | ~1031 – 1121 | ~828 – 878 | Hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa luhi. |
| A380 (Al–Si–Cu) | ~515 – 585 | ~959 – 1085 | ~788 – 858 | Maʻamau make-e hoʻoheheʻe 'ia me ka haʻahaʻa liquidus wela. |
319 (Al–Si–Cu) |
~525 – 605 | ~977 – 1121 | ~798 – 878 | ʻO ke kaulike maikaʻi o ka castability a me ka ikaika mechanical. |
| Adoc12 (JIS die casting alloy) | ~500 – 580 | ~932 – 1076 | ~773 – 853 | Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe make; koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomalu haumia. |
| Ali nisri9pu3(Lia) | ~510 – 600 | ~950 – 1112 | ~783 – 873 | Mea hoʻoheheʻe nui no nā geometries paʻakikī. |
| A413 (kiʻekiʻe-silikona huila) | ~560 – 620 | ~1040 – 1148 | ~833 – 893 | He kūpono no ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaomi. |
3. Ana Pololei o ka Lae hehee Aluminum
He mea koʻikoʻi ke ana pololei o ka helu heheʻe alumini no ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea waiwai a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaʻina hana.
Komo nāʻano maʻamau:
ʻO ka carnametyʻokoʻaʻokoʻa (Dsc)
ʻO DSC ke ala i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ke ana ʻana i nā helu heheʻe o nā metala ma muli o kona pololei kiʻekiʻe a me ka naʻau..
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i kahi laʻana alumini liʻiliʻi (5–10 mg) a he mea kuhikuhi (hui pu, E.g., Nā Alluna) i ka manawa mau (5–10 ℃/min) i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ke kahe wela ma waena o lākou.
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka helu heheʻe e like me ka wela hoʻomaka o ka piko endothermic (pili i ke kaʻina fusion).
Hiki iā DSC ke ana i nā helu hehee me ka pololei o ± 0.1 ℃, kūpono ia no ka alumini hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka nānā ʻana i ka alloy.
ʻAno Nānā Kiʻi (Kaila Tube Method)
ʻO kēia ʻano hana kuʻuna e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka pauka alumini i loko o kahi paipu capillary, i hoʻomehana ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi thermometer i loko o kahi ʻauʻau mehana (E.g., ʻaila silicone).
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka helu heheʻe ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pauda alumini i loko o kahi wai. ʻOiai maʻalahi a haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai, he haʻahaʻa ka pololei o kēia ʻano (±1–2 ℃) a hoʻohana mua ʻia no ka nānā ʻana qualitative a i ʻole nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Laser Flash
No ke ana kiʻekiʻe-pee a me ka wela wela wela welau, hoʻohana ʻia ke ala uila laser.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wikiwiki kahi laser pulsed i ka ʻili o kahi laʻana alumini, a nānā ʻia ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā mea ʻike maka (E.g., pyrometers, interferometers).
Hiki i kēia ʻano ke ana i nā helu heheʻe ma lalo o nā kaomi ʻoi loa (a i 10 GPA) me ka hoʻonā manawa kiʻekiʻe, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻikepili no ka aerospace a me nā noi nuklea.
Keʻano kū'ē uila
Hoʻololi nui ke kūpaʻa uila o Aluminum i ka wā heheʻe (ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka alumini wai ma mua o ka alumini paʻa ma muli o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka electron conduction).
Ma ke ana ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana o kahi uea alumini i ka wā i wela ai, ʻike ʻia ka helu heheʻe ʻo ia ka mahana kahi e hōʻike ai ke kūʻē i ka piʻi koke.
He kūpono kēia ʻano no ka nānā ʻana i loko o ka wahi i ka wā o nā hana ʻoihana (E.g., Welding, Kauhi).
4. Nā Manaʻo ʻOihana o ka Lae heheʻe Aluminum
ʻO ka helu hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa o Aluminum kahi kumu nui e hoʻokele i kāna noi ʻoihana ākea, e like me ke kaulike o ka processability a me ka hana:
ʻO nā kaʻina hana
Ka helu hehee o ka alumini (660℃) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā metala ferrous, hiki ke hoolei i ka ikehu:
- Make buring: Al-Si eutectic alloys (pae hoʻoheheʻe 577–600 ℃) hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka die casting, e like me kā lākou haʻahaʻa hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka lole make a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu, e ʻae ana i ka hana nui o nā mea paʻakikī (E.g., nā'āpanaʻenehana automotive, nā leʻaleʻa uila).
- Sand cread: Hoʻolei ʻia ka alumini maʻemaʻe a me ka alumini haʻahaʻa i loko o nā ʻāpana one, me ka ninini ʻana i nā mahana maʻamau he 50-100 ℃ ma luna o ka mahana wai (700–750 ℃) e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana i ka lua mold.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela a me ka wiliwili
- ʻO ka mālama wela: ʻO ka helu hoʻoheheʻe o ka alumini ka palena i ka wela kiʻekiʻe o nā kaʻina hana wela.
ʻo kahi laʻana, Hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻoponopono wela o nā huila 6xxx series ma 530-570 ℃—ma lalo o ka mahana paʻa. (580℃)—e pale i ka hehee hapa ('Ekākā) o ka alloy. - Welding: Pono ka hoʻoheheʻe alumini i nā kumu wela e hiki koke i ka helu heheʻe ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka distortion thermal.
ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau e pili ana i ka welding TIG (ka wela arc ~6000 ℃) a me ka wiliwili MIG, me nā mahana weld i mālama ʻia ma 660-700 ℃ e hōʻoia i ka hui ʻana o ka metala kumu me ka ulu ʻole o ka palaoa..
Nā noi noi kiʻekiʻe
ʻO ka helu heheʻe alumini e kau i nā palena i kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe: paʻa wale ka alumini maʻemaʻe 50% o kona ikaika wela lumi ma 200 ℃ a palupalu loa ma luna o 300 ℃.
E hoʻonui i kona pono wela wela, nā mea'ē aʻe (E.g., nickel, 'lelo'Slelo) hoʻohui ʻia e hana i nā pūhui intermetallic hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻonui i ka mahana lawelawe o nā alumini alumini i 300-400 ℃ (E.g., 2618 huila no nā mea ʻenekini aerospace).
Hana hou i ka Aluminum
ʻO ka helu heheʻe haʻahaʻa o ka alumini ka mea hiki ke hana hou.
Pono wale ka alumini recycled 5% o ka ikehu e pono ai e hana i ka alumini mua, e like me ke alumini hoohehee (ma 660–700 ℃) ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i ka alumini mai ka bauxite.
Keia ikehu pono, alakaʻi ʻia e nā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe alumini, ʻo ia kekahi o nā metala i hana hou ʻia ma ka honua.
6. Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike me nā Metala ʻē aʻe a me nā Alloys
| Mea meta / Alloy | Malting Point (° C) | Malting Point (° F) | Malting Point (K) | ʻŌlelo Nui |
| Aluminum (AL, Maluhia) | 660.3 | 1220.6 | 933.5 | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka hana ʻana. |
| Liulaala (Cu, Maluhia) | 1085 | 1985 | 1358 | Ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal; koi 'ia ka wela o ka hana 'oi a'e ma mua o Al. |
| 'Eron (Lia, Maluhia) | 1538 | 2800 | 1811 | Kiʻekiʻe loa ka helu heheʻe; hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana kila. |
| Kukui Kekuhi (ʻAihue kīwī, ~0.2%C) | 1425-1540 | 2600-2800 | 1698–1813 | Pili ka laulā heheʻe i ka haku mele; kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā alumini alumini. |
| Titanium (No, Maluhia) | 1668 | 3034 | 1941 | ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe; ʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻa. |
Magnesum (Mg, Maluhia) |
650 | 1202 | 923 | Haʻahaʻa iki ma mua o Al; ʻoi loa ka hana a me ka māmā. |
| Zinc (Zn, Maluhia) | 419.5 | 787 | 692.7 | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka galvanizing. |
| Nickel (I, Maluhia) | 1455 | 2651 | 1728 | Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion; nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe no ka aerospace. |
| Keihei (Cu-zn, 60/40) | 900–940 | 1652–1724 | 1173–1213 | Alloyed hehee pae haʻahaʻa maʻemaʻe Cu; kūpono no ka hoʻolei ʻana. |
| Bronze (Cu-Sn, 88/12) | 950-1050 | 1742–1922 | 1223–1323 | Haʻahaʻa iki ma mua o ke keleawe; hoʻomaikaʻi i ka castability a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. |
6. ʻO nā manaʻo kuhihewa a me nā pilikia maʻamau
Huikau ka lae hehee me ka mahanahana
ʻO ka mahana palupalu o ka alumini (≈300 ℃) kuhihewa pinepine ia no kona wahi hehee.
ʻO ka palupalu e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ikaika hua ma muli o ka neʻe ʻana o ka palena o ka palaoa a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka dislocation., ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e pili ana i kahi hoʻololi pae.
Hiki i kēia huikau ke alakaʻi i ka mālama wela kūpono ʻole, ka hopena o ka hoemi ana i na waiwai mechanical.
Ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka pae heheʻe ma nā Alloys
He wahi hehee ko'iko'i ka alumini ma'ema'e, akā, hōʻike nā alumini alumini i kahi pae heheʻe (wai a paʻa).
ʻO ka hiki ʻole o ka helu ʻana i kēia pae i ka wā o ka hoʻolei ʻana hiki ke hana i nā hemahema e like me ka shrinkage porosity (inā e ninini kokoke loa i ka mahana solidus) a i ʻole ka pohā wela (inā hoʻomāʻalili ʻia me ka wikiwiki a puni ka pae hoʻoheheʻe).
Ke nānā aku nei i nā hopena haumia
Hiki i nā mea haumia (E.g., 0.1% 'Eron) hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka helu heheʻe o ka alumini a hoʻonui i kona pae hoʻoheheʻe.
Ma nā noi kiʻekiʻe (E.g., Na'Āpanaʻo Aerospace), ʻO ka hoʻomalu paʻa ʻana i ka maʻiʻo haumia pono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻoheheʻe mau ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka huahana hope.
7. Hopena
Ka helu hehee o ka alumini (660.32℃ no ka alumini maʻemaʻe) he waiwai kumu ia i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o kona ʻano atomika a me ka hoʻopaʻa metala, e lawelawe ana ma ke ano he pohaku kihi no ka hana a me ka hoohana ana.
ʻO nā kumu he nui-me ka maʻemaʻe, nā mea'ē aʻe, Ke kaomi o waho, a me ka moʻolelo wela—e hoʻololi i kona ʻano heheʻe, hiki i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā alumini alumini i kūpono i nā pono ʻoihana like ʻole.
Mai ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa make hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o Al-Si alloys i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe 7xxx series alloys no ka aerospace, ʻo ka helu heheʻe o ka alumini e kuhikuhi i nā ʻāpana kaʻina, palena hana, a me ka hana hou ʻana.
Ke alualu nei nā ʻoihana i ka māmā māmā a me ka pono o ka ikehu, ke kaulike kū hoʻokahi o ka alumini o ka helu heheʻe haʻahaʻa, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a e hoʻomau ka recyclability i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he kumu nui i ka ʻāina hana honua.
FaqS
Ua like ka mahana hehee o ka alumini no 6061 Oole 7075?
ʻAʻole. 6061 a 7075 ʻO nā huila me nā pae solidus/liquidus i ʻokoʻa me Al maʻemaʻe. Pono e kuhikuhi ʻia kā lākou hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻikepili alloy-specific a i ʻole ke ana ʻia e ka loiloi wela.
ʻEhia ka nui o ka superheat aʻu e hoʻohana ai no ka die casting vs. Sand cread?
ʻO nā kaʻina hana make a me ke kiʻekiʻe e koi pinepine i ka superheat haʻahaʻa (20-50 ° C) no ka hoopiha wikiwiki ana; ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one a me ka ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa e koi ai i ka superheat ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (40-100 ° C) e hoʻopiha piha. E hoʻonui i ka paʻakai a me ka lepo.
No ke aha i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hydrogen porosity i ka alumini?
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoheheʻe hydrogen i ka alumini wai ma mua o ka paʻa. I ka wā paʻa, hōʻole ʻia ka hydrogen a hana i nā pores kinoea ke ʻole e wehe ʻia ma mua e ka degassing.
Ke hoʻololi nei ke kaomi i ka helu heheʻe alumini ma ka hana?
Hoʻololi ka helu heheʻe me ke kaomi, akā, no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lewa maʻamau, he mea ʻole ka hopena.
