ʻO ka mālama wela o nā metala: 4 Nāʻano maʻamau

Nā hinuhui hōʻike

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka wela o nā metala e kū ai i ka puʻuwai o ka melliturgy, hiki i nā mīkini hana e hana pololei i nā waiwai metallic i nā koi noi.

Mai nā meaʻeleʻele o ke antiqurity nāna i hao i ka hao'ulaʻulaʻula i loko o ka wai, I kēia manawa i kēia manawa i kēia manawa, Ua hanaʻia ka hoʻopaʻi i loko o kahiʻepekema ikaika.

Eia hou, E like me Aerospace, ʻO nā mea hoʻokele kaʻa a me nāʻoihana ikaika e koi i ko lākou mau palena, ʻAʻole i mālamaʻia nā mea kūʻai aku ma luna.

Ma kēiaʻatikala, Mālama mākou iʻehā o nā kaʻina hana o ka wela o ka wela, hana maʻamau, Queech, a me ka hoʻowalewaleʻana i keʻano o kēlā me kēia ala e hoʻololi ai i nā microsruc, Hoʻopau i ka hana, A e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola kūpono.

2. ʻO nā waihona kālā o ka mālama wela o nā metala

Ma kānaʻano, ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka wela o nā metala e hoʻohana ai i nā hoʻololiʻana i nā loli a me nā kiniti e like me nā wela e hiki mai ana ma luna o nā wela nui.

I nā kila, ʻo kahi laʻana, austentes (hao) nā puka ma luna 723 ° C, ʻOiaiʻo Ferrite (a-hao) a me ke cemete (Likahi) wānana ma lalo o ka paepae.

Nā mea e kūkākūkā ʻO ka manawa-keʻano-hoʻololi-hoʻololi (T-t-t) nā kiʻi e wānana i nā huahana isoutmal e like me ka primate a iʻole banite,

a Ke hoʻomau nei-hoʻololi-hoʻololi (C-c-t) ʻO nā pihi e hoʻolālā i nā kumukūʻai hoʻomaha e hāʻawi i ka martite martide.

ʻEhā mau mīkini e hoʻokaʻawale i ka hopena:

ʻOkoʻa: I nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (500-1200 ° C), ʻO nā atom e neʻe ai i ka hana a iʻole nā'āpana.
HANCLEANS: Hōʻikeʻia nā mea hou i nā palena nui, nā manaʻo a iʻole nā makemakeʻole.
Ulu: I kahi manawa, Ua hoʻopau kēia mau'āpana i ka lā makua.
Hūnā: Ma lalo o ka strain, ʻO nā palapala hoihoi hou-free-free, E hōʻoluʻolu i ka Microstructure.

Nui loa, Ke hilinaʻi nei ka pōmaikaʻi i ka paleʻana i nāʻanoʻehāʻehā: keka ao, HOIAKI, Hōʻailona (Kōlea, hui pu, Mauʻa, Ka hoʻohiheʻana) a Kaila.

ʻO kahi helu ± 10.

3. Annalile

Annalile nā hoʻololi i hoʻopaʻaʻia a iʻole nā metala anu i loko o ka palupalu, dricle, a me nā mea kūponoʻole.

Ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana a me ka hōʻoluʻolu, ʻO nā Metallirgist e hoʻopau i nā kaumaha kūloko, homogenize microstructure, A e hoʻomākaukau i nā māhele no ka hanaʻana ma luna o ka hanaʻana a iʻole machining.

Ke kaʻina hana hoʻohālua

Hoʻohui: No nā mea kanu haʻahaʻa-carbon haʻahaʻa (≤ 0.25 % C), E wehe i ka lole 700-750 ° C. He ʻokoʻa, Ua loaʻa iā Alumini Alloys i loaʻa i nā mea hana e loaʻa ai 400-600 ° C, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka'ōnaehana Alloy.
Hana Kahiko: Mālama i ka mahana no 1-2 mau hola i loko o kahi pā'ālua o keʻano (i loko a hōʻemi paha) I mea e pale ai i ka oxidation a iʻole ka pale.
Ho'ōla: Mālie ma kahi helu o kahi o 30-50 ° C / Hour i loko o ka umu.
E hoʻoikaika wikiwiki i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i nā carbide i nā kilokilo i nā kila a pale i nā mea kanu huaʻala e hiki ke hoʻoponopono hou i ke kaumaha.

Eia hou, I ka wā e kiʻi ai i nā kāhiko kiʻekiʻe (0.60-1.00 % C), paʻa nāʻenehana 700-750 ° C No nā hola 10-20, A laila ma lalo o ka liʻiliʻi 10 ° C / Hour.

Ua hoʻohuliʻia kēiaʻano i ka peamellar i nā peamilar, Ka hōʻemiʻana i ka paʻakikī i 200-250 hv.

Loaʻa i nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana

Hoʻonuiʻia: ʻO nā pahu uila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e loaʻa pinepine ai nā Ellingtions ma luna 30 %,
ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia a 15-20 % I nā mea likeʻole, Ho'āla i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī a me ke kiʻi hohonuʻole me kaʻole.
ʻO keʻano hoʻomaha hoʻomaha: Ua hāʻule nā kaumaha o loko e 80 %, ka mea e hōʻemi nui ai i ka wā o ka hana ma keʻano ma muli o ka hanaʻana.
ʻO Microstructural maʻamau: ʻO Grain Srizes Refine a hoʻokūkū paha i nā māka astm astm 5-7 (≈ 10-25 μM), ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana i nā waiwai mechanical maʻamau a me nā mea hana dimensional (± 0.05 mm).
Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka manikini: Hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mai ~ 260 hv a ~ 200 hv e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola cutting cuting-goll ola ma 20-30 % a hoʻemi i nā hemahema-hoʻopau.

Nui loa, Ua hōʻikeʻo SPZERIrized Exiels i nā crability kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-spherical i hanaʻia e like me nā mea e noho aiʻo Lubricant, ʻOiai e maʻalahi ana i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka hana chip ma CNC e huli ana i nā hana.

Nā noi o kaʻaeʻana

Aitompetitive ʻOihana Kahuna: Ua hiki i nā papa inoa inoaʻo Body-Pall e hōʻea i kahi hana hohonu e hana i nā hana hohonu e like me keʻano he nui a me ke kīwī.
AerERPPACE Nā'āpana: ʻO Nickel-sense a me nā beranim alloys ma lalo o nā mea hana hou e hoʻihoʻi hou i nā mea hana ma hope o ka hana anuanu, Ke hōʻoia nei i ka hana koʻikoʻi ma nā'āpana momona.
ʻO ke kumukūʻaiʻo Machining-papa inoa: Loaʻa i nā kīleʻa a me nā kīluki alumini e hoʻopau i ka hoʻopauʻana i ka lepo a hōʻemi i nā mea hana e komo ai i ke aniani kiʻekiʻe a me ka drilling.
Nā mea kālepa uila: Liulaala a me nā wires keleawe ma lalo o ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻoihana uila a pale aku i ka hana a iʻole ka hoʻonohonohoʻana.

4. Hana maʻamau

Ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i keʻano grain grain a me homogelizes micsstructureʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻohuiʻana, ka hāʻawiʻana i kahi hui kūpono o ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

Kaʻina o ka hana maʻamau

Hoʻohui: ʻO nā kāhiko wela wela (0.25-0.60 wt% c) i 30-50 ° C i luna keʻano kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe 880-950 ° C-ʻO ka hōʻoia i ka austeditation piha.
Hana Kahiko: Hold no 15-30 mau minuke I loko o kahi leʻaleʻa o ka lewa (pinepine pinepine i nā hau a iʻole ka hakahaka) e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kalaka a me nā kūlike i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana.
Ho'ōla: Eʻae i ka'āpana i ka lewa-maloʻo 20-50 ° C / min (ʻO ka lewa a iʻole nā mea pāʻani). ʻO kēia manawa wikiwiki e hana i kahi maikaʻi, ʻO ka hui pūʻana o ka ferrite a me ka primateite me kaʻole o ka hanaʻana i ka martide.

Nā pono o keʻano maʻamau

ʻO ka lepo lepo: Loaʻa pinepine nā kila maʻamau i ka nui o ka hua kanu he 6-7 (≈ 10-20 μm), ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i 8-9 (≈ 20-40 μM) i nā mea hele mai. NOEHUI, Ua kūʻo Chary V-Notch 5-10 j I ka lumi lumi.
ʻO ke kaulike ikaika-paʻakikī: Hoʻonui ka ikaika o ka ikaika 10-20% ma luna o nā mea i hoʻohuiʻia i nā mea likeʻole 400-500 mPA-ʻO ka mālamaʻana i nā pae nui o nā wahi 10-15%.
Dimensional pololei: Hoʻoponopono paʻa i ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hoʻomahaʻana i keʻano o keʻano, e hiki ai i nā mea hana e like me ka haʻahaʻa e like me ± 0.1 mm I nā hiʻohiʻona match.
Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka manikini: Nā mictiform micstructures e hōʻemi i nā wahi paʻakikī, ka mea e hoʻonui ana i ke ola e 15-25% I ka hanaʻana a me nā hanaʻimi.

Nā noi o ka hana maʻamau

Nā Kūlana Kūlana: ʻO nā flang flanges a me ke kalaʻana i nā billets e hana pono e hōʻoia i nā waiwai mechanical maʻamau ma waena o nā māhele he nui, koʻikoʻi no ke alahaka a me ke kūkulu haleʻana.
KAHOu: Hina-hao a loaʻa i nā mea hao ducile-hao i loaʻa i ka hana maʻamau e hōʻemi i ka neʻeʻana, Hoʻopili i ka machinctional a me ke ola momona i nā mea hou a me nā kino valve.
ʻO nā'ōpala a me nā pipes: Nā mea hana hana maʻamau i nā helu o nā laina (API 5L X52-X70) E hoʻopau i nā banding, ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka paleʻana i ke kuʻekuʻeʻana a me ke kūpaʻa.

5. Queech

ʻO nā lāʻauʻo Quenching i kahi paʻakikī, Martedestic Microstructure e Rapidly e wikiwiki ana i ke kila Austentinized.

Hāʻawi kēia kaʻina hana i ka ikaika a me ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē, a lawelawe ia e like me ke kumu no ka nui o nā huakaʻi kiʻekiʻe.

Ke kaʻina hana Quedching

Mua, Hoʻokomoʻia nāʻenehana i ka hana hana i loko o ka'āinaʻo Austentite ma waena 800 ° C a 900 ° C No nā mea kila waena-carbon (0.3-0.6 % C),

a e lulu no 15-30 mau minuke E hōʻoia pono i ka wela o ka lole a me ka wehe piha o nā kaʻa. A hiki, Hoʻopili lākou i ka metala wela i loko o kahi medium odderad:

Wai: Hiki ke loaʻa nā kumukūʻai kūpono 500 ° C / s, e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻakikī marlite 650 Him, Akāʻo ka hōʻeha o ka wai % Kauhai.
Pono: ʻO nā kumukūʻai lohi o 200 ° C / s hana i kahi paʻakikī kokoke 600 Him ʻOiai ke kaupalenaʻana i ka manaʻo e pili ana i lalo 0.2 %.
Nā Mea Hoʻolahaʻo Polyoms: Ma ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i kaʻike, Hoʻokomo nāʻenehana i nā helu hoʻomehana haʻahaʻa (200-400 ° C / s), paʻakikī paʻakikī (600-630 hv) A me ka hoʻokele Neidanal.

Mea nui, koho lākou i nā helu helu Quench e pili ana i ka mānoanoa o ka pauku: Nā Paukū Kuhi (< 10 mm) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai huhū,

ʻO nā'āpana ākea (> 25 mm) koi i ka aila a iʻole ka polymer quench e hōʻemi i nā mea hoʻonaninani a me ka hoʻopunipuni.

Loaʻa o nā quenching

Eia hou, Hāʻawiʻo Queching i kekahi mau mea nui:

Paʻakikī paʻakikī & Ikaika: E like me ka heleʻana o ka marlied 600-700 hv, Ke unuhiʻana i nā ikaika o nā maka o luna ma luna 900 Mpa.
ʻO nā manawa wikiwiki wikiwiki: Hoʻopiha piha piha i nā kekona i nā minuke, E hoʻopau i ka ma waena o ka ma waena o ka batch a iʻole mau ka lōʻihi.
Kūmole: Ua piliʻo Quevickus i kahi ākea ākea o nā mea hoʻokele-mai nā papa hana nui-alloy (4140, 4340) i nā mea hele wāwae kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe (M2, T15)-
hoʻokumuʻana i kahi paʻakikī, Ke hoʻohanaʻana i ke kumu kūʻai pale no ka hōʻehaʻana a iʻole ka mālama kino.

Nā noi o Quenching

Hope loa, Hōʻikeʻo Queching i nāʻoihana e koi ana i nāʻoihana e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me nā pale pale:

Aitompetitive & AerERPPACE: Lihao, ʻO ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā koʻokoʻo a me nā'āpana'āina-gear-gear.
Mea hana: ʻOkiʻana i nā hana hana, ʻO nā Drills a hoʻopaʻi iā Quench-Harden e mālama i nā kihi koʻikoʻi a noho hou i ka lole absive.
NA KAHIKI: Kauluhi, nā couplings a me shades blades blades no ke ola lōʻihi ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe.

6. Huhū

ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana e pili ana i ka halaʻana i ka hoʻololiʻana i nā brittle, ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o ka mea hana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā molor.

Ma ka hoʻohana ponoʻana i ka mahana a me ka manawa, Hoʻopiliʻo Metallirgists i ka kaulike ikaika-paʻakikī i nā koi o nā lawelawe.

Kaʻina hana hana

Ka Hoʻohālikelike Keia: Maki, ʻO nāʻenehanaʻenehana wela i ke kila 150-650 ° C, ke kohoʻana i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (150-350 ° C) No ka loaʻaʻana o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a iʻole he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (400-650 ° C) E hoʻonui i nā mea paʻakikī.
Soak manawa: Hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka'āpana ma ka mahana o ka mahana no 1-2 mau hola, e hōʻoia ana i ka hoʻololiʻana o ka Uniform i nā'āpana a puni 50 mm mānoanoa.
Huhū nui: E hoʻemi i ka austentite a hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka paʻakikī, Nui nā hale kūʻai he nui i hana iʻelua mau hana likeʻole, pinepine me a 50 ° CLD CLLMENT ma waena o nā hana.

I ka wā e huhū ai, nā decompossite decomposa i loko o ka ferrite a me nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa (ε-Carbide ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, cementite ma ke kiʻekiʻe), a me nā kaumaha kūlohelohe i hāʻule nui.

Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka huhū

Hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hōʻemi paʻakikī: Kēlā 50 ° C hoʻonui i ka nui o ka wela e hoʻohaʻahaʻa pinepineʻia e 50-75 hv,
ʻaeʻia nā meaʻenehana e hoʻoponopono i ka paʻakikī 700 Him (E like me ka haʻalele) a lalo i 300 Him a i lalo.
Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi: Hiki i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī ke kū 10-20 j at -20 ° C i ka wā e huhū ana ma 500 ° C versus 200 ° C, ʻO ka hōʻemi nuiʻana i nā pilikia flittle.
Kaumaha kaumaha: Eʻoki ana i nā kaumaha o ke kaumaha 40-60%, ho'ēmi i ka hoʻonāukiuki a me ka nānāʻana i ka wā lawelawe a iʻole ka machice ma mua.
Hoʻonuiʻia: E loaʻa pinepine nā mea hoʻokūkū wela i nā elongations o 10-20%, ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia <5% I ka MartIted Martike, hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻiʻana a me ke ola momona.

Nā noi o ka huhū

ʻO nā kinikini kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: 4140 alloy, Uaʻaeʻiaʻo A laila ma 600 ° C, hiki aku 950 Mpa ikaika ikaika me 12% elongation-kūpono no ka laweʻana i nā shafts a me nā'āpana.
Nā mea hana hāmeʻa: A2 Steel, Ua haʻaleleʻo Air-Quided i kahi pālua 550 ° C, paʻa 58-60 HRC paʻakikīʻoiai ke mālamaʻana i ka paʻaʻana o ka dimensional ma lalo o kaʻokiʻana i nā wela.
Nā mea paʻaʻole-resistant: Ma o-paakiki 4340 Hāʻawi 52 Hrc me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa, Ke lawelawe nei i nā hana kaumaha a me nā mea kūʻai aku.

7. Nā hopena

E ka hoʻolauleʻaʻana, hana maʻamau, ʻO ka huhū a me ka hoʻowalewale, ʻO nā Metallirgists Scultricst microstructures-ranging mai ka palupalu, ʻO Ductile Ferrite i Ultra-Hard Martiste-e hoʻokō i nā pahuhopu hana.

Nui loa, ka hoʻohuiʻana i kēia mauʻano hana i ka sela e hiki ai ke hoʻololiʻia: Hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā ke hoʻokō i nā kālepa kālepa paʻakikī ma waena o ka ikaika, paʻakikī, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē a me ka dimensional.

E like me ka mana nui, ʻO nā furnaces recreacess a me ka wikiwiki wikiwiki wikiwiki, E hoʻomau mau ana ka wela wela i nā metala e hoʻokele i ka hanaʻana ma waena o Automotive, AerERPPACE, ka ikehu a me nā mea hana hana.

Lākahi, ʻO ka mālamaʻana i kēia mau papa heʻehā cornestone i nāʻenehana e hoʻohālikelike ai i nāʻenehana e pana i nā metalas-a me kā lākou noi.

Inā makemakeʻoe i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ʻO nā lawelawe ho'ōla wela, ʻO kēia ʻO ke koho kūpono loa no kāu hana hana.

Kāhea iā mākou i kēia manawa!

FaqS

He aha nā mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana mai?

ʻO nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i kaʻeha a me ke kaumaha kaumaha ma ka lohi, futnace lealea, nā mea e hana ai, Nā pale lole. He ʻokoʻa, Hoʻohana ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka ea o ka ea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka nui o ka palaoa a me ka ikaika ikaika a paʻakikī.

Pehea e koho ai au ma waena o ka wai, pono, a me nā kiʻi paʻi pyomer?

Hāʻawi ka wai i ka wikiwiki wikiwiki loa (≈ 500 ° C / s) a paʻakikī loa (a i 650 Him) Akāʻo ka hoʻonāukiuki.
Ua mālie kaʻaila aila (≈ 200 ° C / s), ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana i ke kauaʻana ma ke kumukūʻai o ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (≈ 600 Him).
ʻO nā hopena polymer eʻae iāʻoe e kāhea i loko o kahi papa haʻahaʻa waena, ʻO ke kaulike paʻakikī a me ka hoʻokele dimensiondal.

No ke aha e hana ai i ka huhūʻelua?

Huhū nui (ʻElua mau papa hana ma nāʻano likeʻole) Hoʻopau i nā Austente, stabilizes paʻakikī, a hoʻomaha hou i nā kaumaha,
koʻikoʻi no nā mea pāʻani a me nā'āpana me nā koi e pono ai.

He aha nā hopena o nā microstructure mai kēlā me kēia kaʻina?

Annalile: Corsite ferrite plus futherinzed (i nā kila kiʻekiʻe).
Hana maʻamau: ʻO Ferrite Ferrite a me Purtite.
Queech: Honu, pono-e like me ka martike.
Huhū: Martisside Martisite (ferrite me nā kaʻa maikaʻi) me ka hoʻemiʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana.

Pehea ka hopena o ka wela o ka wela?

I loko a iʻole e hōʻemi ana i nā lewa e pale ai i ka oxidation a me ka hoʻokaʻawale.

Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻO ka huluhulu weheʻana o ka ea e wehe ai i ka hana a me ka pohō o ka carbon ma ka papa, hiki ke hōʻole i nā waiwai mechanical.

Hiki ke loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi maikaʻiʻole mai kēia mau ala?

ʻAe. Loaʻa nā Alluinum Alloys e loaʻa i ka pilikia a hoʻopau i nā hana hana-paʻakikī ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana (400-600 ° C).

ʻO Titiani Alloys pinepine pinepine i ka hoʻonāʻana o ka hopena a me ka wā kahiko & ʻO ka huhū-e hoʻokō i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paleʻana.

He aha ka mea e manaʻo ai e manaʻo ma hope o ka hoʻopiliʻana a me ka hoʻohuiʻana?

Hiki i nā māhele maʻamau ke hoʻopaʻa i ka ± 0.1 mm engelerance; nā'āpana, I ka wā e hoʻokūkū ai i ka umu, mālama iā ±45 mm pololei. ʻO nāʻanoʻelua e hōʻemi i nā kaumaha o keʻano o ke kumu e hoʻohuli ai.

Pehea wau e hoʻoikaika ai i ka hoʻonāukiuki i ka wā o ka quanch & huhū?

E koho i kahi medit oddy quanch no nā'āpana paʻa.
E hoʻohana i ka hana hana manawa e hoʻolaha ai i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻana.
E hoʻopili i ke alohaʻana i ka huhū koke ma hope o ka quench e hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha o Quench.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana e hāʻawi ai i ka hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi loa?

Hāʻawi pinepine ka martibted martidetion i ka hana momona maikaʻi loa.

Ma hope o ka haʻaleleʻana, ʻO ka huhū ma 500-600 ° C e koho i ka paʻakikī, A eʻikeʻoe i nā ola kino-ola o 20-30% i nā huakaʻi maʻamau.

Pehea e hoʻonui ai i nā mea uila e hoʻonui i ka mālama wela o nā metala?

Hoʻomoeʻo Furnace Furnace Transollers Track ma ka wela i ± 1 ° C, Hoʻoponopono maʻalahi i nā manawa soak, a hoʻopaʻa i nā cycs thermal.

Ua hoʻomaikaʻi houʻia kēia kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a e hoʻomau i kēlā me kēia'āpana e hālāwai me nā mea kiko'ī.