He aha ka hao hina?

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Hao Hina, a i ʻole ka hao hina hina—ʻike ʻia e kona microstructure graphite flaky—hui kumu kūʻai, ʻO ka papaʻaina, a ʻO ka Mancinability maikaʻi.

Hoʻomaka ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19 no nā cylinders ʻenekini mahu, Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hao hina hina i nā noi mai nā pahu pahu kaʻa i nā kumu mīkini ʻenehana.

I kēia mau lā, he mea hoʻokumu ia ma waena aitompetitive, NA KAHIKI, Piping, a hale noho nā māhele mahalo i kāna hui kūʻokoʻa o nā waiwai.

2. He aha ka hao hina hina?

'Āpana hina he ʻano hao hao e ʻike maʻalahi ʻia e ke kala ʻeleʻele o kona ʻili haki, ʻo ia ka hopena ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā flakes graphite i kona microstructure.

Hāʻawi kēia mau graphite flakes i ka hao hina i kona mau hiʻohiʻona, me ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi, Palapala maikai, a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ia ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia o ka hao a hoʻokani i kahi kuleana kumu i nā ʻoihana hana kuʻuna a me nā ʻoihana hou.

Hoʻokaʻawale a me nā papa o ka hao hina hina

ʻO ka helu ASTM A48 (U.S. Kū-starder)

Hoʻokaʻawale ka maʻamau ASTM A48 i ka hao hina hina i nā māka e ka ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi, ana i ksi (1 ksi = 6.89 Mpa).

Papa ASTM	ʻO ka ikaika ʻoi loa (Mpa)	ʻO ka Microstructure maʻamau	Nā noi maʻamau
Papa hana 20	138 Mpa	Nui ka ferritic	Mau mea pale, nā mea hoʻolei hoʻonani
Papa hana 30	207 Mpa	ʻO Ferritic-Pearlitic	Nā poloka mīkini, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike
Papa hana 40	276 Mpa	ʻO ka hapa nui o ka pearlitic	Pahu pahu, nā huila lele, Nā manu ma nā papa
Papa hana 50	345 Mpa	ʻO ka pākeke maikaʻi, ferrite haʻahaʻa	Nā Line Cylinder, nā pale ukana kiʻekiʻe

I 1561 Ka Heluhelu (Kūlana ʻEulopa)

Ka papa'āina europa 1561 hoʻohana i ka prefix "EN-GJL". (GJL = graphite hoolei hao me ka lamellar, a i ʻole “lamellar graphite cast iron”) ukali ʻia e ka ikaika tensile i MPa.

He Degere	Min. Ikaika ikaika (Mpa)	Hālulu (Bhn)	HE KAHUI
EN-GJL-150	150	~150	ʻāpana kāhiko, nā uhi māmā
En-gjl-200	200	~160–170	Nā holohaʻana, Nā hihia i hoʻounaʻia
En-gjl-250	250	~180–200	ʻO nā pahu pahu, kiola nui
En-gjl-300	300	~220–240	Rotor hoʻopeʻa, hale hana kaumaha

Ka Lahui Kemika Ma'amau (% Ma ke kaumaha)

Mua	Kaonaʻeha (%)	Hana i ka hao hina
KālekaʻAʻI (C)	2.5 - 4.0	Hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka graphite flake; hoʻonui i ka castability
Silikino (A)	1.8 - 3.0	Mea hoʻopaʻa kiʻi kiʻi; kōkua i ka ua kalapona a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wai
Mang kāne (Mn)	0.2 - 1.0	Hoʻoikaika i ka matrix; paipai i ka hana pearlite
Phoshorus (P)	≤ 0.12 (max 0.5)	Hoʻonui i ka wai; ʻO ka nui o ka nui ke kumu o ka brittleness (kūpaʻa)
Sulfur (S)	≤ 0.12	ʻAʻole makemake ʻia; hoʻokomo i ka hao sulfide
'Eron (Lia)	Kaulike	Metala kumu matrix

4. O ka kino & Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies

Hōʻike ka hao hina hina i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o nā waiwai kino a me nā waiwai mechanical ma muli o kāna microstructure flake graphite i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix ferrous..

ʻO kēia mau waiwai e kūpono loa ia no kahi ākea o ka hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻohana wela, ʻoi aku ma kahi o ka haʻalulu haʻalulu, Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua, a he mea nui ka castability.

Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies

Hoʻopili nui ʻia ke ʻano mechanical o ka hao hina hina e ka graphite flake morphology, ʻano matrix (ferritic, Kahi Kīwī, a hui pū ʻia paha), a me ka mānoanoa māhele.

Waiwai	Laulā Waiwai maʻamau	Nā moʻolelo
Ikaika ikaika	150-350 mpa	He ʻokoʻa ma ka papa (E.g., Papa ASTM A48 20 i ka papa 50)
Ikaika ikaika	3–4× ikaika tensile	Kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka graphite flake orientation
Hālulu	130-250 BHN	Hoʻonui me ka pearlite maʻiʻo
Ewangantion	~0.5–1%	Haʻahaʻa loa ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao flake
Modulus olasticity	70–100 GPa	ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila ma muli o ka graphite flakes e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻoili koʻikoʻi

Nānā: ʻAʻole like me ke kila, ʻAʻole hiki i ka hao hina ke ʻike ʻole i ka ductility a hāʻule ma ke ʻano palupalu ma lalo o ka hoʻouka ʻana..

Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele

Waiwai	Waiwai maʻamau	Mea nui
Huakai	6.9–7.2 g/cm³	Haʻahaʻa iki ma mua o ke kila (~7.85 g/cm³)
Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua	35-55 w / m · k	ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hao ductile a malleable paha; kūpono no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wela
ʻO ka mana wela	~ 460 j / kg · K	Hoʻohālikelike i nā metala ferrous ʻē aʻe
Coefficient o ka Hoonui	~10.5–11.5 × 10⁻⁶ /K	Loli; koʻikoʻi no nā noi wela koʻikoʻi
Ka hiki	10× ke kila	ʻO ka haʻalulu maikaʻi a me ke kani kani
Malting Point	1140-1200 ° C	Haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila; hoʻonui i ka castability

Nā Pono Hana Kūʻokoʻa

• Ka Hikina Damping: Mahalo i ka friction kūloko i hana ʻia e nā graphite flakes, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao hina ma mua o ke kila a i ʻole ka hao ductile.
  He kūpono kēia no nā poloka ʻenekini, moena mea hana mīkini, a me nā'āpana hōʻailona.
• Maikaʻi maikaʻi thermal: ʻO kona hiki ke hoʻololi i ka wela me ka maikaʻi e hoʻolilo i ka hao hina hina i mea makemake no ka mea kuke, ʻāpana radiator, a me nā disc brake.
• ʻO ka Mancinability maikaʻi: ʻO ka hele ʻana o ka graphite e hana ma ke ʻano he lubricant i kūkulu ʻia, hōʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i ka mea hana a hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoki ʻana.
  ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā māka Pearlitic akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā kila he nui.

5. Pono e hoolei ana no ka hao hina

ʻO ka hao hina hina kekahi o nā metala nui loa i loko o ka ʻoihana hoʻokumu, kaulana no ka wai maikaʻi loa, wela hoohehee haahaa, a me ka emi iki.

He kūpono kēia mau hiʻohiʻona no ka hana ʻana i nā geometries paʻakikī, kiola nui, a me nā ʻāpana leo kiʻekiʻe me ka pololei o ka dimensional hilinaʻi a me ka pau ʻana o ka ʻili.

ʻAno maikaʻi loa

Hōʻike ka hao hina hina i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻoheheʻe ʻokoʻa ma muli o kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma waena o 1,150–1,250°C) a me ka graphite maʻiʻo.

Hiki i kēia wai ke hoʻopiha maʻalahi i nā ʻāpana paʻakikī a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana lahilahi (e like me ka lahilahi 3-5 mm), e hoemi ana i ka pilikia o ke pani anu a me ka holo hewa.

Ka Hoemi Haahaa

Me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa paʻa paʻa laina maʻamau i ka laulā o 0.8-1.0%, ʻO ka hao hina hina e hoʻomau i ke kūpaʻa o ke ana.

Hiki ke hoʻopaʻi pololei ʻia kēia hōʻemi i wānana ʻia ma ka hoʻolālā kumu, e hoemi ana i na hemahema a me na haawina hana.

Hoʻonui ka Graphite Flake Structure i ka Castability

ʻAʻole kōkua wale ka flake graphite i ka hao hina i kona hoʻoheheʻe mechanical a me ka machinability akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka hānai ʻana i ka wā paʻa., e ho'ēmi ana i ka likelihood o loko shrinkage porosity.

Hana ia ma ke ʻano he micro-riser maoli, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kani holoʻokoʻa.

Ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal

Ke kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity (maʻamau 50–60 W/m·K) hoʻolalelale wikiwiki i ka wela i ka wā paʻa, kōkua i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka microstructure a hōʻemi i ka pōʻino wela.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia i nā hoʻoheheʻe nui a i ʻole nā ​​​​kaiapuni hana kiʻekiʻe.

Maikaʻi Machinability Ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana

Ma muli o ka hopena lubricating o nā graphite flakes a me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa (Brinell 150–250 HB), hiki ke hana maʻalahi me ka ʻole e koi i nā kaʻina hana hoʻopau nui.

Hoʻohaʻahaʻa kēia i nā kumukūʻai ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a hoʻonui i ka hoʻopuka hana.

Nā ʻano hoʻolei kūpono no ka hao hina

6. ʻO ka mālama wela & Machimen

Kakaʻikahi ka hao hina i nā pōʻai kinai a me ka wela; ', pili nā mea hoʻokumu:

• Hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻapaʻa: 650–700 °C no 1-2 hola e ho'ēmi i ke koena koʻikoʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinability.
• Hana maʻamau: ʻO ka matrix maikaʻi (ferrite vs. Puʻuʻupuʻu) no ka paʻakikī i kuhikuhi ʻia.

I ka wā o ka Maki, ʻoluʻolu nā ʻenekinia:

• Mea paahana Carbide I nā wikiwiki wikiwiki (50–80 m/me).
• Paʻa hana paʻa e hoʻopau i ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa.
• Hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻoluʻu e pale i ka lihi kūkulu ʻia; ʻO ka graphite flakes e maʻalahi i ka haki ʻana.

Ka hana ʻana ma hope, hiki i ka hao hina hina Lalau kikowaena e like me Ra 1.6 µm me nā hana lua liʻiliʻi.

7. Loaʻa a loaʻa nā hemahema

Loaʻa:

• ʻO ka papaʻaina: A i 90 % ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila, e hoemi ana i ka walaau a me ka luhi.
• Markinpalibility: Hana ʻia nā ʻōpala graphite ma ke ʻano he mea haki, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻaʻahu mea hana.
• Uku kūpono: > 80 % maʻiʻo hana hou a me ka ikehu hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila.

Loaʻa nā hemahema:

• Haʻahaʻa Tensile Ductility: < 2 % ʻO ka elongation ka palena o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka haʻalulu.
• Aninoropopy: Hoʻokumu ka orientation flake i nā ʻokoʻa ikaika kuhikuhi (~ 20 %).
• Pelekane: ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e like me ka ductile iron.

8. Noi & Hana

Hoʻohana ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o ka hao hina hina:

• Aitompetitive: Nā poloka mīkini, Nā poʻo cylinder, pahu kaʻa—hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana wela (~ 45 W / m · c · k) no ka hoopau wela.
• NA KAHIKI: Nā holohaʻana, nā kumu hana mīkini-hoʻohana i ka haʻalulu haʻalulu e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka lawe ʻana.
• Kūkulu hoʻi & Piping: Uhi kuikahi, nā kino valve—e pōmaikaʻi ana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā wai kū ʻole a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
• Na Waiwai Kuloko: Kuʻina, nā radiators-e hōʻoia i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wela a me ka lōʻihi.

9. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea'ē aʻe

Ua lawelawe lōʻihi ka hao hina hina ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu i ka ʻenekinia a me ka hana ʻana, akā hoʻokūkū pinepine me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka hao ductile, Kukui Kekuhi, Apana Apana Aluminum, a me nā hoʻohui.

Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia mau mea i nā pōmaikaʻi a me nā mea kūʻai aku, e hana ana i ke koho mea pili i ka noi.

Aia ma lalo kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i kahi e kū ai ka hao hina e pili ana i kāna mau pani maʻamau.

Pā'ālua compastration: ʻO ka hao hina hina vs. Nā mea'ē aʻe

Dervile hao vs. 'Āpana hina

• Ui hāʻawi i ka ductility kiʻekiʻe aʻe a me ka ikaika, kūpono ia no nā noi hoʻouka paʻa ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻouka ʻana.
  Akā naʻe,, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao hina hina i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ke kumu kūʻai, ʻoi aku ma nā ʻāpana kūkulu paʻa.

ʻAihue kīwī vsa. 'Āpana hina

• Hāʻawi ke kila i nā waiwai tensile maikaʻi a me ka ductility, akā ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mīkini.
  Makemake ʻia ka hao hina no nā ʻāpana e koi ana i ka mana vibration (E.g., Nā waihona mīkini, urowing).

Aluminum Alloys vs. 'Āpana hina

• Aluminum ʻoi aku ka māmā a hāʻawi maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, i mea kūpono no ka lawe ʻana a me nā ʻāpana wela.
  Hao hina hina, ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i nā noi e pono ai ka paʻakikī a me ka haʻalulu haʻalulu.

Huipuia vs. 'Āpana hina

• ʻOiai hiki ke ʻoi aku ka nui o nā composites ma mua o ka hao hina i ka ratio ikaika-a-kaumaha a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai a paʻakikī hoʻi e hana ma ka pālākiō.

10. Hopena

Paʻa ka hao hina ma ke ʻano he corcerrtone mea waiwai ma muli o kona hana waiwai, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko, a ka maʻalahi o ka machining.

Ma ka haku ʻana i kāna eutectic graphite hana, hana hoolei, a Hoʻolālā Kōlea, hiki i nā ʻenekinia ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao hina hina no ka hilinaʻi, nā hoʻonā kumu kūʻai ma waena o nā ʻoihana—mai ka puʻuwai o kahi ʻenekini a i ke kumu o nā mīkini kaumaha.

Ke ulu nei ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka alloy a me nā ʻenehana hana hybrid, e hoʻomau ka hao hina hina i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana ʻenekinia o ka lā ʻapōpō.

ʻO kēia ʻO ke koho kūpono kūpono no kāu hana hana e pono ai inā makemakeʻoe i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe Ka hao hina hina.

Kāhea iā mākou i kēia lā!