Hōʻikeʻike
I ka nana mua, ka ninau “He kila kila?” me he mea la he mea ole. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻāpana pepa i kahi magnet fīkoi - no laila ʻae, he kila kila.
Akā, e nīnau i kekahi ʻenekinia e hana ana me nā ʻāpana paipu kila kila, a lilo ka pane: pili ia.
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi mea kila; he ʻohana ia o nā huila hao-carbon me nā microstructure ʻokoʻa.
He ferromagnetic ikaika kekahi mau kila, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole loa ka magnetik, a hāʻule kekahi ma waena.
Hoʻokaʻawale kēia ʻatikala i ka magnetism o ke kila mai nā kihi ʻelima: physics kumu, crystallography, NA KAKU ANA LOA, moʻolelo hana, a hoao hana.
E ka hopena, ʻaʻole wale ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo ina paha ʻo ke kila i hāʻawi ʻia he magnetic, aka, no ke aha mai - a pehea e wānana a hoʻololi paha i kēlā ʻano.
1. No ke aha i maʻa mau ai ke kila
ʻO ke kila ka mea maʻamau no ka mea ua kūkulu ʻia kona mau ʻāpana metallurgical maʻamau 'Eron, a ʻo ka hao he mea ferromagnetic i loko o kona mau ʻano aniani i ke kino.
I nā hua'ōlelo kūpono, hoʻomalu ʻia ka pane magnetic o ke kila e ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal, alignment spin electron, a pae kaulike.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ke kila i loko o ka hana ferritic a martensitic paha, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kona huki ʻana i kahi magnet.
ʻO ke ʻano kristal ke kumu o ka magnetism
ʻAʻole maʻamau ka hana magnetic o ke kila. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻana o nā ʻātoma hao i loko o ka lattice kristal a me ke ʻano o kā lākou mau electrons i hui ʻole ʻia..
Ferrite: ka mahele magnetic nui
ʻO ka māhele magnetic nui loa i ke kila maʻamau alpha ferrite, nona ka cubic cubic (Bcc) ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal.
Ma keia hoonohonoho ana, ʻae nā ʻātoma hao i nā kāʻei kapu magnetic e hoʻolike maʻalahi, No laila, hōʻike ka mea i ka ferromagnetism ikaika.
ʻO ia ke kumu o ke kila kalapona, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-alino, a he nui nā kila hoʻolālā e huki ikaika ʻia i kahi magnet.
Ka austentes: ka mākia nāwaliwali a i ʻole ka mākēneki
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, austentes he cubic cub (Fcc) ʻano.
Hoʻololi kēia packing atomic paʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho electron a pale i ka alignment domain magnetic lōʻihi e like me ka ferrite..
Ma ka hopena, ʻO ke kila austenitic ka mea maʻamau nāwaliwali ka magnetic a i ʻole kokoke i ka magnetik ma ke kūlana annealed.
Martissite: mākia a paakiki
Ke kinai ke kila, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka austenite Martissite, he hoʻolālā tetragonal e pili ana i ke kino i loaʻa mai ka ʻohana BCC.
Noho mau ʻo Martensite i ka pane magnetic, ʻO ia ke kumu e paʻa mau ai nā kila paʻakikī a ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke kūlana austenitic i loaʻa mai ai.
No ke aha i maʻa mau ai ke kila lumi-mehana
I ka lumi lumi, ʻO ka nui o nā kila maʻamau i loaʻa nā ferrite, Martissite, a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua. Mālama kēia mau ʻāpana i ka alignment domain e pono ai no ka ferromagnetism.
ʻO ia ke kumu o ke kila hana maʻamau, Mea Hana, a he nui nā kila kila e pane ikaika i kahi magnet me ka ʻole o ka hana kūikawā.
ʻO nā kila Austenitic ka mea nui, akā ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i nā manawa a pau ʻole-magnetic.
Ke hana anuanu, hana, a i ʻole ka deformation koʻikoʻi hiki ke hana i ka hoʻololi martensitic kūloko a hoʻolilo iā lākou i ʻāpana magnetic.
| ʻO ke ʻano mākēneki | ʻO ka weheweheʻana | Hiki i ke kila? |
| Ferphanevic | Huki ikaika; paʻa ka magnetism (HySteesisis) | ʻAe - ka nui o nā kila kalapona, kuhiliʻole ferritic, kuhili martensitic |
| Pamagnetic | Nawaliwali, hoʻohihi manawa; ʻaʻohe hysteresis | ʻAe - austenitic stainless steels (E.g., 304, 316) |
| Antiferromagnetic | ʻAʻohe magnetization net; hoʻopau nā manawa magnetic | ʻAʻole |
| Diamagnetic | Nawaliwali loa ka hoole; Loaʻa kēia i nā mea a pau | ʻAʻole (i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā hopena ikaika i ke kila) |
Pela no, ʻO ka pane kūpono "he kila magnetic?” ʻo ia: ʻO nā kila ferromagnetic he magnetic; ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole i nā kila paramagnetic i ka nānā maʻamau.
Ka hopena wela o ka Curie
ʻO ka magnetism ma ke kila e pili pū ana i ka mahana. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea ferromagnetic a Mahana i ka mahana, ma luna aʻe o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka wela e lanakila ai i ke kauoha domain magnetic a lilo ka mea i paramagnetic.
No ka hao maemae, e pili ana ka mahana Curie 770° C. Ma luna o kēia wahi, nalowale ka hao i kona ferromagnetism no kekahi manawa.
Ke maʻalili hou, hoʻi ka magnetism me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi haku mele mau.
Hōʻike kēia i kahi nānā ʻoihana pono: ʻike ʻia paha ke kila ʻaʻole magnetic i ka wā e wela ana i ka wā e hana ai, ʻO ka mālama wela, a i ʻole austenitizing, akā, e hoʻihoʻi hou i kāna ʻano hana ma hope o ka hoʻoilo.
No laila hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻohuli ʻia ka hoʻololi magnetic, ʻaʻole pono he hōʻailona o ka hoʻololi kemika.
2. ʻO ke ʻano Magnetic e ka ʻohana Steel
Ma nā ʻōlelo ʻenekinia hana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻohana kila ferrite Oole Martissite, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka magnetic.
ʻOi aku ka paʻa ʻana i kahi Austetetitic ʻano, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o kāna pane magnetic.
ʻOhana kila maʻamau a me ka hana hoʻokalakupua
| ʻOhana kila | Nā helu maʻamau / nāʻano | ʻO ka hana maʻamau maʻamau | memo loea |
| ʻAihue kīwī | AISI 1010, 1018, 1020, 1045, 1095 | Māmā ikaika | Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā kila kalapona i ka ferrite a/a i ʻole martensite, no laila, hoʻokomo ikaika lākou i kahi magnet. |
| Ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | 4140, 4340, 8620, 4130 | Māmā ikaika | ʻAʻole hiki i ka Alloying ke wehe i ka magnetism ke ʻole ia e hoʻopaʻa ikaika i ka austenite; ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hao hao haʻahaʻa e mau ana ka magnetic. |
| Hoʻohuiʻiaʻo Alloy Kōla | Ke kila Chromium-molybdenum, kila nickel-chromium, kila kila kila | Maʻamau magnetic | ʻO ka "Alloy steel" kahi māhele ākea; ʻO ka hapa nui o nā papa he ferritic a martensitic paha a no laila magnetic. |
| Ke kila kila | Astm A36, Q235, S235, Pahu .55 | Māmā ikaika | ʻO nā kila hoʻohana nui ʻia he ferritic a pane pololei i nā magnet. |
| Mea Hana | D2, O1, A2, H13, W1 | Māmā ikaika | ʻO nā kila mea hana maʻamau ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela no ka mea ʻo martensite kahi pae mana. |
Kekuhi honu |
5160, 1075, 1095 puna kila | Māmā ikaika | ʻO nā kila punawai kalapona kiʻekiʻe he martensitic maʻamau ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a paʻa mau ka magnetic. |
| Hapai kila | AISI 52100 | Māmā ikaika | ʻO ke kila kila chromium kiʻekiʻe ka mea maʻamau ma muli o kāna matrix martensitic. |
| Ke kila welu | ʻO Corten A, ʻO Corten B | Māmā ikaika | ʻO nā kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia he mau kila hoʻokumu i ka hao a paʻa i ka pane magnetic ikaika. |
| Ke kila uila / kila silika | M19, M27, 1008 kila uila | Magnetic, hana pinepine ʻia no ka magnetism hoʻomalu | Hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia kēia mau kila no ka hana magnetic i nā kaʻa a me nā transformers. |
| ʻO ka mea kila ferritic | 409, 430, 439 | Magnetic | ʻO nā kila kuhiliʻole Ferritic e hoʻomau i ka magnetic no ka mea he ferritic ko lākou kūkulu, aole austenitic. |
Ke kila kila ʻole Martensitic |
410, 420, 440C | Māmā ikaika | ʻO kēia mau māka he magnetic a paʻakikī. |
| ʻO ka kila kila fuplex | 2205, 2507 | Magnetic | Loaʻa i nā kila Duplex nā ferrite a me ka austenite, no laila hōʻike lākou i ka magnetism ʻike. |
| ʻO kahi kila kila Austetetitic | 304, 316, 316L, 321 | ʻO ka maʻamau maʻamau nāwaliwali i ka aneane non-magnetic | Ma ke kūlana annealed, ʻaʻole maʻamau lākou a i ʻole ka magnetic liʻiliʻi; Hiki i ka hana anu ke hoʻonui i ka magnetism. |
| He kila kuhiliʻole paʻakikī ka ua | 17-4Ph, 15-5Ph, 13-8Mo | Maʻamau magnetic | Hōʻike pinepine kēia mau māka i ka pane magnetic ma muli o ko lākou ʻano hui ʻia a me ke kūlana mālama wela. |
3. He aha ka mea e hoʻololi ai i ka pane Magnetic Steel
ʻAʻole paʻa ka pane magnetic o Steel. Hiki ke loli me Ka Hoʻolālā, ʻO ka mālama wela, hapa, pae kaulike, a me ke ana.
I nā hua'ōlelo kūpono, ʻo ke kila i ʻike ikaika ʻia i ke ʻano hoʻokahi e nāwaliwali paha, ikaika, a i ʻole ka loli kūloko i kekahi.
Kemimi huila
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui i loko o ke kila e hoʻoikaika i nā ʻāpana a me ke ʻano paʻa o lākou.
- Nickel e hoʻopaʻa i ka austenite a hoʻemi i ka pane magnetic.
- Chromium hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē kū'ē, akā, ʻaʻole ia e wehe i ka magnetism.
- Manganese a me ka nitrogen hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano austenitic i kekahi mau kila.
- KālekaʻAʻI hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻololi martensitic ma hope o ke kinai ʻana.
ʻO ia ke kumu i maʻa mau ai ke kila kalapona maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻo ke kila kuhili ʻole austenitic me ka nui o ka nickel maʻiʻo he palupalu wale nō paha.
ʻO ka hana wela
Hoʻololi ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i ke ʻano aniani o loko o ke kila, a hoʻololi pololei ia i ka magnetism.
- Annalile hiki ke hoʻopalupalu i ke kila a hoʻololi i ka pane magnetic ma muli o ke kaʻina o kēia manawa.
- Queech hiki ke hoʻololi i ka austenite i martensite, ka mea maʻamau e hoʻonui i ka magnetism.
- Huhū hoʻololi i ka martensite akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i ka hana magnetic.
- Hoʻoholo hōʻoluʻolu i ka austenitic stainless steel hiki ke hōʻemi i ka magnetism ma ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i kahi hale austenitic paʻa.
ʻO ia ke kumu e hōʻike ai ka huila like ʻole i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ma mua a ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.
ʻO ka hana anu a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastic
Hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mīkini ke hoʻonui i ka magnetism, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i nā kila kuhili ʻole austenitic.
Hanau, Kauwili, noho ', hukiʻulu, a i ʻole ka mīkini kaumaha hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi ʻāpana o ka austenite i martensite.
ʻO ka hopena, he kila i lilo i ʻoi aku ka magnetic ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana ma mua o ke kūlana annealed.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia kēia hopena ma:
- paipu kuhiliʻole piʻo,
- nā ʻāpana kuhili hohonu,
- pepa ʻōwili nui ʻia,
- a me nā ʻāpana austenitic i hana ʻia me ke kānana kūloko.
Palena pae
ʻO ka pane magnetic o Steel e hilinaʻi nui i ka nui ferrite, Martissite, a austentes aia i loko.
- ʻOi aku ka ferrite → ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pane magnetic
- ʻOi aku ka martensite → ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pane magnetic
- ʻOi aku ka austenite → ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o ka pane magnetic
He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i ka duplex stainless steel, kahi e hoʻoholo ai ke kaulike ma waena o ka ferrite a me ka austenite i ka ʻano magnetic holoʻokoʻa.
No ka mea, loaʻa i nā kila duplex kahi hakina ferritic, maʻa mau lākou ʻoiai ʻaʻole ikaika lākou e like me ke kila kalapona.
Keka ao
Hiki i ka mahana ke hoʻopau i ka magnetism i ke kila ferromagnetic no kekahi manawa.
Maluna o ka Mahana i ka mahana, nalo nā kāʻei kapu magnetic i kauoha ʻia a lilo ka mea i paramagnetic.
Ke maʻalili ke kila ma lalo o kēlā paepae, hoʻi ka magnetism.
ʻO ia ke ʻano o ke kila wela ke ʻike ʻole i ka magnet i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka mālama wela, akā, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ua pau ka waiwai o ka mea kila a i ʻole ua nalowale mau loa nā waiwai magnetic.
Hiki ke hoʻololi a me ka wela ka hoʻololi.
Kūlana ʻili a me ka hana kūloko
Papa honua, Welding, ʻO ka panaʻana, Machimen, a hiki i nā koʻikoʻi koena ke hana i ka hoʻololi kūloko i ka pane magnetic.
I kekahi mau kila, Hiki ke lilo i ka ʻili o ka ʻili i mea ʻoi aku ka magnetic ma mua o ke kumu inā hoʻololi ka ʻili i ka hoʻololi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae kūloko..
ʻO kēia kahi kumu e hōʻike ai ka hoʻāʻo magnet i ka huki like ʻole ma ka ʻāpana like.
4. Koho Ma muli o ke Koho Maikaʻi Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o ke kila Magnetic
ʻAʻole ʻo ke kila magnetism he ʻimi noiʻi wale nō. Ma ka 'enekinia maoli, hoʻopili ia ʻano hui, ʻike pili, hōʻano hou, nānā, pili uila, a me ka pono kaiapuni.
ʻO ka koho kūpono ʻaʻole ia he "magnetic steel versus non-magnetic steel" ma ke ʻano maʻalahi, aka, ka ʻohana kila kūpono no ka koi magnetic o ka noi.
I ka wā e pono ai ka magnetism ikaika
ʻO nā kila magnetic ikaika ka mea maʻamau ke koho maikaʻi loa inā pono ka pane magnetic i ka noi ponoʻī.
Nā hihia e hoʻohana ai i nā hihia
- Ka hana hale a me nā mīkini maʻamau
- ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopili
- Hoʻokaʻawale ʻōpala a hana hou
- ʻO nā mea hoʻokaʻawale magnetic a me nā mea paʻa
- ʻO nā mea hiki ke komo i loko o ke kalapona, 'Aake, a i ʻole ke kila martensitic
I kēia mau hihia, kōkua ka pane magnetic ikaika i ka lawelawe ʻana, kaawale ana, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea hana.
ʻAihue kīwī, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-alino, Mea Hana, a ʻo ka ferritic a i ʻole ka martensitic stainless steel e makemake pinepine ʻia no ka mea hoʻohui lākou i ka pono mechanical me ka hilinaʻi magnetic attraction.
Ke koi haʻahaʻa magnetism
Ke koi nei kekahi mau noi i ka pane magnetic haʻahaʻa loa a i ʻole ka hana kokoke-non-magnetic.
Ma ia mau hihia, kila kuhiliʻole austenitic annealed ʻO ka maʻamau ka ʻohana mua loa e loiloi.
Nā hihia e hoʻohana ai i nā hihia
- Lapaʻau lapaʻau a me ka hale hana
- Nā hui uila koʻikoʻi
- ʻōnaehana ana pololei
- Nā kaiapuni pili MRI
- ʻO nā hale a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa
Ma keia mau kulana, hiki i ka magnetism iki ke hoʻopilikia i ka hana.
Nā māka Austenitic e like me 304 a 316 koho maʻamau no ka mea maʻamau nāwaliwali lākou i ke kūlana annealed.
Akā naʻe,, pono e helu ka hoʻolālā no ka mea hiki i ka hana anu ke hoʻonui i ka magnetism, no laila he mea nui ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mōʻaukala e like me ka helu nominal.
Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka magnetism hoʻomalu
ʻAʻole koi kekahi mau noi i ka magnetism kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka magnetism liʻiliʻi. Pono lākou hiki ke wānana, ʻano hana magnetic haʻahaʻa.
Nā hihia e hoʻohana ai i nā hihia
- Nā hale kila kuhiliʻole Duplex
- ʻO nā mea hana ʻino me nā koi hoʻouka
- ʻO nā mea ʻenehana i ʻike ʻia i nā kaiapuni chloride
- ʻO nā ʻāpana paʻi e koi ana i ka ikaika ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o 316L
He laʻana ikaika ka Duplex stainless steel. Hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ʻoiai e waiho ana i ka magnetic ma muli o kāna hakina ferritic.
He mea pono kēia i ka wā e pale aku ai ka ʻāpana i ka chloride stress-corrosion crack a mālama mau i ka hana mechanical maikaʻi.
ʻO ka pane magnetic ʻaʻole ia ka pahuhopu hoʻolālā, akā, he hopena wānana ia o ka microstructure.
5. Nā Manaʻo kūpono a me nā manaʻo kuhihewa
No ke aha kaʻu "Stainless Steel" Fridge Magnetic?
Nui nā puka pahu hau ferritic stainless steel (E.g., 430), aole austenitic.
ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o Ferritic stainless, loaʻa i ka corrosion maikaʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i loko, a he manekini - ka mea hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā magnet.
Inā i hana ʻia kāu pahu hau 304, ʻaʻole pili nā magnets.
Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i ka Magnet e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōpala kila?
ʻAe, akā me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa:
- ʻAihue kīwī, ferritic, martensitic → magnetic → ferrous scrap.
- Austetitic insinless (304, 316) → non-magnetic → kiʻekiʻe-waiwai kuhiliʻi ʻōpala.
- Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale hewa ʻia ke ʻano ʻole ke akahele.
- ʻO austenitic hana anu → hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe nāwaliwali, huikau i ka sorter.
ʻO ka "Non-Magnetic Steel" Loaʻa ʻole-Magnetic?
ʻAʻole. ʻOiai ʻo austenitic stainless he paramagnetic permeability >1. I loko o nā māla magnetic ikaika (E.g., Nā Pepa Machines), hana lākou i kahi mea hoihoi liʻiliʻi akā hiki ke ana.
No nā noi e koi ana loa haʻahaʻa magnetic susceptibility (E.g., Nā paipu NMR), hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana kūikawā e like me MP35N a i ʻole titanium.
Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻopau i ke kila Magnetic?
ʻAe, akā me nā palena:
- No ke kila kalapona: e hoʻopili i kahi hoʻololi, e emi ana ke kahua magnetic (degaussing). Akā naʻe,, mau ke ano ferromagnetic o ke kila; hiki ke hoʻohana maʻalahi.
- No ka martensite i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā kulika austenitic: kiʻekiʻe-mehana wela hoʻoheheʻe annealing (1050° C) e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka austenite non-magnetic, ka hoopau ana i ka magnetism. Akā ʻaʻole kūpono kēia no nā hui nui.
6. Hopena
“He kila magnetic?” ʻaʻole hiki ke pane ʻia me ka ʻae a ʻaʻole maʻalahi. ʻO ka pane pololei:
ʻO ke kila ke kila inā ʻo kona ʻano aniani ma ka wela lumi he cubic i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kino (Bcc) a i ʻole tetragonal e pili ana i ke kino (Bctkau ma na).
He non-magnetic (Pamagnetic) inā ʻo kona kūkulu ʻana he alo-waena cubic (Fcc).
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka metallurgy ma hope o ka magnetism e hiki ai i nā ʻenekini ke koho i ke kila kūpono no nā noi mai nā chucks magnetic. (kahi e pono ai ka ferromagnetism ikaika) i nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki kūpono i ka MRI (kahi i pāpā ʻia ai ka trace magnetism).
E ho'āʻo mau me ke ʻano calibrated, a mai hilinaʻi ma kahi hoʻāʻo magnet maʻalahi wale nō no ka hōʻoia mea koʻikoʻi.
FaqS
Hiki i ka 316L non-magnetic ke hoʻohuli i ka magnetic ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana?
ʻO ka ferrite delta kūloko e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wiliwili ʻana i ka wela i ka wā hoʻoluʻu ʻole, e hooulu ana i ka magneti hapa nawaliwali ma kahi o na wili weld; paʻa mau ka papa kumu holoʻokoʻa i ka hiʻohiʻona non-magnetic.
No ke aha ke kiʻekiʻe-nickel austenite non-magnetic aʻo haʻahaʻa-nickel ferrite stainless steel he magnetic?
Hoʻopaʻa ʻo Nickel i ka lattice austenite FCC e hoʻopau i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka mana magnetic i kauoha ʻia; ʻAʻole hiki i ka hana chromium-nickel haʻahaʻa ke kāohi i ka hana ferrite BCC me ka ferromagnetism.
E pili ana paha ke kila kila kila i kona mana anti-corrosion?
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka magnetism partial deformation-induced i ka hiki ke hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive chromium alloy;
Kūlike ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion me ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī o ka papa kumu me ka nānā ʻole i ka hoʻololi magnetic kūloko.
Aia kekahi mau kila austenitic ferromagnetic?
ʻAe, akā, ʻaʻole maʻamau. ʻO kekahi mau manganese kiʻekiʻe, nā kila aluminika kiʻekiʻe (i kapa ʻia ʻo "non-magnetic" maoli) hiki ke ferromagnetic ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.
I ka lumi lumi, ʻaʻohe kila kūhili ʻole austenitic kūʻai paʻa he ferromagnetic.
