Nā Papa keleawe maʻamau no ka hoʻolei ʻana — Pehea e koho ai?

Nā hinuhui hōʻike

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Noho ʻia nā hoʻolei keleawe he papa kumu kumu ma ke kai, ikaika, Kahahana, a me nā ʻāpana hoʻoilina-engineering no ka mea ua hui pū lākou Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, ʻaʻahu hana, kūʻē kūʻē a me ka castability maikaʻi.

ʻO "Bronze" kahi ʻohana ākea (liulaala + nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka zinc), ʻaʻole hoʻokahi huila - a ʻo ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano keleawe a me ke ʻano hoʻolei e hoʻomalu pono i ke ola o nā mea, nā koina mālama a me ka hana ʻana.

Nānā kēia ʻatikala i ka ʻO nā māka keleawe maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolei ʻana, wehewehe i ke kumu i koho ʻia ai lākou, hōʻike i ka ʻikepili hōʻike, a hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi kūpono no ka kikoʻī a me ke koho.

2. He aha ke keleawe kalaiwa?

ʻO ke keleawe hoʻolei ʻia ka ʻohana o nā ʻāpana keleawe i hoʻokumu ʻia no ka hana ʻana ma ka hoʻolei ʻana (laʻana ke one, waiwai kūʻai, make, a i ʻole ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka centrifugal) a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻano ʻupena kokoke.

Ma ke kuʻuna, "bronze" implied copper-tin alloys (keleawe keleawe), akā, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui kumu ʻē aʻe - ʻo ia hoʻi alumini keleawe, keleawe keleawe, phosphor (kū) bale, a alakai (lawe mau) bale - ua hana ʻia kēlā me kēia no nā koi metallurgical a me nā lawelawe.

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā huahana pili a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā kūlana ʻoihana (ʻo kahi laʻana, nā kikoʻī maʻamau no nā ʻāpana keleawe hoʻolei) a ma nā kūlana aupuni i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kumu o ke keleawe keleawe

ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ke keleawe i ka hoʻolei ʻana mai kāna hui kūʻokoʻa o nā waiwai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā metala ʻē aʻe he nui (E.g., hae hao, alumini hoʻolei) i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī.

Loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi:

ʻO ka Castability maikaʻi loa:

He haʻahaʻa ko ka keleawe (maʻamau 900–1100 ℃, haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila a me ka hao) a me ka wai maikaʻi ma ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopiha i nā lua poʻi paʻakikī me ka pololei o ka nui.

Hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia ka hapa nui o nā māka keleawe i loko o nā ʻāpana pā lahilahi (ka mānoanoa o ka paia 2-3 mm) a me nā ʻano paʻakikī (E.g., nā niho, nā kino valve) me nā kīnā ʻole e like me ka emi ʻana, Potiwale, a iʻole nā'ūhā anu.

ʻO ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē:

Ka heleʻana o nā pana waena o nā kūlana paʻakikī (E.g., Cu₃Sn i loko o ke keleawe keleawe, Al₂Cu i ke keleawe aluminika) a ʻo ka ductility inherent o ka alloy ka hopena i ka pale lole maikaʻi loa,

hana i ke keleawe hoʻolei kūpono no nā ʻāpana friction (E.g., Kāhele, Bussings, Kauluhi) e hana ana ma lalo o ka haawe kiʻekiʻe a me ka māmā māmā.

Kūleʻa ʻino maikaʻi:

Hana ʻia ke keleawe i kahi paʻa, ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide adherent ma kona ʻili, hāʻawi i ka palekana mai ka lewa, wai wai, a me ka ʻino kemika.

Hōʻike nā māka ʻokoʻa i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion—no ka laʻana, ʻO ke keleawe alumini ka mea kūpaʻa loa i ka ʻino kai, ʻoiai he kūpono ke keleawe keleawe no nā wahi ʻakika.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai:

Loaʻa nā māka keleawe hoʻolei mai ka ductile, ʻano haʻahaʻa ikaika (E.g., keleawe alakaʻi) i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻauʻau (E.g., ailunimina bronze),

me ka ikaika tensile mai 200 Mpa i 800 MPa a me ka elongation mai 5% i 40%.

Palapala maikai:

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā helu keleawe (ʻoi aku ke keleawe alakaʻi) loaʻa ka machinability maikaʻi loa, e ʻae ana i ka huli maʻalahi, MilightʻAʻole, hoʻomālamalama, a me ka polishing no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili kiʻekiʻe (Ra ≤ 0.8 }m) a me ka dimedonal.

3. Nā Papa keleawe hoʻolei maʻamau: ʻIkepili kikoʻī

Hoʻokumu nui ʻia nā māka keleawe ma Nā kūlana ASTM, me nā kikoʻī GB/T a me ISO e hāʻawi ana i nā hoʻohālikelike like.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau māka e like me ka mea hoʻohui nui: kū, aluminum, Silikino, alakaʻi, a me nickel.

Hāʻawi ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia ʻāpana puiahuhu, Kuupuiawi, a me na ano hoolei, i hoʻopili ʻia no nā ʻoihana ʻenehana like ʻole.

Tin keleawe (Ku–Sn Alloys): Kuʻuna a me nā ʻano like ʻole

ʻO ke keleawe keleawe ka keleawe kahiko a hoʻohana nui ʻia, me ʻo ka tin ka mea hoʻohuihui mua. IT(Kū) hoʻomaikaʻi whola, E kāʻei i ke kū'ē, a me ke kū'ēʻana, ʻoiai ke hāʻawi nei ke keleawe kūlike a me ka paʻakikī.

Loaʻa maʻamau ka maʻiʻo tin 5–15 wt%-tin lalo (5–8%) hoʻonui i ka ductility, oiai piʻi kiʻekiʻe (10-15%) hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī a me ke kū'ēʻana.

Nā helu maʻamau: ASTM B22 (C90300, C90500), Gb / t 1176 (ZCuSn5Pb5Zn5, ZCuSn10Pb1), Iso 4281 (CuSn6, CuSn10).

Nā Papa keleawe kiʻi tin no ka hoʻolei ʻana

ZCuSn5Pb5Zn5 (Gb / t 1176) / C90300 (ASTM B22)

Kinohi (wt%): Ku 84–86, Sn 4–6, Pb 4–6, Zn 4–6, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Hypoeutectic α-Cu + eetectic (α-Cu + ʻO Cu₃Sn); Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Pb a me Zn markinpalibility, Hoʻonui ʻo Sn E kāʻei i ke kū'ē
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥200 MPa, Hua ≥90 MPa, Elongation ≥10%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥60 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Kūleʻa maikaʻi ka lewa a me ka wai maʻemaʻe; kūʻē i ka wai kai/ʻakika
Whola: Maikaʻi loa; kūpono no ke one a me ka hoʻolei kālā ʻana o nā ʻāpana paʻakikī waena
Nā noi maʻamau: Kāhele, Bussings, Kauluhi, nā kino valve, nā mea hana pump, nā mea hoʻolei hoʻonani

ZCuSn10Pb1 (Gb / t 1176) / C90500 (ASTM B22)

Kinohi (wt%): Cu 88–90, Sn 9–11, Pb 0.5–1.5, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Kokoke-eutectic α-Cu + hoʻoheheʻe Cu₃Sn maikaʻi; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Sn ʻoʻoleʻa a ʻaʻahu kūʻē, Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Pb markinpalibility
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥240 MPa, Hua ≥100 MPa, Elongation ≥8%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥70 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: ʻOi aku ma mua o ZCuSn5Pb5Zn5; kū i ka wai kai, māhu, a me nā kemika
Whola: Maikaʻi maikaʻi; kūpono no nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
Nā noi maʻamau: Nā bearings kiʻekiʻe, nā mea ilo, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe moana, pahu mahu, ʻāpana kaʻa / moana pololei

Ailunimina bronze (ʻO nā huila Cu–Alloy): ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion

Aia ke keleawe alumini 5–12% Al, hana intermetallic paʻakikī (Al₂Cu, Cu₃Al) e hoʻonui ai ikaika, hālulu, a me ke kū'ēʻana.

Maikaʻi no Marine, ka mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kaiapuni ʻaʻahu.

Nā helu maʻamau: ASTM B148 (C95400, C95500), Gb / t 1176 (Zcual10fe3, ZCuAl10Fe5Ni5), Iso 4281 (CuAl10Fe3, CuAl10Ni5Fe4).

Nā Papa keleawe Aluminum kī no ka hoolei ʻana

Zcual10fe3 (Gb / t 1176) / C95400 (ASTM B148)

Kinohi (wt%): Ku 86–89, Al 9–11, Fe 2–4, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: ʻElua ʻāpana α + na B; Hoʻokumu ʻo Fe i ka Fe-Al intermetallics; b → a + Hoʻopuka ka hoʻololi γ₂ paʻakikī, microstructure pale ʻaʻahu
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥500 MPa, Hua ≥200 MPa, Elongation ≥15%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥150 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Maikaʻi i ka wai kai, nā lewa moana, Nā'āpana; pale ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni Al₂O₃ i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana
Whola: Maikaʻi loa; pono ka 1100–1150°C; kūpono no ke one, waiwai kūʻai, hoolei centrifugal o na hapa nui
Nā noi maʻamau: Nā mea hoʻolele moana, hoʻoili i nā mea hoʻopihapiha, nā ʻāpana o waho, Nā kāpili pump, nā mea ʻaʻahu-pale

ZCuAl10Fe5Ni5 (Gb / t 1176) / C95500 (ASTM B148)

Kinohi (wt%): Ku 76–81, Al 9–11, Fe 4–6, I ka 4–6, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Māhele nui α + na B + Fe–Al + ʻO Ni–Al waena; Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Ni ikaika, paʻakikī, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥600 MPa, Hua ≥250 MPa, Elongation ≥12%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥180 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: ʻOi aku ma mua o ZCuAl10Fe3; wai kai maikaʻi, māhu, a me ke kū'ēʻana
Whola: Maikaʻi loa; kūpono no ka nui, nā mea paʻakikī ikaika kiʻekiʻe
Nā noi maʻamau: ʻO nā propellers moana nui, aila waho & lako kinoea, ʻO nā hua lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, nā pahu hana kaumaha

Silikino Bronze (ʻO nā huila Cu–Si): Kiʻekiʻe Ductility a me Uila Conductivity

Loaʻa i ke keleawe silika 1-4% ʻAe, hāʻawi maikaʻi loa, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ke kumu kūʻai uila (30–40% IACS). Kūpono no lako uila, Marine, a me nā noi hoʻonaninani.

Nā helu maʻamau: ASTM B22 (C65500, C65800), Gb / t 1176 (ZCuSi3Mn1, ZCuSi10P1), Iso 4281 (CuSi3Mn, CuSi10P).

ʻO nā papa keleawe silikoni nui no ka hoʻolei ʻana

ZCuSi3Mn1 (Gb / t 1176) / C65500 (ASTM B22)

Kinohi (wt%): Ku 94–96, A me 2.5–3.5, Mn 0.5–1.5, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Hypoeutectic α-Cu + pau Ae; Mn hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥280 MPa, Hua ≥110 MPa, Elongation ≥20%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥80 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Maikaʻi i ka lewa, Weʻai, nā mea hoʻowalewale
Whola: Kūpono; kūpono no ke ʻano paʻakikī, nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe-ductility
Nā noi maʻamau: Nā'Āpana Pūnaewele, hoʻololi, nā mea hoʻolei hoʻonani, Mary Ples, nā mīkini liʻiliʻi

ZCuSi10P1 (Gb / t 1176) / C65800 (ASTM B22)

Kinohi (wt%): Cu 88–90, A 9–11, P 0.2–0.4, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Kokoke-eutectic α-Cu + A; Hoʻonui ʻo P whola, hoʻomaʻemaʻe microstructure
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥350 MPa, Hua ≥140 MPa, Elongation ≥12%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥100 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: ʻOi aku ma mua o ZCuSi3Mn1; kū i ka wai kai, māhu, Nā'āpana
Whola: Maikaʻi loa; kūpono no nā paia lahilahi, Nā kikowaena ākea
Nā noi maʻamau: Nā Vilves, Pumps, KOMIKANA LOA, Nā Kūlana Pūnaewele, kaʻa kaʻa / ʻāpana uila

Alakaʻi keleawe (Cu–Sn–Pb Alloys): Maikaʻi maikaʻi a me ka Lubricity

Aia ke keleawe keleawe 5–20% Pb a me 2–10% Sn. Aia ʻo Pb ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana ʻokoʻa Hoʻopili markinpalibility, lubricity, a kau pale.

Kūpono no Kāhele, Bussings, a me nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Nā helu maʻamau: ASTM B22 (C93200, C93700), Gb / t 1176 (ZCuSn10Pb5, ZCuSn5Pb15Zn5), Iso 4281 (CuSn10Pb5, CuSn5Pb15Zn5).

Nā Papa keleawe alakaʻi nui no ka hoʻolei ʻana

ZCuSn10Pb5 (Gb / t 1176) / C93200 (ASTM B22)

Kinohi (wt%): Ku 83–85, Sn 9–11, Pb 4–6, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Hypoeutectic α-Cu + ʻO Cu₃Sn + Nā ʻāpana Pb; Hoʻemi ʻo Pb i ka hakakā
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥220 MPa, Hua ≥100 MPa, Elongation ≥8%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥65 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: ʻO ka lewa maikaʻi a me ka wai maʻemaʻe; kūʻē i ka wai kai/ʻakika
Whola: Maikaʻi loa; kūpono no nā mea liʻiliʻi / waena, nā mea machinable loa
Nā noi maʻamau: Kāhele, Bussings, Kauluhi, huila ilo, Nā'āpana pā

ZCuSn5Pb15Zn5 (Gb / t 1176) / C93700 (ASTM B22)

Kinohi (wt%): Ku 73–75, Sn 4–6, Pb 14–16, Zn 4–6, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Hypoeutectic α-Cu + ʻO Cu₃Sn + Pb + Nā māhele waiwai Zn; piʻi ka Pb kiʻekiʻe markinpalibility
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥180 MPa, Hua ≥80 MPa, Elongation ≥5%, Hardness ≥55 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Loli; suitable for dry/lubricated environments
Whola: Maikaʻi loa; suitable for complex parts needing extensive machining
Nā noi maʻamau: Nā kino valve, gear hubs, low-load bushings, nā mea hoʻolei hoʻonani

Nikela keleawe (Cu–Ni Alloys): ʻOi aku ke kūʻē ʻino a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa

Nickel bronze (cupronickel) piha 10–30% Ma. Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Ni Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, paʻakikī, a me keʻano kiʻekiʻe.

Kūpono no marine and high-temperature applications, resisting seawater and biofouling.

Nā helu maʻamau: ASTM B148 (C96200, C96400), Gb / t 1176 (ZCuNi10Fe1Mn1, ZCuNi30Fe1Mn1), Iso 4281 (CuNi10Fe1Mn, CuNi30Fe1Mn).

Key Nickel Bronze Grades for Casting

ZCuNi10Fe1Mn1 (Gb / t 1176) / C96200 (ASTM B148)

Kinohi (wt%): Cu 86–88, Ni 9–11, Fe 0.5–1.5, Mn 0.5–1.5, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Single α-Cu solid solution; Fe and Mn refine grains, improve strength
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥350 MPa, Yield ≥150 MPa, Elongation ≥20%, ʻO ka paʻakikī ≥100 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Maikaʻi i ka wai kai, nā lewa moana, mio popoele; suitable for long-term marine service
Whola: Maikaʻi maikaʻi; suitable for sand and investment casting of marine components
Nā noi maʻamau: Kawaihae Keli, Nā kāpili pump, ship hull fittings, offshore platform components

ZCuNi30Fe1Mn1 (Gb / t 1176) / C96400 (ASTM B148)

Kinohi (wt%): Cu 67–69, Ni 29–31, Fe 0.5–1.5, Mn 0.5–1.5, ʻO nā haumia ≤0.5
Nā hiʻohiʻona metallurgical: Single α-Cu solid solution; higher Ni improves corrosion and thermal stability
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (As Cast): Tensile ≥400 MPa, Yield ≥180 MPa, Elongation ≥18%, Hardness ≥120 HB
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Superior to C96200; excellent resistance to seawater, high-temperature steam, a me nā kemika hoʻomāinoino
Whola: Maikaʻi maikaʻi; kūpono no ka nui, ʻO nā'āpana o Corrosionion-resistant
Nā noi maʻamau: ʻO nā propellers moana nui, aila waho & lako kinoea, high-temperature valves, nā mea kālepa kālepa

4. Nā Kaʻina Hoʻolei ʻana i ke keleawe keleawe

ʻO ke ʻano hoʻolei ʻana kekahi o nā hoʻoholo hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi loa no kahi mea keleawe.

Mālama ke kaʻina hana i ka maikaʻi o loko, moloka, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia, paulapua, timmansional, ke kumu kūʻai a me ka hana ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana (ʻO ka mālama wela, Machimen, Ndt).

Sand cread (one ʻōmaʻomaʻo / resin paʻa)

He aha ia: Ua ninini ʻia ke keleawe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi ʻeke one (ʻoluʻolu a hoʻopaʻa kemika).
Nā ikaika: Uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, maʻalahi no nā ʻano nui a paʻakikī, waiwai no ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana ʻana a me nā ʻāpana nui (Nā kino kino, ʻO nā hale kūʻai kūʻai).
PAHUI: ʻOi aku ka paʻa o ka ʻili, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻomanawanui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o ke kinoea a me ka emi ʻana o ka porosity inā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka puka / hānai ʻana.
Hoʻopau ʻili maʻamau & aiko: Ra ≈ 6-25 μm (ma muli o ke one one); hoʻomanawanui maʻamau ± 0.5-3 mm no nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi (pili i ka pauku a me ke geometry).
Maikai no: ʻO nā pahu pahū alumini- keleawe nui, nā lima lawe alakaʻi, lako lako hana.
Nā pale nui: pale uila (ʻoluʻolu/degassing), Ke kāhea nei i ka mahana (wai + 30–150 °C ma ke ano he alakai nui), i hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana gating/riser no ka paʻa ʻana o ke kuhikuhi, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pahu e pale aku i ka hoʻopaʻa kinoea.

ʻO Centricugual kāhea ('ōnū)

He aha ia: Ninini ʻia ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi pōʻai ʻōwili; puʻunaue ka ikaika centrifugal metala a hoʻoikaika i ka paʻa ʻana o ke kuhikuhi mai waho i loko. Mea maʻamau no nā ʻāpana tubular a me annular (hanakai, moe 'ana, liners).
Nā ikaika: Kūkaha nui, low poroshity, paʻa kuhikuhi maikaʻi (hānai maikaʻi), nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi loa a me ka pau ʻana o ka ʻili no nā geometries cylindrical. ʻO kahi koho maikaʻi loa no nā keleawe alumini a me nā ʻāpana lole kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.
PAHUI: Ua kaupalena ʻia ke Geometry i nā ʻāpana axisymmetric a i ʻole nā ʻāpana; ke kumukuai haahaa.
Hoʻopau ʻili maʻamau & aiko: Ra ≈ 1-6 μm; ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka radial concentric tolerances vs one cast.
Maikai no: Nā mea hoʻolele, Bussings, moe 'ana, nā lina pauma—ʻoi loa Ailunimina bronze (E.g., C95400).
Nā pale nui: ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka helu, hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua i ka wela i ʻōlelo ʻia e pale i nā pani anu, hoʻohana i nā kānana a me ka degassing e hōʻemi i nā inclusions, ka mālama pono o ka ninini ʻana i ka mahana e pale aku i ka paʻa ʻana o ka pala.

Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai (nalowale-wax)

He aha ia: Hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻano wax me ka slurry refractory; ma hope o ka pau ʻana, hoʻopiha ʻia ka lua i ke keleawe melemele.
Nā ikaika: Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa, hiki i ka paia lahilahi, nā kikoʻī maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka nui - kūpono no ka liʻiliʻi, nā'āpana paʻakikī, nā mea hana hale, nā ʻāpana valve pololei a me nā impeller liʻiliʻi.
PAHUI: ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai ʻāpana no nā puke haʻahaʻa (akā maikaʻi ma nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi no nā ʻāpana paʻakikī); wax mea paahana a me ka ceramic shell alakai manawa.
Hoʻopau ʻili maʻamau & aiko: Ra ≈ 0.4-1.6 μm hoʻokō; hoʻomanawanui maʻamau ±0.05–0.5 mm Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka nui.
Maikai no: ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke keleawe keleawe a me ka Phosphor, nā mea hoʻonani liʻiliʻi a hydraulic paha.
Nā pale nui: ʻano maʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka pūpū, hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke ahi e pale aku i ka haki ʻana o ka pūpū, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ninini ʻana i ka mahana e hoʻohālikelike i ka kemika shell, hoʻomaha koʻikoʻi post-cast.

Paʻa-poe (make ka umekaumaha) a me ka hoolei haahaa

He aha ia: Ua ninini ʻia ke keleawe keleawe (Gravity) a i ʻole i koi ʻia (haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) i loko o ka poni metala (make kila mau a graphite paha).
Nā ikaika: Hoʻopau maikaʻi i ka ʻili a me ka hana hou, nā manawa pōʻai wikiwiki no nā puke liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mīkini ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoilo a me ka microstructure hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
PAHUI: ʻO ke kumukūʻai mold a me ka paʻakikī geometry palena (pono nā kihi huki a me nā laina kaʻawale). ʻAʻole maʻalahi no ka nui, hoʻokahi'āpana.
Hoʻopau ʻili maʻamau & aiko: Ra ≈ 1.6-6.3 μM; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one, pinepine ± 0.1-0.5 mm ma muli o ka nui hiʻona.
Maikai no: ʻO nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hana hou ʻia kahi e makemake ʻia ai ka microstructure maikaʻi (kekahi mau lāʻau, urowing).
Nā pale nui: hoʻomalu mahana mold, koho ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka wela a pale i ka pili, molūʻana.

5. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela a me ka pale ʻana i ka ili o ke keleawe hoʻolei

Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i ka hana ʻana i ka wela a me nā koho hana ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hoʻokumu a me nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻopaʻa i ka microstructure., hoʻokani i ka hana mechanical, a hoʻonui i ke ola o nā mea keleawe i hoʻolei ʻia.

ʻO ka mālama wela

Nui nā māka keleawe i kūpono no ka lawelawe ʻana i ke kūlana as-cast a ʻaʻole koi i ka mālama paʻakikī.

Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana mau ʻia nā pōʻai wela hoʻomalu (a) hoʻokuʻu i nā koʻikoʻi koena i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka solidification a me ka mīkini, (na B) homogenise kemika hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻomaʻemaʻe microstructure, a (c) hoʻonui i ka ikaika a i ʻole ka paʻakikī kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ke kemika alloy.

Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā pahuhopu mālama wela a me nā hana maʻamau ma lalo nei.

Stress-relief anneal (hana maʻamau no ka hapa nui o nā hoʻolei ʻana).

Kumu: e hoemi i ka hoolei ana a me ka hana mikini, e hōʻemi i ka distortion i ka wā o ka mīkini ma hope a hōʻemi i ka pilikia o ke koʻikoʻi-corrosion/pohā i ka lawelawe..
Hana maʻamau: wela a hiki i ke ana wela (pinepine ~250–450 °C e pili ana i ka manoanoa a me ka manoanoa o ka pauku), paʻa no kekahi manawa e like me ka nui o ka ʻāpana, alaila hoolu malie.
He hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kēia i ʻōlelo ʻia no nā mea hoʻolei keleawe a pau ma mua o ka mīkini kaumaha.

ʻAnele piha / homogenization (hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility a wehe i ka segregation).

Kumu: e hooluolu i ka hoolei ana, nā ʻāpana palupalu a spheroidise, a me ka homogenise interdendritic segregation ma muli o ka paʻa lohi.
Hana maʻamau: ʻokoʻa nā mahana anneal me ka ʻohana - maʻamau i ka ~400–700 °C band no na tini/kepau a me phosphor keleawe; Pono pinepine nā keleawe alumini i nā mahana hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe (e nana malalo).
Hoʻomalu mau ʻia ka hoʻoluʻu (kapuahi a i ole ea anuanu) ma kēlā me kēia alakaʻi alloy.

ʻO ka hopena hana + Quetch (hoʻohana koho, ʻO ka mea nui no kekahi mau alumini a me nā keleawe nickel).

Kumu: hoʻoheheʻe i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā intermetallic soluble i hana ʻia i ka wā paʻa, ka hana ʻana i kahi microstructure like ʻole a hiki ke ʻelemakule a i ʻole ka huhū e hoʻomohala i ka ikaika / paʻakikī..
Hana maʻamau: no kekahi mau keleawe alumini, hana ʻia ka hoʻoponopono wela ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (maʻa mau i ka ~850–950 °C no ka nui o na huila Cu–Al), hahaiʻia e REPID ELDING (wai a i ʻole ea koi) e mālama i kahi matrix supersaturated.
ʻO nā mahana kūpono a me nā mea hoʻonanea kinai e hilinaʻi ʻia i ke kemika alloy a me ka nui o ka ʻāpana.

Ka paakiki makahiki / huhū (kahi e pili ai).

Kumu: hoʻomohala i ka ua a i ʻole ke kauoha ʻana i nā hopena e hoʻonui i ka hua a me ka ikaika tensile (ʻO kekahi mau keleawe aluminika a me nā keleawe keleawe-nickel kūikawā e pane i ka ʻelemakule).
Hana maʻamau: ma hope o ka hoʻonā ʻana a me ke kinai ʻana, he kuʻekuʻe makahiki waena / hoʻoweliweli i ~ 200-500 ° C no ka manawa i wehewehe ʻia e hoʻokokoke i ke koena ikaika/ductility i makemake ʻia.
ʻO ka puka makani kahiko a me ka pane ʻana he mea hao nui loa.

Kaona Kahua

Hoʻokumu maʻamau nā mea hao keleawe i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide pili e hāʻawi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion baseline, akā ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka media hoʻopaʻapaʻa (wai kai chloride, nā kahawai kaʻina hana ʻakika, ʻO nā slurries abrasive) koi pinepine i ka ʻenekinia ili.

Hiki ke aesthetic ka pahuhopu (mālama i ka pau ʻana), pale aku (hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻino) a i ʻole hana (hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻaʻahu, hoʻemi i ka friction).

Hoʻolauna: Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili me ka waikawa nitric a i ʻole ka waikawa citric e mānoanoa ai ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, Hoʻopiliʻia ke kū'ēʻana.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano no nā mea keleawe alumini a me nā mea keleawe nickel.
Hoʻololi: Ke noi ʻana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o ka metala hanohano (E.g., chrome, nickel) i ka ʻili e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka nani.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā ʻāpana pale-corrosion.
Pena: Ke noi ʻana i kahi epoxy a i ʻole polyurethane i uhi ʻia e pale aku i ke keleawe mai nā mea ʻino. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā mea hana waho a me nā mea hana kemika.
Wela-dip galvalizing: Ke noi ʻana i kahi papa o ka zinc i ka ʻili e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana no nā mea keleawe nui (E.g., ma haole featty) I nā wahi o Harrsh.

6. Nā Koho Koho no nā Papa keleawe maʻamau

Ke koho ʻana i kahi pae keleawe no ka hoʻolei ʻana, E hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumu ma lalo nei a laila haʻiki i nā ʻohana/nā māka e pili ana:

Kaiapuni lawelawe: Ke wai wai, wai wai, Nā'āpana, alkaline, hydrocarbonord. (Wai kai → keleawe aluminika; nā ʻakika → nā keleawe nickel kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui kūikawā.)
Koi mīkini: haawe paʻa, nā pōʻai luhi, hopena - nā keleawe alumini no ka ukana kiʻekiʻe; phosphor bronzes no ka luhi / ka hana puna.
Tribology: holo wikiwiki, lubrication, mea kūʻē i ke alo - nā keleawe alakaʻi alakaʻi no ka conformability; alumini keleawe no ka ukana kiʻekiʻe a me ka lawelawe abrasive.
Nā kaʻina hana hoʻolei: hiki ke hiki, ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano.
Markinpalibility & hana lua: nā keleawe alakaʻi no ka hana maʻalahi; nā keleawe phosphor no ka hana maʻalahi; nā keleawe alumini no ka mīkini kaumaha a me ka mālama wela.
Pilikia hooponopono/ola: ke alakaʻi ʻia nā alloys i nā manaʻo kaiapuni / olakino; pono e hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka pale o nā limahana.
Kālā & pōʻai ola: ʻaʻole wale ke kumukūʻai waiwai akā ke hoʻonui ʻia ke ola, nā koina hoʻomaha a me ka mālama.

7. ʻO nā pono a me nā pōʻino o nā papa keleawe maʻamau

Ailunimina bronze (ʻOhana C95400)

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi: ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wai kai/cavitation/erosion, ʻO ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi.
Cons: ʻOi aku ka nui, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mīkini, pono ka hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana maikaʻi e pale i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.

Phosphor Bronze (C51000 ʻohana)

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi: ʻAʻahu maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa luhi, Palapala maikai (pili pili), maikaʻi i ka corrosion kū'ē i nā wahi he nui.
Cons: ʻAʻole ikaika e like me nā keleawe-Al kiʻekiʻe no ka ʻaʻahu kaumaha; hiki ke hoʻonui i ke kumukūʻai.

keleawe silikoni

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi: ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrossion maikaʻi, ductility a pau; maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolei kālā.
Cons: ʻOi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā keleawe alumini; liʻiliʻi kūpono no ka ʻaʻahu kaumaha.

Alakaʻi / lawe keleawe (ʻOhana C93200)

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi: ʻO ka Mancinability maikaʻi, maikaʻi embedability a conformability no nā bearings.
Cons: Hoʻopuka ka ʻike alakaʻi i nā pilikia kaiapuni/ola; ikaika haʻahaʻa a me nā palena wela kiʻekiʻe.

Nā keleawe kūikawā

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi: ʻO nā haʻina hana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia no nā kemika koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka wela kiʻekiʻe.
Cons: Uku kiʻekiʻe, emi iho ke ano o ke ano; e koi i ka hōʻoia o ka mea hoʻolako.

8. Nā ʻoihana no ka hao keleawe

ʻO nā laʻana kahi e hāʻawi ai nā keleawe keleawe i ka waiwai kūʻokoʻa:

Marine / of 3Ikeha: nā mea hana pump, ʻāpana propeller, nā kiwi kai (alumini keleawe).
Mana & ikaika: sila huila turbine, Kāhele, Nā'āpana Valve (phosphor a me alumini keleawe).
Petrochemimical / Kekau: ʻāpana pulu, nā mea hoʻololi wela (silika a me nā keleawe kūikawā).
Nā mīkini mīkini: Bussings, komo i nā papa, lima lima kaumaha (e lawe ana i na keleawe a me na keleawe alumini).
Hoʻoilina / Biikona: hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā kiʻi kiʻi (keleawe a me ka phosphor).
Aitompetitive / kaʻa kaʻa: nā mea kikoʻī liʻiliʻi i ka wā kahiko a i ʻole nā noi loea (phosphor a i ʻole ke keleawe keleawe).

9. Nā hopena

Hoʻokani maʻamau bronze Nā Kaumaka, me ke keleawe keleawe, ailunimina bronze, keleawe keleawe, keleawe alakai, a me ke keleawe nikela, he mau mea waiwai me nā waiwai kū hoʻokahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā noi hoʻolei like ʻole.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia papa kemeka ʻokoʻa, nā hiʻohiʻona metallirgic, hana hoolei ana, a me ka hana ʻino, e kūpono ana iā lākou no nā kaiapuni lawelawe kūikawā—mai nā mīkini ʻenehana maʻamau a hiki i nā noi kai ʻino a me nā kemika.

ʻO ke kī i ka hoʻolei keleawe kūleʻa aia i ke koho ʻana i ka papa kūpono e pili ana i nā koi noi, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kaʻina hoʻolei e hōʻemi i nā hemahema, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka mālama wela kūpono a me nā ana palekana o ka ʻili e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe.

ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai o ke keleawe ma mua o ka hao a me ka alumini, kona ola lōʻihi, hana maikaʻi loa, a me ke kiʻekiʻe recyclability e lilo ia i kumu kūʻai kūpono a hoʻomau i ke koho i ka wā lōʻihi.

FaqS

He aha ke keleawe hoʻolei ikaika loa no ka ukana kaumaha a me ka ʻaʻahu?

ʻO nā keleawe alumini kiʻekiʻe (hōʻike ʻia e UNS C95400 ohana) hoʻohui i ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe (nā pae hoʻolei maʻamau ~400–800 MPa) a me paakiki (~120–250 HB) me ka maikaʻi o ka erosion a me ka pale cavitation,

e hoʻolilo iā lākou i koho i makemake ʻia no nā impeller pauma kaumaha a me ka lawelawe wai kai.

ʻO ka papa keleawe hea ka mea maikaʻi loa no nā bearings maʻamau?

ʻO nā keleawe alakaʻi alakaʻi (E.g., UNS C93200 ohana) a i ʻole nā phosphor bronze bearing alloys i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka embedability, conformability a me ka lubricant paʻa.

Hāʻawi lākou i ka machinability maikaʻi a me ka ikaika ʻae ʻia no nā bearings journal ma nā ʻōnaehana lubricated.

Pono nā hoʻolei keleawe i ka mālama wela?

Ua lawa ka nui o na hoohehee keleawe ma ke ano o ka hooleiia ma hope o ka hoopau pilikia.

Akā naʻe,, nā lāʻau wela i manaʻo ʻia (stress-relief anneal, homogenization, a i ʻole no ka hoʻonā alumini keleawe + ʻelemakule) Hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ductility, pono kemika homogenised a i ʻole ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.

E hahai i ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka alloy-specific.

Pehea wau e hoʻemi ai i ka porosity a me ka emi ʻana i nā hoʻolei keleawe?

E hoʻohana i ka hana hoʻoheheʻe maʻemaʻe (Kālā wailua, Keila, filtration cerramic), hoʻolālā puka a me ka piʻi ʻana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kuhikuhi, hoʻomalu i ka ninini ʻana i ka wela nui,

e noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka centrifugal no nā ʻāpana tubular, a e hoʻokomo i nā anuanu kūpono a i ʻole ka insulation e hoʻokele i nā ala paʻa.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keleawe alumini i ka wai kai ma mua o nā keleawe phosphor?

ʻAe - hoʻomohala nā keleawe alumini i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni alumina paʻa a ʻoi aku ka paʻa i ka ʻino o ke kai., cavitation a me ka erosion ma mua o ka tin/phosphor keleawe, no laila makemake ʻia lākou no nā lako kai a me nā ʻāpana pamu.

Hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia nā keleawe a hoʻoponopono ʻia?

Hiki i nā mea he nui, akā, ʻokoʻa nā hana ma ka ʻohana. Pono nā keleawe alumini i nā metala piha pono, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld no ka pale ʻana i ka haki ʻana a mālama i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wiliwili ʻana i nā keleawe keleawe a me ka phosphorus. E hoʻohana mau i nā kaʻina hana wiliwili kūpono a me ka hoʻoponopono hoʻāʻo.

Hiki ke ho'ohana hou 'ia nā hana keleawe?

ʻAe. ʻO nā huila kumu keleawe (me nā keleawe) hiki ke hana hou ia; Hoʻihoʻi ka scrap i ka waiwai hoʻohuihui nui a he mea maʻamau ka hana hou ʻana i nā kaulahao hoʻolako kumu.

E hahai i nā mea i hana hou ʻia a me nā mea tramp inā koʻikoʻi ka mana haku mele.