1. Hōʻikeʻike
Iron Roil vsa Ui heʻelua o nāʻano nui o ka hao nui loa, kēlā me kēlā me kēia hāʻawi i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa a me nā pono e hana ai i nā mea i manaʻoʻia e like me ka nui o nāʻoihana ākea.
E like me nā lālā o kaʻohana i haoʻia e kaʻohana hao-ir-carbon-carbon-caricon-criticon i hoʻokumuʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku i ka mold-ʻelua mau meaʻelua no ko lākou ikaika, markinpalibility, whola, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono.
2. He aha ka hao hao?
Hae hao he hui o ka hao hao hao-carbon a me nā mea iʻikeʻia ma mua o kaʻike ma mua 2%.
Ua hanaʻia e hoʻoheheʻeʻiaʻo Mello i nā puaʻa puaʻa-i loaʻa mai i ka hao hao i loko o ka umu.
He paʻakikī ka hopena, henia, a me nā mea ikaika e hāʻawi ai i nā mea maikaʻi loa a me kahi ākea ākea o nā meaʻike like a me ka mālamaʻana.
ʻOihana kikowaena
Loaʻa ka hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o ka hao hao:
- 'Eron (Lia) - ka mea nui
- KālekaʻAʻI (C) - 2.0-4.0%, ke hāpaiʻana i ka pā hale a me ka hoʻouluʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ka brittleness
- Silikino (A) - 1.0-3.0%, ka mea nāna e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokumu kiʻi kiʻi i ka wā hoʻoponopono
- Ka nui o nā mang kāne (Mn), Sulfur (S), a phoshorus (P) e hele pū paha
Nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka hao hao:
- ʻO ka Castability maikaʻi loa: Holo maikaʻi nā kahe i loko, Ke kūpono nei i nāʻano kūlike
- Palapala maikai: Nui loa ma kekahi mau helu e like me ka hao hina
- Ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: E kūpono ai no ka laweʻana i nā ukana i nā noi i hoʻonohonohoʻia
- ʻO ka nui o kaʻili nui: Hoʻemi i ka walaʻau a me ka neʻeʻana i nā mīkini a me nā lako hana
- Kumukūʻai-maikaʻi: Intexpents e hana i nā nui nui
Nāʻano maʻamau o ka hao hao:
| ʻAno o ka hao hao | Palapala kiʻi | Nā mea nui | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Iron Roil | Kākau Pūnaewele | ʻO ka maikaʻi loa, Palapala maikai, ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, henia | Nā poloka mīkini, Mea Rook, Nā waihona mīkini, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike |
| Ui | Froanceral (Noodular) mooki | Ikaika kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi maikaʻi, ʻO ka paleʻana o ka momona | Pipes, lihao, Nā lima hoʻopiʻi, ʻO ka makaniʻo Turbine Hubs |
| Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo | Cementite (ʻaʻohe kiʻi manuahi) | Paʻakikī loa a me ke komoʻana, He Pelekane loa | Nā'āpana Mile, komo i nā papa, Nā'āpana Slurry |
| Malleble hao | Nighr Cational Black Nodules | ʻO ka ikaika kūpono a me ka lōʻihi, hopena-resistant, Makinohu | Pipet complees, nā brackets, nā hale liʻiliʻi me nā geometry paʻakikī |
3. He aha ka hao hina?
Iron Roil, Uaʻikeʻia e like me 'Āpana hina, ʻo keʻano maʻamau maʻamau o ka hao hao. Ua kapaʻiaʻo ia no ke kala hina o kona wahi, ʻo ia ka mea ma mua o ke alo o Kākau Pūnaewele I loko o kāna microsstructure.
ʻO kēia mau flake kiʻi kiʻi e hana i kahi discottinity i loko o ka hao hao, Hāʻawi i ka hao hina hina i konaʻano hiʻohiʻona a me nā mea iʻikeʻia.
Moloka
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona wehewehe o ka hao hina hina Hoʻolālā Pale Waihona Huaola hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kahi matrix o ferrite, Puʻuʻupuʻu, a iʻole ka hui pūʻana oʻelua.
Kēia mau flakes i ka wā e hoʻoponopono ai a kuleana no ka pono o nā mea:
- Kūpono ʻO ka papaʻaina
- Maikaʻi loa Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua
- High ikaika ikaika
Akā naʻe,, nā kihi koi o nā papa hana e hana ai Nā mea hana hewa, ka mea e hōʻemi nui ai i ka ikaika a me ka e hana i nā mea brittle ma lalo o ka'ā'ī a iʻole hopena.
Nā helu a me nā kūlana
Ua heluʻiaʻo Grey i ka hao ikaika ikaika, pinepine pinepineʻia e hoʻohana i nā kūlana e like me Astm A48. Hoʻokomoʻia nā hiʻohiʻona:
- Papa hana 20 (Cl20): Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻO ka Mancinability maikaʻi
- Papa hana 30 (Cl30): Hoʻohana nui-kumu
- Papa hana 40 (Cl40): ʻOi nui ka ikaika, He kūpono no nā'āpana ukana
Hōʻike nā helu helu helu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, Loaʻa pinepineʻia ma o ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻoliʻiliʻi a iʻole nāʻike.
Nā mea nui:
- Ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
- ʻO ka hiki i ka mana o ka nui
- ʻO ka hewa maikaʻi a me ka hopena hopena
ʻO nā noi maʻamau o ka hina hina
ʻO ke kumukūʻaiʻo Grey i ka hoʻohanaʻana a me ka hana a me ka hana i nā noi e pili ana i nā noi:
- Nā papa mīkini a me nā poʻo cylinder
- Nā discs brake a me nā pahu
- Nā wahi mīkini hana a me nā waihona
- Nā mea hana a me nā housghs
- Pumps a me nā valves
4. He aha ka hao ductile?
Ui, Uaʻikeʻia e like me ʻO nā mea hao nodular Oole ʻO ka hao kiʻi kiʻi sptherrol (SGI), heʻano o ka hao hao e hāʻawi ai i nā waiwai mechanical i hoʻomaikaʻiʻia ma luna o ka hina hina-nui ma nā'ōlelo o kumaikalua, ikaika ikaika, a hopena kū'ē.
ʻO ke kī nui e waiho ai i ka ʻano o ka kiʻi I loko o ka micsstructure o ka memo. Ma ka hao ductile, Nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi e like me spherical nodules, ʻaʻole ma mua o nā flakes e like me ka hao hina.
ʻO kēia morphology sherphology liʻiliʻi i hōʻemi i ka noʻonoʻoʻana, aeʻae ana i ka hao ductile i keʻano a iʻole ka hopena me kaʻole o ka hanaʻoleʻana i ka inoa o ka inoa "duple."
Moloka
- Kiʻi kiʻi: Nā mea spherical (5-20 μm diameter) e ho'ēmi i ka noʻonoʻoʻana i ke kaumaha, aeʻae i ka deformation plastic.
- Manoi: Tailored ma o ka wela wela-ferritic (dricle), Kahi Kīwī (ikaika), a iʻole banititic (ikaika ikaika a me ka paʻakikī).
Nā helu a me nā kūlana
Astm A536 - nā kiko'ī maʻamau no nā mea hao hao ductic
- 60-40-18 → 60 ksi thihihihile, 40 Kōkua KSI HER, 18% ewangantion
- 80-55-06 → ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa
- 100-70-03 → ikaika kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa
Iso 1083 - ka hoʻolālā pūnaewele no ka irrromal
- En-gjs-400-15 (e like me ka astm 60-40-18)
- En-gjs-700-2 (e like me ka astm 100-70-03)
Nā mea nui:
- ʻOi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka neʻe
- ʻO ka paleʻana i ka hopena
- ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kū'ēʻana, Kūpono no ka loaʻaʻana o ka cyclic
- Mālama i kekahi o ka hiki, ʻoiai ma mua o ka hina hina
Nā noi maʻamau o ka hao ductile
Mahalo i kāna mau hiʻohiʻona hana, Hoʻohana nuiʻia ka hao duticle i loko:
- Nā'āpana automotive: lihao, ʻO nā lima lima, Nā Mālama Acen
- Nā wai māmā a me nā'ōnaehana hoʻopau: ʻO nā pipes hao hao a me nā kūpono
- Nā mea kino kaumaha: Kauluhi, Nā Koho Pūnaewele, nā brackets, Nā'āpana hoʻonohonoho
- Ka ikehu ikehu: ʻO ka makaniʻo Turbine Hubs, Nā'ōnaehana Hydraulic
- Kaʻaila a me nā mea hana liʻiliʻi: kāheaʻaoʻao, Kāhele
5. ʻO ke hoʻohālikelike o keʻano hoʻohālikelike
ʻO nā alloysʻelua i hoʻohuiʻia i ka hao (Lia), me he carbon (C) a laiina (A), akā,ʻo nāʻokoʻa āpau a me nā hoʻohui hoʻohuiʻana iā lākou:
| Mua | Iron Roil (%) | Ui (%) | Nā moʻolelo |
| KālekaʻAʻI (C) | 2.5 - 4.0 | 3.0 - 4.0 | ʻO ka heluʻana o ka carbon e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokumu kiʻi kiʻi |
| Silikino (A) | 1.8 - 3.5 | 1.8 - 3.0 | Ua hoʻomaikaʻiʻo Silicon i ka ulu a me ke kiʻi |
| Mang kāne (Mn) | 0.2 - 1.0 | 0.1 - 0.5 | E kāohi i ka ikaika a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka sulfur |
| Sulfur (S) | 0.02 - 0.12 | 0.005 - 0.03 | Ponoʻo Sulfur i ka hao ductile i ka hao no ka forconle form form |
| Phoshorus (P) | 0.1 - 0.2 | 0.02 - 0.05 | Mālama pinepineʻia ka haʻahaʻa no ka lōʻihi |
| Magnesum (Mg) | - | 0.03 - 0.06 | Hoʻohuiʻia i loko o ka hao ductile e hana i ke kiʻi nodular |
| Nickel (I), Liulaala (Cu), Chromium (Cr) | Nā helu kālā, he mauʻano paha | E hoʻohuiʻia no ka paleʻana o ka corrosion a iʻole ka ikaika |
6. Hoʻohālikelike ka waiwai pilikino o ka hina hina o ka hina hina
| Waiwai | Iron Roil | Ui | Nā moʻolelo |
| Huakai | ~ 6.9 - 7.3 g / cm³ | ~ 7.0 - 7.3 g / cm³ | Nāʻano likeʻole, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe no ka hao ductile ma muli o ka alloying |
| Malting Point | 1140 - 1300 ° C | 1140 - 1300 ° C | Ua hoʻohālikelike nā meaʻelua |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | 35 - 55 W / m · c · k | 30 - 45 W / m · c · k | Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ka hao hina |
| Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka | 10 - 12 x10⁻⁶ / ° C | 11 - 13 x10⁻⁶ / ° C | Uaʻoi aku ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka hao duticle |
| Modulus olasticity (Modulus'ōpiopio) | 100 - 170 GPA | 160 - 210 GPA | ʻO ka hao duticle he stiffer nui loa |
| ʻO ka laulā o Poisson | 0.25 - 0.28 | 0.27 - 0.30 | Hoʻopili i nā waiwai, me ka urcle hao iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe |
| ʻO ka mana wela | ~ 460 j / kg · K | ~ 460 j / kg · K | Aneane like |
| Hālulu (Mau Kanaka Waiwai) | 140 - 300 HB | 170 - 340 HB | ʻO nā mea haoʻo Duclet e nānā ikaika |
| ʻO Magnetic Permeibility | Ferphanevic | Ferphanevic | ʻO nā meaʻelua Ferromagnetic |
7. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o ka waiwai o ka mīkini o ka hina hina o ka hina hina
| Waiwai waiwai | Iron Roil | Ui | Nā moʻolelo |
| Ikaika ikaika | 170 - 370 Mpa | 350 - 700 Mpa | ʻO ka haoʻo Duclet he ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa |
| Ka ikaika | 90 - 250 Mpa | 250 - 450 Mpa | Hōʻikeʻo Ductile Head Head i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe |
| Ewangantion (Kumaikalua) | 0.5 - 3% | 10 - 18% | ʻO ka haoʻo Ducled heʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, aeʻae i ka hana maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻopiliʻana |
| Hopena ikaika | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa (ʻO ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana) | High (maikaʻi maikaʻi i ka paʻakikī) | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hao hao duticle |
| Modulus olasticity | 100 - 170 GPA | 160 - 210 GPA | ʻO ka haoʻo Duclet he siffer a ikaika i lalo o ka elastic deformation |
| Hālulu (Mau Kanaka Waiwai) | 140 - 300 HB | 170 - 340 HB | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe i ka hao ductile |
| Ka ikaika momona | ʻO ka paleʻana o kaʻehaʻeha haʻahaʻa | ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pale kiʻekiʻe | Hoʻolahaʻo Ductive Head Mobile kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi i ke ola hōʻeha |
| Ikaika ikaika | High (~ 700 mPA) | High (~ 600 - 900 Mpa) | Loaʻa i nā ikaika maikaʻi maikaʻi; ʻO ka hao hina hina |
8. Hana a me ka laweʻana
Ua hanaʻia ka hao hina hina a me ka hao ductile i hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻohanaʻia ana, Akāʻo kā lākou hoʻoponoponoʻana e like me kā lākou mau microstructures likeʻole a me nā pono hana.
ʻO ka hanaʻo HER GREY:
- Menging and Alloying: ʻO ka hao hina hina ka mea i hoʻoheheʻeʻia ma nā kamu cucola i nā kamu cupola a iʻole nā ground. ʻO ke kumu kumu waena e like me ka hao, KālekaʻAʻI (ka hapanui e like me ke kiʻi), a laiina.
Nā mea'ē aʻe e like me ka manganese, Sulfur, aʻo ka photsphorus e kāohiʻia e nānā i ka hoʻokeleʻana a me ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi. - Nā hana kīwī: ʻO ke kaʻina maʻamau Sand cread, alohaʻia no kona hoʻololi a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono, no nā mea paʻakikī a iʻole nā'āpana nui e like me nā poloka mīkini, Nā waihona mīkini, a me nā pahu pahu.
- Kūpuia: Nāʻano kiʻi kiʻi e like me nā flakes i loko o ka hao hao i ka wā hoʻomaha, e hāʻawi ana i nā meaʻala maikaʻi loa akā e alakaʻi ana i Brittleness.
- Markinpalibility: ʻO nā mea hoʻokani Greil o ka inikiniʻo Flook ma keʻano he mea hana e like me ka lubricant i ka wā o ka machining, e maʻalahi ai i ka mīkini ma mua o ka hao ductile.
Ducile mea hana hao:
- Melting a me ka mālamaʻana: ʻO ka hao haoʻo Duclet ma nā mea likeʻole, hoʻoheheʻeʻia i loko o nā inductional a iʻole nā mea hana uila.
ʻO kaʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i loko nodulizing lapaʻau-ʻO ka magnerium a iʻole ka cerium i ka hao molten e hoʻololi i nā flake kiʻi i loko o nā nodules spherical. - Nā hana kīwī: Ua hoʻouna pinepineʻia ka hao duticle me ka hoʻohanaʻana Sand cread Oole Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai No nā'āpanaʻelua.
Hoʻopaʻa i nā kumukūʻai hōʻoluʻolu a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i nā mea e hōʻoia ai i nāʻano hana nondular. - ʻO ka mana o ka Microstructure: Hoʻemiʻia ka kiʻi spherical i ka neʻeʻana i nā mea hoʻoweliweli a hoʻonui i ka ductility a paʻakikī.
- ʻO ka mālama wela: Hiki i ka hao derticle ke wela i ka wela (Anned, kūlohelohe, a iʻole austempered) No ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā waiwai o ka mīkini, e komo pū me ka ikaika ikaika a me kaʻehaʻeha.
- Markinpalibility: ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mīkini ma muli o kona ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka hao hina akā ke hoʻohana ponoʻana i keʻano kūpono.
9. ʻO ka paleʻana o ka corrosion a me ka nui
ʻO ka paleʻana o ka corrosion a me ka lōʻihi lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o nā mea nui i ke kohoʻana ma waena o ka hao hina a me ka hao hao, no nā noi noi i hōʻikeʻia i nā wahi harsh.
Iron Roil:
- Pūnaewele kūleʻa: ʻO ka hao hina hina ka mea e kū pono ai i ka corrosione ma nā wahi maloʻo akā ua hiki ke maʻalahi i ka neʻeʻana i ka wā eʻikeʻia ai, ka nui loa i ke alo o nā salts a iʻole nā kūlana acidic.
Hiki i nā flack flaket ke hoʻokumu i nā cell camvanic miniva, ka hoʻopiliʻana i keʻano kūloko. - Kaona Kahua: E hoʻonui i ka Durability, Loaʻa pinepine nā mea i haoʻiaʻo Greyian i nā lole pale e like me ka penaʻana, ʻO ka paleʻana, a iʻole galvalizing.
I kekahi mau hihia, Ua noiʻiaʻo Corrosion-resistant alloys a iʻole nā Linlings e noi no nā wahi hana. - Durability: ʻOiaiʻo ka hao hina hina he mea maikaʻi loa, Hiki i ka corrosion ke hōʻemi i ke ola o nā'āpana i loko o waho a iʻole nā noi i ka palekana.
Ui:
- Hoʻomaikaʻiʻia i ke kū'ē: ʻO ka hoʻolālā kiʻi sptherral, nā mea e nānā ai i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i ka corostion i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka hao hina.
- Hoʻopilikia nā mea lapaʻau: ʻO nā mea hao hao hao maʻamau e hoʻohana i nā pale pale pale e like me ka epoxy lining, ʻO nā lole zinc, a iʻole plyurethane style, no ka hoʻohanaʻana i loko o ka wai a me nā'ōnaehana kīwaha.
- Mālamaʻo Cashodic: Ma lalo o lalo a iʻole nā noi noi, Hoʻopili pinepine nā Piple hao i nā'āpana hao i nā'ōnaehana palekana cardic.
- ʻO nā kūlana i nā kūlana Harsh: Mahalo i kona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nāʻano kiʻekiʻe, ʻO nā mea haoʻo Ducled mechanical mechanical subses i ka wā o nā kaʻina hana ma mua o ka hao hina, ʻO ka hāʻawiʻana i ke ola o ka lawelawe i lalo o ke ola ma lalo o ka cyclic e lawe ana a me nā wahi hoʻoponopono.
10. Nā hoʻohālikelike kumukūʻai
- Nā mea waiwai: ʻO nā kumukūʻai hina hina $ 1- $ 3 / kg; Uku kālāʻo Duticle i $ 1.5- $ 4.5 / kg (30-50% kiʻekiʻe) Ma muli o MG / ce Nodulizers.
- Ka hoʻoiliʻana: ʻAʻole koiʻo Grey i kahi post-lapaʻau; Pono paha ka hao duvile ($0.2- $ 0.5 / Kg extra).
- Ke kūʻaiʻana i ke ola: Hāʻawi pinepine nā mea hao duticle i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā noi kiʻekiʻe (E.g., pipes: 50-Makahiki Lifespan vs. 30 mau makahiki no ka hao hina).
11. Nāʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hina hina hina
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā mea kūponoʻole ma waena o ka hao hina a me ka hao haoʻo ka mea nui no ke kohoʻana i nā mea kūpono e pili ana i nā koi noi.
| Pili | Iron Roil | Ui |
| Kiʻi mīpī | Flaky kaomi flakes | Froanceral (Noodular) mooki |
| Ikaika ikaika | ~ 150-400 mPA | ~ 400-700 mPA |
| Ewangantion | 1-3% | A i 18% |
| Ikaika ikaika | High | ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe |
| Hopena kū'ē | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa (henia) | High (dricle) |
| ʻO ka papaʻaina | Kūpono | Maikaʻi akā liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hao hina |
| Markinpalibility | ʻAʻaka (Nā hana kiʻi kiʻi like me ka lubricant) | ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī (paʻakikī matrix) |
| Whola | Kūpono, ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hemahema | Maikaʻi loa, koi i ka mana nodulizer |
| ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe |
| Kālā | Haʻahaʻa | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma muli o ka alloying a me ka kāohi |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā poloka mīkini, Nā waihona mīkini | Pipes, nā'āpana automothetive, Nā Kūlana Kūlana |
12. Ke kohoʻana ma waena o ka hina hina a me ka hao hao
- Ma mua o ka hoʻokele waiwai / vibration: Iron Roil (E.g., Nā poloka mīkini, He wahi moe).
- Pono ikaika / ductility: Ui (E.g., lihao, pipes).
- Kumukūʻai-nānā, Nā hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa: Iron Roil (E.g., uhi kuikahi).
- ʻO nā mea waiwai waiwai / hopena hopena: Ui (E.g., nā mea hoʻopiʻi suspension).
13. Hopena
Hina hina hina, nāʻano likeʻole o ka hao, lawelawe i nā kuleana: ʻO ka hina hina i loko o ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, Nā Kūlana-DIBRAL, a me nā noi noi, ʻOiaiʻo Ductilel Burn e noho nui ana, dynamics, a me nā hanana hanana-prone.
Ko lākou mauʻokoʻa, i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma keʻano o ka morphology kiʻi, e hana iā lākou i meaʻole i loko o kaʻenehana hou, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ko lākou hoʻomauʻana i ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i ka automotive, hewakai, a me nā mīkini.
FaqS
ʻO ia ka ikaika o ka ulia ma mua o ke kila?
ʻAe-Duclet hao hiki iā ia ke hoʻokūkū haʻahaʻa i nā mea kilokilo ma waena (~ 400-600 mPA), ʻOiai he mea liʻiliʻi ia.
Hiki i ka hina hina ke wela i ka wela?
No-no ka mea, ua paʻaʻo ia ma muli o nā flake kiʻi aʻaʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi ma o ka mālama wela.
No ke aha e hoʻohana ai i ka hao hina hina no nā poloka mīkini?
ʻO kāna pākeke maikaʻi loa, kūlohelohe, a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa e hana ai no nā meaʻenehana mīkini.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi o nā pipes hao?
Me ka hoʻonohonoho ponoʻana a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana, Loaʻa pinepine lākou i 50-100 + mau makahiki o ka lawelawe.
Nāʻano likeʻole?
ʻAe, he mau 95% recyclable, me ka recycled hina / ductile hao 90% o nā waiwai mua.
