ʻO ka hao maʻemaʻe vs ka hao hoʻolei: ʻO ka mea e noho aliʻi ana?

1. Hōʻikeʻike

He koʻikoʻi ko nā hoʻolei hao i ka ʻenehana hou, e kākoʻo ana i nā noi mai nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa a hiki i ka ʻoihana kaona.

Ma waena o nā papa like ʻole i loaʻa, ductile Iron vs cast Iron hui pū ʻia no ka hapa nui o nā castings ferrous a puni ka honua.

Iron Roil, me kona ano ano flaky graphite microstructure, ua hoʻohana ʻia no nā kenekulia, waiwai ʻia no ka maikaʻi o ka vibration-damping a me ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolei ʻana.

Ui, kūkulu ʻia i ka waena waena o ke kenekulia 20 ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka magnesium, hoʻololi i ka graphite i nā nodule spheroidal, ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe loa, kumaikalua, a me ka hopena hopena.

2. He aha ka hao ductile?

Ui, Ua kāheaʻia ʻO nā mea hao nodular Oole ʻO ka hao kiʻi kiʻi sptherrol, he ʻano hao i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ka graphite particles form spherical nodules ma mua o nā ʻōpala (e like me ka hao hina hina).

Hāʻawi kēia ʻokoʻa microstructural i ka hao hao ductile nui hoʻonui i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia—ʻo ia hoʻi ikaika ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka hopena hopena.

Ua hana ʻia ka mea hao ductile ma 1943 Ma Keith Millis ma ka Hui Nickel International (INCO), ka mea i ʻike i kēlā hoʻohui Magnesum e hoʻoheheʻe i ka hao e hoʻololi i nā graphite flakes i mau ʻano pōʻai i ka wā paʻa.

Ua hōʻailona kēia hana hou i kahi holomua kipi i ka metallurgy, hāʻawi i kahi mea me ʻoʻoleʻa e like me ke kila hui pu me ka ka hoolei ana i ka hao.

Kinohi (Maʻamau no nā papa helu ASTM A536)

ʻO ka mea nui Magnesum, ʻO ia ka mea nodulizer e hoʻoulu i ke ʻano pōʻai o ka graphite.

Kipuka a nā metala lepo ʻole hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau māka e hoʻomalu i ka nodularization a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kūlike.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hao hao

• Ikaika kiʻekiʻe: ʻO ka maʻamau ma waena 60,000 a 100,000 Psi (414-690 mPA)
• Ka ikaika hua maikai: Ma kahi o 40,000-70,000 psi (275–483 MPa)
• Kiekie Elongation: A i 18% ma muli o ka papa a me ka mālama wela
• Hopena paʻakikī: ʻOi aku ma mua o nā hao hao ʻē aʻe, ʻOiai ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa
• Whola: Maikaʻi loa, kūpono no nā geometries paʻakikī
• E kāʻei i ke kū'ē: Hoʻonui ʻia ma o ka alloying a i ʻole austempering
• Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku me nā matrices waiwai nui o ke silika
• Ka ikaika momona: Ka palena hoʻomanawanui kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ka hoʻouka ʻana

ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka hao hao

• ʻOi aku ka ikaika a me ka ductility hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hao hao ʻē aʻe
• Kūleʻa hopena maikaʻi loa, ʻoiai ma nā wahi anu
• Palapala maikai ma nā papa pearlitic
• Hiki ke hana like no ka ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion
• ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kūpono i ke kila, ʻoi aku ka nui, nā hoʻolei paʻakikī
• hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā mea i helu ʻia ke kaomi
• Hana luhi maikaʻi no nā noi hoʻouka ʻana

Cons o ka hao hao

• ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai ma mua o ka hao hina hina ma muli o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana a me ke kaʻina hana
• ʻO ka haʻalulu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka hao hina hina
• Pono ka mana pololei o ka mea hao hao (paulele ka magnesium, mana nodularity)
• Ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana me ka ʻole o ka uhi ʻana i nā wahi ʻino
• Haʻahaʻa iki ka machinability ma mua o ka hao hina ma muli o ka graphite nodular a me nā pae matrix paʻakikī

3. He aha ka hao hao?

ʻO ka hao hoʻoheheʻe he pūʻulu o nā huila hao-kāpona me ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 2%, ma waena 2.5-4.0%, me na huina like ole o Silikino, mang kāne, a me nā mea kālepa.

ʻAʻole like me ka hao ductile, i loko o ka hao hao he graphite i loko flake a ʻano ʻano ʻole, hāʻawi iā ia i nā waiwai like ʻole Pelekane, ʻO ka Castability maikaʻi loa, a hiki ke damping kiʻekiʻe.

Kahiki, hoʻolei ʻia nā lā i hala Kina i ke kenekulia 5 BC, aka, ua laha nui ia ma Europa i ka wa 14th–18 mau kenekulia me ka ulu ana o na kapuahi.

Ua pahū kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā o ka HE MOOLELO HOOLAHA, lilo i mea kumu no Nā alahaka, Nā Max, nā alahao, a ʻoihana wai no ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.

Kinohi (Nā pae maʻamau)

ʻAno o ka hao hao & Nā kumu

ʻAʻole ʻo ka hao hoʻokahi wale nō mea akā he ʻohana o nā alloys me nā microstructure ʻokoʻa, hāʻawi kēlā me kēia i nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa:

1. 'Āpana hina

• • Hōʻike ʻia ka graphite e like me nā ʻōpala
  • ʻAno maʻamau; hoʻohana ʻia no nā poloka ʻenekini, urowing, a me kāki
  • Kūpono hoʻopuʻu a markinpalibility, akā palupalu

2. Keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo

• • ʻAʻohe graphite; carbon is present as simentite (Likahi)
  • Loa paakiki a palupalu
  • Ma mua abrasion-resistant nā mea hoʻohana e like me nā laina wili a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pana

3. Malleble Candy hao

• • He hao keʻokeʻo i mālama ʻia me ka wela nā nodule kalapona wela
  • Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kumaikalua a paʻakikī ma luna o ka hao hina
  • Mea maʻamau i loko o nā paipu paipu a me nā mea hoʻolei liʻiliʻi

4. Compated silctite hao (Cgi)

• • Aia ka graphite i kahi vermicular (ilo-like) ʻano
  • Hoʻohui i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hao hina me ka hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ma mua o ka hao ductile
  • Hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa poloka engine diesel

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hao

• Kiekie Castability: Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Koho Koho. 1,200–1,300°C) a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai
• ʻO ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi: ʻOi loa i ka hao keʻokeʻo paʻakikī
• ʻO ka hiki i ka mana o ka nui: Kūpono no ka hoʻomalu haʻalulu i nā mīkini
• ʻAno ʻāpala: ʻO ka ikaika haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka paʻakikī haki i ka nui o nā ʻano
• Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Loli; hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia me ka uhi ʻana a i ʻole ka alloying
• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua: Kiʻekiʻe i ka hao hina (a i 55 W / m · c · k), kūpono ia no nā mea kuke a me nā poloka ʻenekini

Pono o ka hao hao

• Ka waiwai a loaʻa ākea
• Ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
• ʻO ka Castability maikaʻi loa no nā ʻano paʻakikī
• ʻOi aku ka haʻalulu haʻalulu (ʻoi aku ka hao hina)
• ʻO nā waiwai wela maikaʻi no nā noi hoʻoili wela
• Markinpalibility maikaʻi loa i ka hao hina ma muli o ka graphite flakes

Nā pōʻino o ka hao

• Haʻahaʻa ductility a Pelekane i ka nui o na ano (ʻoi aku ka hao hina a keʻokeʻo)
• Ke kū'ē i ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole
• He palena ka weldability, e koi pinepine i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma mua o ka weld
• ʻO ka ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila a i ʻole ka hao ductile
• Hiki i ka pohā ma lalo o nā haʻawe hoʻoikaika a haʻalulu paha

4. Nā Pono Mechanical o Ductile Iron vs. Hae hao

5. Thermal & Nā Pono Kino o Ductile Iron vs. Hae hao

6. ʻO ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o ka hao ductile vs. Hae hao

ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana ke ʻano hana maʻamau no ka hao ductile a me nā hao kuʻuna.

Akā naʻe,, ʻO kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona metallurgical e kuhikuhi i nā ala hana like ʻole, degere o ka paʻakikī, a kūpono no nā ʻenehana hoʻolei kikoʻī.

Nā ʻano hoʻolei maʻamau no nā hui hao

Nā Hana Hoʻoheheʻe a me ke kapuahi

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hao ductile a me ka hao hina hina:

• Na kapuahi Cupola: Kuʻuna a me ka uku-pono no nā puke nui, akā hāʻawi ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana ma luna o ke kemika.
• Na kapuahi hookomo: I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka ductile cast iron; hāʻawi i ka maikaʻi wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka wela/composition - koʻikoʻi no ka mālama magnesium.

Ka Hoʻomalu ʻana i ka Morphology Graphite

• Ui:

• • Pono nodulization, hoʻohana maʻamau Magnesum, Kipuka, Oole nā mea hoʻohui honua rare, e hoʻololi i ka graphite flake i nā nodule spheroidal.
  • Inoculation me ka ferrosilicon he mea pono ka post-nodulizing e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka graphite like ʻole a hoʻopau i nā carbide.

• 'Āpana hina:

• • Wale inoculation pono ia e hōʻoia i ka graphite flake like ʻole.
  • ʻO ka manaʻo maoli e hana i nā graphite flakes e maʻalahi i ka hana.

Nā koho kōkua wela

7. Kuupuiawi & Kū'ē Kūlohelohe

ʻO ke ʻano oxidation a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion

Ui:

Ma muli o kāna mau nodules graphite i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi matrix ferritic a pearlitic, ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpale ʻana o ka hao ductile ma mua o ka hao hina hina.

ʻO ka hana graphite nodular e hoʻemi i ka helu o nā helu hoʻomaka no ka corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka flake graphite i ka hao hao..

KAHUIA, Loaʻa pinepine ka hao ductile i nā mea hoʻohui like me ka nickel, liulaala, a i ʻole chromium e hoʻonui ai i ke kū'ē i ka oxidation a me ka corrosion maʻamau.

Hae hao (Iron Roil):

'Āpana hina, me kona ʻano ʻano graphite flake, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ka ʻinoʻino no ka mea e hana nā flakes graphite i nā cell micro-galvanic, ka hoʻopiliʻana i keʻano kūloko, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ma nā wahi mākū a ʻakika paha.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka flake graphite i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻino i loko o ka mea, ke kumu o ka lua a me ka pohō o ka ʻili.

Kūleʻa Kūlohelohe a me nā uhi

ʻO ka hao ductile a me ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e maʻalahi i ka corrosion ke hōʻike ʻia i nā wahi ʻino e like me ka wai paʻakai., nā kūloheloheʻenehana, a i ʻole nā ​​lepo ʻakika. E hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou lōʻihi:

• Pio ke pale:
  Kālai Epyore, Galvaniration, a hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻōnaehana pena i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hao e pale ai i ka pala.
  Loaʻa pinepine nā mea hao Ductile i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma muli o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi e like me ka wai a me nā paipu wai.
• Nā Lining a me ka Pale Cathodic:
  No nā paipu a me nā kiwi, Pūnaewele Pookime (E.g., epoxy, polyethylene) a ʻo nā ʻōnaehana pale cathodic nā hana maʻamau e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā media corrosive.

8. Markinpalibility & Ka hana ʻana o ka hao ductile vs. Hae hao

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hana a me ka machinability nā mea koʻikoʻi i ke koho ʻana ma waena o ka hao hao a me ka hao ductile, pili ana i ka pono hana, hāmeʻa lole, Kahiki Pāʻani Waiwai, a me ke kumukūʻai hana holoʻokoʻa.

Markinpalibility

Ui:

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka machinability i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hao hina hina.

ʻO ka hana graphite nodular e hōʻemi ana i ka brittleness, ʻo ka hopena i ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i nā mea hana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka chip i ka wā o ka ʻoki ʻana.

ʻO ka matrix hao ductile (maʻamau ferritic a pearlitic paha) hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, e ʻae ana i ke kaulike ma waena o ka paʻakikī a me ka machinability.

Akā naʻe,, ʻO kona ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hao hina, ʻo ia ka mea e koi pinepine ai nā ʻāpana mīkini i nā hoʻololi, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ikaika ʻoki a me nā mea paahana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.

'Āpana hina:

Manaʻo ʻia ka hao hina hina kekahi o nā mea hao maʻalahi loa i ka mīkini ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka flake graphite., e hana ana ma ke ano he lubricant maoli i ka oki ana.

Hoʻemi nui kēia i ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o ka mea hana.

Akā naʻe,, ʻO ke ʻano palupalu o ka hao hina, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā ia ke hana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa a hiki ke kumu i nā pōʻino o ka ʻili e like me ka microcracks a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao inā ʻaʻole mālama pono ʻia..

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili me ka hao ductile.

ʻO ka lole a me ka hana ʻana i ka chip

• I Ui, hana lōʻihi ka mīkini, nā ʻōpala mau no ka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka matrix a me ka graphite nodular, e koi ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā puʻupuʻu pono e pale i ka paʻa ʻana o ka mea hana a me ka wela.
  Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka Carbide a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana i uhi ʻia e hoʻonui i ke ola o ka mea hana.
• I 'Āpana hina, ʻO ka graphite flakes e maʻalahi i ka haki ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, e hoemi ana i ka wela a me ka hooloihi ana i ke ola o na mea hana.
  ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka liʻiliʻi pinepine o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka huahana ma kekahi mau hana.

Hoʻopau i ka ʻili a me ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka mīkini

• Ui:
  Ma muli o kona microstructure maikaʻi a me ka matrix paʻakikī, hiki pinepine ka hao ductile i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka pololei o ke ana.
  ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma hope o ka mīkini e like me ka wili ʻana, Kāleka, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka uhi no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai.
• 'Āpana hina:
  ʻOiai maʻalahi nā mīkini hao hao hina, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o kona hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili, e koi ana i nā kaʻina hana hoʻopau hou no nā noi e koi ana i ka ʻae ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​ʻili laulima.
  Hiki i ka porous graphite ke alakaʻi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻili a me nā pilikia porosity.

Hoʻohui ʻia a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana

• Ui:
  Hiki ke wili ʻia ka hao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me MIG, Tig, a i ʻole ka wiliwili oxy-acetylene.
  ʻO kona ʻano graphite nodular e hōʻemi ana i ka hikiwawe o ka pohā, akā, ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa preheating a me ka post-weld e hōʻemi i ke koena o ke koʻikoʻi a mālama i nā waiwai mechanical.
• 'Āpana hina:
  He mea paʻakikī ke kuʻi ʻana i ka hao hina hina ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona a me ka flake graphite, ʻo ia ka mea e maʻalahi ai i ka pohā a me ka ʻino.
  Nā kaʻina hana wiliwili kūikawā, me ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana, pono.
  Pinepine, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻohui no nā mea hao hina hina.

9. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Ductile Iron vs Cast Iron

ʻO ke koho ma waena o ka hao hao a me ka hao ductile e hoʻoikaika nui i ka hana, durability, a me ke kumu kūʻai o nā ʻāpana ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole.

Noi o ka hao hao (a me Austempering Ductile Iron)

• Ka Hoʻolālā Wīwī: Nā'āpana i hoʻokuʻuʻia, lihao, Kauluhi, Nā poloka mīkini, ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā rods
• ʻO ka wai a me ka wai ʻino: Pipes, KahawaiOli, Nā Vilves, uhi kuikahi
• NA KAHIKI: Kauluhi, nā huila lele, pump urowing, nā mea hoʻopili
• Nā lako hana: Nā ʻāpana tractor, oopalau, nā mea hana kaumaha

Noi no ka hao (Hinahina, Keʻokeʻo, Malleble)

• Ka Hoʻolālā Wīwī: Nā poloka mīkini, Nā poʻo cylinder, nā pahu kaʻa a me nā diski
• Kūkulu a me nā ʻoihana kūlanakauhale: Uhi kuikahi, nā mea hoʻokahe wai, Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
• Nā mīkini mīkini: Nā waihona mīkini, Nā Frame, urowing
• Hale hana hale: Kuʻina, ʻāpana kapuahi, ʻāpana kapuahi

10. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike piha o ka hao hao me ka hao hao

ʻO ka hao ductile a me ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻelua mau mea hao i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenekinia, Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia i nā waiwai ʻokoʻa kūpono no nā noi like ʻole.

11. Hopena

Hāʻawi kēlā me kēia mea i nā pono kūʻokoʻa i alakaʻi ʻia e kā lākou morphology graphite a me nā microstructures hopena..

Ui oi ma ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ke ola luhi—kūpono no nā hana hoʻoluhi kiʻekiʻe,

'Āpana hina noho mau ka mea koho i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka haʻalulu, kumu kūʻai, a ʻo ka maʻalahi o ka mīkini ka mea nui.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau kālepa-offs-a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma ka mechanical, thermal, a me nā waiwai hana—hiki i nā ʻenekinia ke hoʻomaopopo, nā hoʻoholo mea noiʻi.

FaqS

He aha ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka hao ductile a me ka hao?

Aia ka ʻokoʻa mua i kā lākou microstructure a me nā waiwai mechanical.

Loaʻa i ka hao ductile nā ​​nodules graphite spherical e hāʻawi i ka ductility kiʻekiʻe, paʻakikī, a me ka ikaika, ʻoiai ʻo ka hao hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau ka graphite flake, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka palupalu a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ductile.

Pehea e hoʻohālikelike ai ka hao ductile a me ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ma ke ʻano o ka machinability?

Hāʻawi maʻamau ka hao hao i ka machinability ma muli o kona brittleness a me ka graphite flake structure, maʻalahi ka ʻoki ʻana.

Ui, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, pono ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā mea hana a me nā ʻenehana mīkini.

Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka hao ductile?

ʻAe, hiki i ka hao ductile ke hana i nā lāʻau wela like ʻole, e like me ka annealing a me ka austempering, e hoʻonui i kona mau pono mechanical, me ka ikaika a me ka paakiki.

Hiki ke hana hou ia ka hao ductile?

ʻAe, ʻO ka hao ductile a me ka hao hoʻoheheʻe he mau mea hana hou a hoʻoheheʻe pinepine ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻoheheʻe hou., Ke hāʻawi nei i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, hao hao a hao ductile?

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao ductile no ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me ka hopena hopena, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hao hao no ka uku-pono a me ka machinability. Aia ke koho i ka noi.

ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka hao ductile ma mua o ka hao?

ʻAe, ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka hao ductile ma muli o kāna mau mea hoʻohuihui, pono hana, a me nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hao hao a me ka ductile iron valve kino?

He graphite flakes ko ke kino hao, e hoʻoheheʻe a emi ʻole ka ductile, ʻoiai ʻo ke kino hao ductile loaʻa nā nodules graphite spherical e hāʻawi i ka ikaika ʻoi aku, Hōʻike ', a me ka.