1. Hōʻikeʻike
ʻAihue kīwī Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai hoʻohui i ka ʻenehana kahiko me ka ʻenekinia hou e hana paʻakikī, nā mea kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ala nalo-wax - kahi e lilo ai nā ʻano wax hoʻopau i ʻāpana kila mau loa - hiki i kēia kaʻina hana ke hoʻomanawanui a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili i hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka hoʻolei one maʻamau..
Hoʻi hope kona aʻa 5 000 makahiki i Mesopotamia nalowale-wax keleawe, akā, i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20 wale nō i ʻike ai nā mea hoʻokumu i ka helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kila (1 500-1 600 ° C) a me ka laulā paʻa haiki.
I kēia mau lā, ʻoihana e like me pono & aila, mana pā'āʻu, NA KAHIKI, a aitompetitive hilinaʻi i ka hoʻolele ʻana i ke kila kalapona no nā kino valve, nā mea hana pump, nā pahu turbine, a me nā pale hana.
ʻIke kēia ʻatikala i nā kumu, ALLOLOL koho, kaʻina hana i hoʻopili ʻia, waiwai waiwai, hopena kaiaulu, a me ke kūlana hoʻokūkū o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona.
2. Nā Kuleana o ka hoolei ʻana i ka hao hao kalapona
Hoʻopuka ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona i nā luʻi kūʻokoʻa. Kona kiʻekiʻe ninini wela koi ʻōnaehana pūpū ʻaʻa hiki ke pale i nā mahana ma luna 1 700 ° C.
Eia hou, ʻO nā kila kalapona e hōʻike maʻamau i kahi wā crystallization haiki - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua 70 °C—no laila e emi koke lākou a pilikia i ka porosity kūloko.
Ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia Sand cread, Hāʻawi nā ʻano hana hoʻolimalima i ka pololei o ke ana o ± 0.1 mm ma nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi (kū'ē i ka ± 1.5 mm) a hoʻopau ka ʻili i ka Ra 0.8–3.2 µm (ma kahi o 12–50 µm).
Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me ke ola luhi, ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i kahi koho koʻikoʻi inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka geometry ʻano ʻupena ma mua o ka loiloi mechanical.
3. ʻO nā mea hao hao kalapona no ka hoʻolei kālā
Ke koho ʻana i ka pono ʻaihue kīwī ʻike ka pae i ka holomua o ka hoʻolei ʻana.
Hoʻopili ka maʻi kalapona i ka ikaika, Kālā paʻakikī, a me ka shrink, oiai e hookui ana i na mea (Mn, A, Cr) hoʻomalu i ka paʻakikī, paʻakikī, a kau pale.
Hoʻokomo ka hoʻolei kālā i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa., kumapana-, a me nā kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi kēlā me kēia i nā kikoʻī hana ʻokoʻa:
- Nā kāhiko haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (< 0.25 %C):
-
- Hāʻawi maikaʻi i ka ductility a me ka weldability.
- E koi i ka liʻiliʻi o ka wela wela e hoʻopuka i nā ikaika tensile o 400-550 mpa.
- E lawelawe maikaʻi i nā kino valve, flanges, a me nā lako hana maʻamau.
- Nā kākela lole odium-carbon (0.25–0.60 %C):
-
- Hoʻohālikelike i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī, me ka ikaika tensile o 500-650 mpa.
- E pane maikaʻi e kinai & huhū, loaa ka paakiki a hiki i HRC 35–40.
- Hoʻolei pinepine ʻia i loko o nā hale paʻa a me nā pale hana.
- Nā kākela kiʻekiʻe (> 0.60 %C):
-
- Hāʻawi i nā ikaika tensile ma luna 900 Mpa Ma hope o ka mālama wela.
- E hoʻomohala i nā ʻupena carbide no ka pale ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu.
- Kūpono no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā mea hana, komo i nā papa, a me nā mea i hoʻouka nui ʻia.
4. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻolei kālā i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hao kalapona
Wax kumu & Hoʻolālā hoʻolālā
Hoʻolālā ka poʻe ʻenekinia i nā ʻōnaehana gating e hānai i ke kila ma ka wikiwiki hoʻomalu, hōʻemi i ka haʻalulu wela.
E hana ana ka wax ma 65–75 °C, a hoonuiia na puka e 20 % pili i nā hoʻolei alumini e mālama i ka wikiwiki hoʻopiha.
Nā Pūnaehana Shellamic
Hoʻololi nā mea hoʻokumu Zircon a alumina–silicate slurries, nā pūpū hale o 12-20 mm.
Hāʻawi kēia hui ʻana i ka refractoriness ma waho 1 700 °C a me ka permeability e hoʻonui i ke kinoea.
Hoomoana & Hoʻopau ʻo Shell Burnout
Autoclave dewaxing ma 150 Hoʻopau ʻo °C i ka wax nui. A hiki, nā kapuahi e holo ana ma 2 °C/min i 900 ° C, paʻa no nā hola 4-6. Mālama kēia pōʻai lohi i ka haki ʻana o ka pūpū me ka puhi ʻana i nā mea ola a pau.
Heohe kila & E ninini ana
ʻO nā kapuahi hoʻokomo wela ka hoʻoili ʻana i 1 550 ± 10 ° C, 'Oʻoiaʻiʻo 5 % superhaeat. Hoʻohana nā mea hoʻokumu i ka tilt-ladle a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kōkō e hōʻemi i ka haunaele; hoʻopiha nā pahu liʻiliʻi i 30-60 s, nui i loko o 2-3 min.
Shell lawe & Mālamaʻona
Ma hope o 4-8 mau hola hoʻoluʻu, hoʻoluliluli mechanically nā pūʻali i nā pūpū, a laila, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻili i ka Ra 1.6–3.2 µm. Hoʻopau nā ʻīpuka i nā ʻīpuka.
ʻO ka mālama wela
E kinai mai 900 °C i loko o ka aila a i ʻole ka wai, alaila huhu i 600 ° C no 2 Nā hola hola. Hāʻawi kēia pōʻaiapuni i nā ikaika tensile e like me nā mea i hana ʻia (400-900 mPA) a hoʻoponopono i ka paʻakikī i ka HRC 20–55.
5. Puiahuhu & Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
| Waiwai | Haʻahaʻa-C | Med-C | Kiʻekiʻe-C |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ikaika ikaika (Mpa) | 400-550 | 500-650 | ≥900 |
| Ka ikaika (Mpa) | 250-350 | 300-450 | 700-850 |
| Ewangantion (%) | 20-25 | 15-20 | 2-5 |
| Hālulu (Hrc) | 15-20 | 25-35 | 45-55 |
| Hopena paʻakikī (J, Lihua) | 40-60 | 30-50 | 10-20 |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua (W / m · c · k) | 30-45 | 28-40 | 25-35 |
| Hoʻonui (10⁻⁶/K) | 11-13 | 12-14 | 12-14 |
6. Kūleʻa ʻino o nā mea hoʻolei ʻana i ka hao kalapona
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻino o nā hao kalapona
Hiki i ke kila kalapona ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka ʻōpala ke ʻike ʻia i ka makū, oxycongen, a me nā mea ʻino e like me nā waikawa, aloha, a me nā mea haumia ʻoihana.
ʻO ka nui o ka corrosion maʻamau i nā kaiapuni lewa (E.g., kūlanakauhale a moana paha) no ka pale kalapona kila laula ma waena 0.02–0.2 mm/makahiki, ma muli o ke kaumaha o ka ʻike.
Nā Lapaʻau ʻili a me nā pale pale
E hoʻonui i ka lōʻihi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia a mālama ʻia paha nā mea hoʻolei kalapona. Komo nāʻano maʻamau:
- Galvaniration (Hoʻopaʻa Zinc Hot-Dip)
Hāʻawi i ka pale cathodic a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā hana hoʻolālā a me waho. Zinc corrodent mua, pale i ke kila kila. - Nā Paʻi Phosphate
Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana no ka pena kiʻi a i ʻole no nā noi pale ʻaʻahu. Hoʻonui i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pena a hāʻawi i ka pale corrosion māmā. - ʻO ka paleʻana a i ʻole ke pena
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka epoxy a i ʻole polyurethane coatings no nā mea hana ʻenehana a me nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nani a me ka pale pale.. - Hoʻololi (E.g., Zinc, Nickel)
He kūpono no nā mea liʻiliʻi a pololei. Hoʻolakoʻia, ʻaʻahu kūʻokoʻa ʻili. - ʻO nā Lining Polymer a i ʻole ka ʻili Rubber
Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi e like me ka hana kemika a i ʻole nā noi mālama wai.
7. No ke aha e hoolei ana i ke kalapona hao
ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona e hāʻawi i nā mea maikaʻi ʻole ke koi ʻia nā noi ʻO ka geometry paʻakikī, nā mea paʻa paʻa, a ʻO ka hana mechanical hana.
Ma lalo, wehewehe mākou i nā kumu nui e makemake ai nā ʻenekinia a me nā mea hoʻoholo i kēia kaʻina hana:
Kūikawā kikoʻī a me ka pololei
Hoʻopuka hou ka hoʻolei kālā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi-undercuts, nā pāʻili (a lalo i 2 mm), a me na kihi oi—i ka ninini hookahi.
NOEHUI, hoʻokō ʻoe ʻO ka ʻae ʻana i ka nui e like me ka ± 0.1 mm a pau ka ili i Ra 0.8 }m, ʻoki ʻana i ka mīkini lua a hiki i 60 %.
Alloy Flexibility ma na pae kalapona
Inā makemake ʻoe i nā māka kalapona haʻahaʻa (A216 wcb) no ka corrosion-resistant valve kino, nā kila kalapona waena (A297) no na hale pamu,
a i ʻole nā hui kalapona kiʻekiʻe (A11540) no nā ʻāpana pale lole, Hoʻokomo ka hoʻolei kālā iā lākou a pau.
Ma ka hopena, mālama ʻoe i nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana maʻamau i ka wā e hana ana i nā waiwai mechanical-mai 400 ʻO ka ikaika tensile MPa e luna 900 Mpa.
Mea paʻakikī, Near-Net-Shape Production
Ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā cores a me nā hui, ʻO ka hoʻolei kālā e hoʻohui i nā hui i loko o nā ʻāpana hoʻokahi-e hōʻemi i nā welds, Nā mea paʻa, a me nā ala leak.
ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻO ke kino kiwi ʻaila i makemake mua ʻia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana hoʻolei one i kēia manawa ke puka mai nei ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka oki ana i ka hana ana e 50 % a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hilinaʻi.
ʻO ka hua kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi o ka waiwai
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka pūpū me ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka ninini ʻana e hōʻemi i ka porosity shrinkage, kaʻa ʻana hua mua-pass ma luna 90 %.
Eia hou, ʻoki ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kila e ka gating a me ka riser optimization 15 % ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ke kauʻana o ke one, e hoemi ana i na koina maka a me ka pala.
Uku-kuai no na Volume Haahaa a Medium
ʻOiai ua make nā mea hana no ka wax a me nā pūpū seramika (USD 15 000-50 000) ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one, hiki pinepine i ka break-even ma 1 000-5 000 ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻO ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano paʻakikī e loaʻa i nā kumukūʻai ʻoi aku ka nui o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka manawa alakaʻi.
Hoʻohana ʻoihana hoʻolālā
ʻO nā ʻoihana e like me pono & aila, mana pā'āʻu, aitompetitive, a nā mea kino kaumaha hilinaʻi ma luna o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona no nā mea koʻikoʻi—nā kino kiwi, kuʻekuʻe lima hoʻoheheʻe turbine, Nā Koho Pūnaewele,
no ka mea, kaulike ke ala i ka hana, kūlia, a me ka huli ana.
8. Noi no ka hoolei ana i ke kila kalapona
Pono & ʻO kaʻoihana
- Nā kino valve a me nā mea hana
- Nā mea hoʻohui paipu a me nā hui
- ʻO nā pahu pāpaʻi kiʻekiʻe
- Flanges, elbows, a me nā mea hoʻomalu kahe
Mana pā'āʻu
- ʻO nā pahu huila mahu
- Nā mea hou aku a me nā mea hanaʻole
- Nā ʻāpana pahu pahu
- Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻopau
Nā mīkini kaumaha a me nā mea hanaʻoihana
- Nā holohaʻana
- Nā kākoʻo hāpai
- Nā mea hoʻohui Chassis a me nā pale
- Nā'āpana paʻa
Autoomotive a me ka halihali
- Nā lima hoʻomaha a me nā pale
- Nā Mokuna Pūnaewele
- Nā mea hoʻokele a me nā mea pili
- Nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana kaʻa
- ʻO nā mea hoʻohui a me nā lako kaʻa kaʻa
Mahiai & Na Lako Ala-ala
- ʻO nā pale palau
- ʻO nā ʻāpana hydraulic cylinder
- Hapai i nā makau a me nā kaulahao
- ʻāpana ʻāpana
Reflan & Kauka
- hale hale kaua
- Nā mīkini hoʻāla
- ʻO nā ʻāpana kaʻa maʻamau
- Nā pale a me nā puʻu
ʻOihana Kai
- ʻO nā mea hoʻopili deck
- Nā hale kākoʻo ʻenekini
- Nā hale Winch
Kūkulu hoʻi & Lako Paahana
- Nā ʻāpana crane
- Nā mea hoʻohui hoʻopaʻa
- Nā pale ʻeleʻele
- Nā mea hoʻohui hou
Mea paahana a me na mea paahana
- Nā mea hana mīkini
- Nā mea hoʻonoho welding
- ʻO nā lima robotic a me nā mea hana lima
9. Hoʻohana ʻia nā papa kila Carbon maʻamau i ka hoʻolei kālā
Eia ka papa inoa o nā māka kila kalapona maʻamau i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka hoʻolei pololei ʻana (Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai),
E uhi ana i nā ʻano kūlana honua, He mea maʻalahi ia no nā hui hana honua e nānā a koho:
| Kū-starder & Kumu | NA MANAOLO DOLIAMERA (C) | Ikaika ikaika (Mpa) | Nā noi maʻamau |
|---|---|---|---|
| Astm A216 WCB | 0.17% max | 415–485 | Nā Vilves, Pumps, flanges, nā noi kaomi maʻamau |
| ASTM A352 LCB | 0.20% max | 485-620 | ʻO nā ʻōnaehana kaomi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa |
| Astm A105 | 0.35% max | 485-655 | Nā flanges, KahawaiOli, nā ipu koʻikoʻi |
| Astm aisi 1020 | 0.18–0.23% | 395–510 | Nā'āpana mīkini, Nā papahele, nā'āpana automotive |
| Astm aisi 1030 | 0.28–0.34% | 450-600 | Nā pā hale, nā papa kaʻaahi, lihao |
| Astm aisi 1045 | 0.43–0.50% | 570-750 | Kauluhi, ankles, nā bolts, lihao |
| Astm aisi 1055 | 0.50-0.60% | 610-830 | Kākau, Bussings, ʻO nā lima hana |
| Astm aisi 1080 | 0.75–0.88% | 720–880 | Punawai, Nā Wili, ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu |
| A C22 (1.0402) | ~0.22% | 400-500 | ʻO nā kalaiwa kaʻa, Nā mea hana kūkulu |
| EN C45 (1.0503) | ~0.45% | 570-800 | Nā papahele, Kuha wai, Nā Nele |
| DIN GS-C25 | ~ 0.25% | 450-600 | Nā ʻāpana ʻenekinia maʻamau |
| S25C wale nō | ~ 0.25% | 440–580 | Ua kalaʻia, Nā LeviKo, nā loulou |
| HE S45C | ~0.45% | 570-800 | Nā'āpana hoʻoili, Kauluhi |
| Gb 25# | ~ 0.25% | 450-600 | Nā mīkini hana, nā'āpana automotive |
| Gb 45# | ~0.45% | 570-750 | Nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā ikaika kiʻekiʻe |
10. Hopena
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kila kalapona i ka hana akamai a me ka metallurgy wela kiʻekiʻe, ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana i hui pū ʻia ʻO ka geometry paʻakikī, nā mea paʻa paʻa, a ʻO ka hana mechanical hana.
ʻOiai ʻo ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā mea hana a me ka naʻau o ke kaʻina hana he mau pilikia, ʻO ka holomua o nā mea shell a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kikohoʻe e hōʻemi ana i nā manawa alakaʻi a me nā hemahema.
Ma ke koho ʻana i ka pae kila kūpono, ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana puka a me nā pūpū, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau wela kūpono,
Hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻohana i ka hoʻolei kālā e hoʻokō i nā koi ikaika loa i ka ikehu, ʻO nā mīkini, a me ka halihali.
ʻO kēia 'Āpana He mea hana Kina koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona, hāʻawi ʻana i nā hāʻina hana metala piha i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā noi ʻoihana like ʻole.
Me ka ʻoi aku o ʻelua mau makahiki o ka ʻike, ʻO kēia ua hoʻokumu iā ia iho he hoa hilinaʻi no nā mea kūʻai aku e ʻimi ana i ka pololei kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hoʻolei maʻamau.
FaqS
He aha nā tolerances maʻamau hiki ke loaʻa me ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona?
Hoʻokomo maʻamau ka hoʻolei kālā ʻana i nā tolerances dimensional o ± 0.10 mm no nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi a i ± 0.5 mm no nā hiʻohiʻona nui aʻe, ma muli o ka paʻakikī a me ka nui o ka mea.
Pehea ka ikaika o nā hoʻolei ʻana i ke kila kalapona?
Ma muli o ka papa a me ka mālama wela, nā ikaika tensile mai 400 Mpa e luna 900 Mpa. Hiki ke ho'opa'a 'ia nā kila kalapona no ka ho'omaika'i 'ana i ke kū'ē a me ke ola luhi.
Pono ka mālama wela ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana?
ʻAe, i ka nui o na hihia. ʻO nā lāʻau wela e like me hana maʻamau, Annalile, Oole ʻO ka huhū a me ka hoʻowalewale hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical a hoʻomaha i nā koʻikoʻi o loko.
He aha nā pae hoʻopau ili no ke kila kalapona hoʻokomo kālā?
Hiki i ka hoʻolei kālā ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka honua RA 3.2-6.3 μM, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one a ʻae pinepine ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hana ʻana.
Hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia nā geometries paʻakikī a me nā hiʻohiʻona o loko?
ʻAe. Hiki ke hoʻolei kālā kokoke-like-ʻano ka hana ʻana i nā geometries paʻakikī, me ka nā undercuts, Nā kiko'ī maikaʻi, a me nā paiaʻili- hoʻopau pinepine i ka pono no ka wili a hui.
