ASTM A536 Uku Hao

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Astm A536 ʻo ia ke kikoʻī maʻamau no nā hoʻolei hao ductile, hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻoihana e like me ka automotive, kūkulu hoʻi, Hinddreinolle, a me ka ikehu.

ʻIke ʻia no kona kaulike ʻana o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono, Hoʻoponopono ʻo ASTM A536 i nā waiwai mechanical o ka hao graphite spheroidal (ʻike ʻia hoʻi he hao ductile a i ʻole hao nodular), e lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me ka hana ʻana.

2. He aha ka ASTM A536 Material?

ʻO ka ASTM A536 ka wehewehe ʻana i nā koi mechanical—ʻaʻole ka hoʻohui kemika—o Ui KAHOu.

Hoʻopaʻa ia i ka mea i loaʻa nā nodules graphite spheroidal, which differentiate it from gray iron by providing higher impact strength, ewangantion, a me kaʻehaʻeha.

This standard categorizes ductile iron into grades based on tensile strength, ka ikaika, a me ka nui.

The ability to tailor matrix structures (ferritic, Kahi Kīwī, a hui pū ʻia paha) makes ASTM A536 castings versatile for both structural and mechanical applications.

3. Na Waiwai Mechanical a me na Papa

ASTM A536 categorizes ductile iron castings by their mechanical performance—specifically ikaika ikaika, ka ikaika, a ewangantion.

These properties result from the combination of spheroidal graphite structures and matrix phases within the iron.

Standard Grades of ASTM A536 Ui

Each ASTM A536 grade is named using a three-part format: Tensile Strength-Yield Strength- Ewangantion (%).

ʻo kahi laʻana, Kumu 65-45-12 means a tensile strength of 65 ksi (448 Mpa), a yield strength of 45 ksi (310 Mpa), a 12% ewangantion.

4. Microstructure a me Metallurgy

The hallmark of ductile iron under ASTM A536 is the spheroidal graphite microstructure, achieved through the addition of magnesium or cerium during melting.

This round nodular structure, rather than flake graphite in gray iron, enhances mechanical performance:

• Spheroidal graphite minimizes stress concentration and crack initiation.
• Matrix control (ferrite vs. Puʻuʻupuʻu) is achieved via alloying and heat treatment.
• ʻO ka lepo lepo improves fatigue resistance and strength uniformity.

In lower-strength grades like 60-40-18, a fully ferritic matrix yields high elongation and impact toughness.

In higher-strength grades like 100-70-03, a predominantly pearlitic matrix provides strength and wear resistance.

5. Nā Kaʻina Hoʻolei Maʻamau o ASTM A536 Ductile Iron

Ductile iron conforming to ASTM A536 is prized in engineering applications for its excellent balance of strength, kumaikalua, a me ka machindability.

Ke koho o Ke kahua nei directly impacts the ʻO ka hana mechanication, dimensional pololei, paulapua, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono of the final part.

Hao Hoolei Sand

Sand cread ʻo ia ke ala kuʻuna a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hao ductile, ʻOi aku ka poʻe i kū i ka ASTM A536.

Hoʻopili ia i ka hana ʻana i kahi lua mai ke one paʻi, i ninini ʻia i loko o ka metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻalahi a paʻakikī hoʻi i nā puke haʻahaʻa.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one ʻāpana nui a kaumaha ʻaʻole makemake i ka hoʻopau ʻili maikaʻi loa.

Ma muli o kāna hoʻolālā mold maʻalahi a me nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one ka mea i koho ʻia ma nā ʻoihana e like me ke kūkulu ʻana, mahiai, a me nā mea hana kaumaha.

Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Shell Molding Casting Ductile Iron

Ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka pūpū he ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one e hoʻohana ana i ke one maikaʻi i uhi ʻia i ka resin thermosetting e hana lahilahi, nā ʻōpala paʻa paʻa.

Hana ʻia kēia mau pūpū ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke ʻano metala, e pili ana i ke one i uhi ʻia, a laila ho'ōla iā ia e hana i kahi lua poni pololei a paʻa.

Hoʻomaikaʻi nui kēia kaʻina hana i ka pololei o ke ana, paulapua, a me ka hana hou ʻana ma luna o nā ʻano one ʻōmaʻomaʻo kuʻuna.

He kūpono ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka shell no ʻāpana liʻiliʻi me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa a hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā ʻoihana kaʻa a me nā ʻoihana valve, kahi e koʻikoʻi ai ke ʻano kūlike a me ka hoʻemi ʻana ma hope o ka hana.

ʻO ka mea hao hao hao (Nalowale shop)

Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka waks nalowale, he ʻano hoʻolei pololei kūpono no mea paʻakikī, Kuhi Kūpono, a me na mea hao ductile me ka paia lahilahi.

Hana ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike wax o ka ʻāpana hope, i uhi ʻia i loko o nā mea seramika e hana i ka poʻi, a laila heheʻe ka wax. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka pūpū keramika me ka metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.

Hāʻawi kēia kaʻina hana nā mea paʻa paʻa, ʻO nā mea maikaʻi loa e hoʻopau ai, a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōpala, kūpono loa ia no ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e koi ana i nā geometries paʻakikī, nui loa ma ka aerospace, olakino, a me nā ʻoihana pale.

Hāʻawi ia i nā ʻenekinia e hoʻohui i nā hiʻohiʻona he nui i hoʻokahi hoʻolei ʻana, e ho'ēmi ana i ka pono no ka hui 'ana a i 'ole ka mīkini lua.

Hoʻolei ʻia i ka hao paʻa (ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka nui)

Ke hoʻomau mau nei, also referred to as gravity die casting, hoʻohana durable metal molds—typically made of cast iron or steel—that can be reused many times.

Unlike sand or shell molds, these molds are not destroyed after each pour, making the process ideal for medium to high production volumes.

Molten ductile iron is poured into the mold purely by gravity, without pressure assistance.

The result is a part with superior dimensional consistency, hoʻemiʻia ka poosity, and a smoother finish than most sand-cast parts.

Though more limited in geometric complexity, permanent mold casting excels in producing symmetrical, moderately complex parts such as housings, nā brackets, a me ke ahi.

Ka hao hoʻoheheʻe Centrifugal

ʻO ka hoʻolei Centrifugal kahi hana kūikawā i hoʻohana ʻia e hana ʻāpana hao ductile a ʻano apo paha ma ka ninini ʻana i ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi poʻo wili wikiwiki.

Hāʻawi ka ikaika centrifugal i ka metala hoʻoheheʻe i waho, ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā ʻeke kinoea a me nā hoʻokomo, a e hana ana i kahi paʻa, ʻO Microstructure Microssructure.

He kūpono kēia ala no nā noi koi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mechanical integrity a me ke kūlike, e like me nā pipes, lawe lima lima, ʻO nā cylinders hydraulic, a me nā ʻāpana lole kaumaha.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolei ʻana o Centrifugal i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana hollow a tubular me ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mānoanoa o ka pā a me nā hemahema liʻiliʻi.

Ka hao hoolei mau (no ka Bar Stock Production)

ʻO ka hoʻolei mau ʻana he kaʻina semi-continuous kahi hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hao hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka pā, kiole, a i ʻole papa oiai e kahe ana ma ka poni hooluu wai.

Hoʻohana mua ʻia kēia ʻano hana no ka hana ʻana i nā waiwai maka i hana ʻia ma hope i loko o nā ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia.

Hoʻomau ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka hao ASTM A536 ʻano like ʻole, Ka Manakili Nui, a me ka hoʻohui ʻia kemika ma ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o ka pā.

Hoʻohana maʻamau ia no ka hana ʻana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe poepoe, kahua, a me na kaola huinahalike hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā pahu pahu, nā lako hydraulic, a me nā ʻāpana ʻenekinia kumu nui.

ʻO kēia kaʻina hana e hōʻemi nui i ka ʻōpala a hoʻonui i ka throughput i nā foundries.

Hao Hoolei Huhu Nalo

Nalowale ka hae hae he kaʻina hana hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻupena kokoke i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona wax kuʻuna (hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolei kālā) me nā kumu hoʻohālike polystyrene, i waiho ʻia i loko o ka ʻeleʻele a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke ninini ʻia ka hao ductile i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko.

Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka huʻa mahu e ka metala e komo mai ana, ka hopena i nā hoʻoheheʻe paʻakikī a kikoʻī loa me ka ʻole o nā laina hoʻokaʻawale a i ʻole nā ​​​​cores.

He kūpono loa kēia ʻano hana nā mea paʻakikī e like me nā poloka engine, Nā poʻo cylinder, a me nā hale pahū.

Hāʻawi ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka huʻa nalo i ka pololei o ka nui a me ka pono o ka hui, He kūpono kūpono no ka hoʻolālā ʻāpana hoʻohui ma nā ʻoihana kaʻa a me nā ʻoihana.

6. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela o ASTM A536 Ductile Iron

ʻO ka hana wela He hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka microstructure a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka hao ductile.

ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā helu he nui o ASTM A536 i ke kūlana as-cast, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela e hiki i nā ʻenekini ke hoʻoponopono i ka paʻakikī, ikaika ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka e hoʻokō i nā koi noi kikoʻī.

ʻO ka pane o ka hao ductile i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ma kāna haku mele (ferrite, Puʻuʻupuʻu, a hui pū ʻia paha) A me ka ka hopena mechanical makemake, e like me ke kūpale ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe, hoʻomaikaʻi machinability, a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka hopena.

ʻO nā kaʻina hana maikaʻi maʻamau

ʻO ka wehewehe kikoʻī o nā lāʻau lapaʻau koʻikoʻi

Annalile

Pinguli: E hana i kahi palupalu, ductile ferritic matrix.
Ke kaʻina hana: Wela i ~870–900°C, hold for several hours, then furnace-cool slowly.
Hopena: Improves elongation (up to 18–20%) a me ka hopena hopena. Common for parts in fluid handling, pressure pipes, or low-stress components.

Hana maʻamau

Pinguli: To achieve a fine pearlitic matrix for higher strength and moderate ductility.
Ke kaʻina hana: Heat to ~870–950°C, hold briefly, then air cool.
Hopena: Strength and hardness increase, with moderate toughness. Common in gears, hale hana kaumaha, a me nā lima hoʻopiʻi.

ʻO ka huhū a me ka hoʻowalewale

Pinguli: To develop high strength and surface hardness for wear-prone applications.
Ke kaʻina hana: Quench in oil or water from ~870–950°C, then temper at ~400–600°C.
Hopena: Ikaika kiʻekiʻe (a i 827 Mpa), ʻO ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi, but reduced elongation. Kūpono no nā pono hana, Nā papahele, and mining parts.

Ke kaumaha nei ke kaumaha

Pinguli: To reduce internal stresses from machining or casting without changing mechanical properties.
Ke kaʻina hana: Heat to ~550–650°C, Pā, and air cool.
Hopena: Reduces risk of distortion or cracking during service.

Austempering (no ADI – Austempered Ductile Iron)

Pinguli: To produce a bainitic microstructure for superior strength and fatigue life.
Ke kaʻina hana: Austenitize (~900°C), quench into a salt bath (~260–400°C), hold to transform to bainite, then air cool.
Hopena: Achieves tensile strengths up to 1600 MPa with elongation of 1–3%. Used in high-performance applications like rail parts, drive components, and military armor.

7. Nā noi o ASTM A536 Ductile Iron

Autoomotive a me ka halihali

• Lihao
• ʻO nā alakaʻi alakaʻi
• Suspension arms and brackets
• Brake calipers and drums
• Nā leʻaleʻa'ē aʻe

Nā mīkini hanaʻoihana a me nā lako hana

• Nā mea hana a me nā housghs
• Nā kumu hana mīkini
• Shafts and couplings
• Pum casings and impellers
• Ke hali nei

Mahiai a me na Lako Ma waho o ke Alanui

• Nā hale paʻi kiʻi
• Axle supports and hubs
• Gearbox components
• Tillage and plow parts

Kaona a me na mea hoohana

• Water and sewer pipes
• Uhi kuikahi
• Valve bodies and flanges
• Fire hydrants

Pono, Aila, a me nā ʻoihana Petrochemical

• Valve bodies and seats
• Pipe Fopesing a me nā Kuki
• Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike
• Flanged joints and elbows

Mahele makani a me ka ikehu

• Turbine hubs and flanges
• Gearbox components
• Ke hali nei

Kaaahi a me ka lawe kaumaha

• Brake discs and wheels
• Couplers and yokes
• Bogie components

8. ʻO nā pono o ka ASTM A536 Ductile Iron

ASTM A536 ductile iron, also known as nodular cast iron or spheroidal graphite iron, offers a distinctive balance of strength, kumaikalua, paʻakikī, a me ka pā.

ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika o ka momona

Ductile iron provides mechanical strength comparable to many steels but at a lower density and cost.

This makes it ideal for structural components requiring high load-bearing capacity without excessive mass.

ʻOi aku ka Ductility a me ke kūʻē i ka hopena

The spheroidal (Noodular) graphite structure in ductile iron allows it to deform under stress without cracking, enabling it to absorb mechanical shocks and dynamic loads more effectively than gray iron.

Hoʻoikaika i ka paleʻana

ASTM A536 ductile iron maintains its integrity under cyclic loading, making it highly suitable for components subject to vibration or rotational motion.

ʻO ka Castability maikaʻi loa

One of ductile iron’s most defining traits is its ability to be cast into complex shapes with fine details while retaining dimensional stability. This reduces machining time and material waste.

Kumukūʻai-kūpono

Compared to many carbon steels or alloy steels, ductile iron offers a competitive advantage in terms of material cost, processing cost, and total lifecycle expenditure.

Kūleʻa ʻino maikaʻi

Although not as corrosion-resistant as stainless steel, ASTM A536 ductile iron—especially when alloyed or coated—performs well in moderately corrosive environments.

Nā mea kino kino (E.g., garvalirigigling, epoxy coating) improve resistance

Markinpalibility

Ductile iron can be machined efficiently due to the presence of graphite nodules, which act as lubricants during cutting. This reduces tool wear and increases productivity.

ʻO ka Dmping Thermal a me ka Vibration

Ductile iron exhibits excellent vibration and acoustic damping characteristics due to its graphite microstructure, outperforming steel in many dynamic applications.

Papa Versatility

ASTM A536 covers multiple grades (E.g., 60-40-18, 80-55-06, 100-70-03), each tailored for specific mechanical and performance needs—from high ductility to ultra-high strength.

9. Hoʻohālikelike me nā Kūlana ʻē aʻe

10. Astm A536 Ui vs Nā Mea Hana ʻē aʻe

Nā mea koʻikoʻi:

• ASTM A536 Uku Hao hāʻawi i kahi kaulike maikaʻi ma waena o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, Kālā, a me ka castability-e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea kūpono no nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā a me ka ikaika.
• 'Āpana hina ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi akā palupalu a ʻaʻole kūpono no nā noi hoʻoikaika a i ʻole ka hopena.
• ʻAihue kīwī hāʻawi i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka weldability akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻolei ʻana a ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi i ka mīkini.
• Kila kohu ʻole (E.g., 316) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka ductility akā hele mai me nā kumu waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa a me nā koina hana.

11. Hopena

ʻOi aku ka ASTM A536 ma mua o kahi maʻamau maʻamau - he kikoʻī hoʻolālā ia no nā ʻenekinia e pono ai ka hana mechanical pono mai nā mea hoʻolei..

ʻO kona ʻano ductile, ikaika hana, a me nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia he mea nui ia i ka hana hou.

Inā ʻoe e hoʻolālā ana i nā lima hoʻopaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​​​hale pāpaʻi pale-corrosion, Hāʻawi ʻo ASTM A536 i ka maʻalahi a me ka hōʻoia e pono ai e hoʻokō i ka ʻenehana, Apono, a me nā koi kaiapuni.

Ma o ke koho papa noonoo, ʻO ka mālama wela, a me ka hoʻoiliʻana, hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻokō i ka hana maikaʻi loa i nā noi ʻoihana like ʻole.

ʻO kēia: Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe pololei no ka ASTM A536 Ductile Iron

ʻO kēia he hoa hana hoʻokumu hilinaʻi kūikawā ma ASTM A536 ductile iron KAHOu, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hui piha o nā lawelawe hana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohālikelike ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi koi o ka ʻoihana hou.

Me nā makahiki o ka ʻike i ka ʻenehana metallurgical a me ka ʻenehana foundry, ʻO kēia Hono kiʻekiʻe-hana ductile hao mea e hui pū me ka ikaika mechanical, hui muaʻana, a me ka hilinaʻi lōʻihi.

ʻO kā mākou hiki ke hoʻolei no ka ASTM A536:

• Sand cread: Kūpono no nā ʻāpana waena-nui, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka paʻa o ka mechanical a me ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai.
• Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai (Makemake Wax): Pono no nā geometries paʻakikī e koi ana i ka pololei kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili.
• Nā wili lei: ʻO kahi ala pololei kūpono no nā ʻāpana hao ductile paʻakikī me ka hoʻomanawanui paʻa a me ka hana hou ʻana.
• ʻO Centricugual kāhea: Maikaʻi no nā ʻāpana cylindrical e like me nā paipu paipu, moe 'ana, a me nā lāʻau e koi ana i ka mānoanoa, microstructure kīnā ʻole.
• Ke hoʻomau mau nei: Hāʻawi i nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe a me ka maikaʻi kūlike no nā holo hana kiʻekiʻe.

Mai kaʻa kaʻa a me ka hydraulics i nā ʻoihana kaona a me nā mīkini kaumaha, ʻO kēia hāʻawi i nā hāʻina holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa-mai ka hoʻolālā kumu a me ke kūkākūkā metallurgical i ka mīkini a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili.

Hoʻopili paʻa mākou i nā kūlana ASTM A536 a hiki ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai mechanical (E.g., 60-40-18, 80-55-06, 100-70-03 Nā Kaumaka) ma muli o nā kikoʻī o ka mea kūʻai aku.

No ke aha e koho ai i ka deze?

• ʻōnaehana maikaʻi i hōʻoia ʻia e ISO
• ʻOmomikia hana kiʻekiʻe
• ʻO ka prototyping wikiwiki a me nā manawa alakaʻi pōkole
• Pākuʻi maʻamau a me ka hoʻohālikelike papa
• ʻO ka hoʻāʻo a me ka nānā ʻana i loko o ka hale piha (Kekau, puiahuhu, Ndt)

E hoa pili me KEIA e pōmaikaʻi mai ka pololei, nā hoʻoheheʻe hao ductile kiʻekiʻe e kū ana i kāu mau hana a me nā koi paʻa - hāʻawi ʻia i ka manawa a ma ke kikoʻī..

 

FaqS

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hao ductile a me ka hao hina?

Ui (Astm A536) piha Noodular (froanceral) mooki, hāʻawi iā ia i ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, ewangantion, a me kaʻehaʻeha. He ʻokoʻa, Iron Roil loaʻa iā flake graphite, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻoi aku ka palupalu.

He kūpono ka hao ductile no nā ʻāpana e pili ana i nā ukana ikaika, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hao hina kahi i ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka damping vibration.

ʻO ka ASTM A536 ductile iron weldable?

ʻAe, hiki ke hao ductile welded, akā, pono ia i ka preheating kūpono a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld e pale i ka haki ʻana.

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka welding ma nā papa haʻahaʻa ikaika e like me 60-40-18 ma muli o ko lākou ductility kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ASTM A536 Ductile Iron Rust-Prone?

ʻAe, Hiki i ka ASTM A536 ductile hao ke ʻā no ka mea, aia ka hao a nele i ka pale ʻino.

Akā naʻe,, hiki ke pale ʻia me nā uhi e like me ka pena, epoxy, a i ʻole galvanizing no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ma nā wahi corrosive.

ʻO ASTM A536 Ductile Iron Magnetic?

ʻAe, ʻO ka hao ductile ASTM A536 he magnetic. E like me ka hapa nui o nā ferrous alloys, ʻO kona haku waiwai hao e hāʻawi iā ia i nā waiwai magnetic, e pane ana i nā kahua magnetic.