316Ti Kukini / Us s31635 / I 1.4571

1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana

316ʻO Ti he kila kila austenitic e pili ana i ka 300-series (316) kemika me ka hoʻohui ʻia o Titanium e hoʻopaʻa i ke kalapona.

Hoʻopili ka titanium i ke kalapona e like me nā carbide titanium paʻa, ka pale ʻana i ka ua chromium-carbide ma nā palena ʻai i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai ka huila i nā mahana i ka pae sensitization.

ʻO ka hopena he huila me ka pale ʻana o ka corrosion o 316 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe.

316Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia ʻo Ti no nā ʻāpana pono e hana a i hana ʻia i loko o ka ~425–900 °C puka aniani (nā hui welded, nā mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia i ka wela) kahi i lawa ʻole ai nā māka kalapona haʻahaʻa wale nō.

2. He aha la 316Ti Kukini?

316He a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka titanium, molybdenum-bearing austenitic kila kohu ʻole hoʻomohala ʻia e hoʻoikaika i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular ma hope o ka wili ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻike lōʻihi i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.

Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka titanium i nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu, ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nakinaki ʻana i ke kalapona ma ke ʻano he carbide titanium paʻa ma mua o ka chromium carbide.

Mālama kēia ʻano hoʻokūpaʻa i ka chromium ma nā palena o ka palaoa a hōʻemi nui i nā pilikia o ka sensitization i ka pae wela o kahi o 425-850 °C. (800–1560 °F).

Ma ka hopena, 316He kūpono loa ʻo Ti no nā ʻāpana e wili ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lawelawe me ka hoʻopili ʻole ʻana i ka hopena post-weld, a i ʻole no nā noi e pili ana i ka pōʻaiapuni a i ʻole ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka wela.

Hoʻohui ia i ke kūpaʻa chloride corrosion o ka maʻamau 316 kila kuhiliʻole me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūlana paʻa i nā wela kiʻekiʻe. Loaʻa nā mea hōʻike honua maʻamau Us s31635 a I 1.4571.

Hoʻokohu maʻamau & ʻO nā mea hoʻohālikelike honua

Nā ʻano nui a me nā papa pili

• 316No (Us s31635 / I 1.4571)
  ʻO ke ʻano o ka titanium-stabilized 316 kila kohu ʻole, i manaʻo ʻia no nā hale welded a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i hōʻike ʻia i nā mahana waena a kiʻekiʻe kahi koʻikoʻi ke kūpaʻa sensitization..
• 316 (Us s31600 / I 1.4401)
  ʻO ka papa molybdenum-alloyed kumu me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻole. He kūpono inā hiki ke mālama ʻia ka wela ma hope o ka weld a i ʻole ke kaupalena ʻia ka ʻike wela.
• 316L (Una s3103 / I 1.4404)
  ʻO kahi koho kalapona haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka pilikia sensitization ma o ka mana kalapona ma mua o ka stabilization. Hoʻohana maʻamau i nā ipu kaomi, Piping, a me nā lako lāʻau lapaʻau.
• 321 (I 1.4541)
  ʻO kahi huila titanium-stabilized ma muli o ka 304 kemika kila kila. Hoʻohana ʻia inā ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka molybdenum akā pono mau ka stabilization.
• 347 (Nb-paʻa kila kila)
  Hoʻohana i ka niobium ma kahi o ka titanium no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka carbide. Hāʻawi like me ka intergranular corrosion kū'ē, makemake pinepine ʻia i kekahi mau code mīkini paʻi wela kiʻekiʻe.
• 316Huh / 316Lin
  Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole no ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe (316Huh) a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nitrogen (316Lin). Hoʻonui kēia mau māka i ka hana mechanical akā ʻaʻole e pani i ka titanium stabilization.

3. ʻO ka hui kemika maʻamau o 316Ti kuhili ʻole

ʻO nā waiwai nā pae ʻenehana hōʻike no ka hana ʻana, mea hoʻonā-annealed (Us s31635 / I 1.4571 ohana).

4. Microstructure a me ka hana metala

• Austenitic matrix (γ-Fe): paʻa ma ka lumi wela ma muli o Ni. He ductile ka microstructure, non-magnetic (ma ke kulana annealed) a me ka paakiki hana.
• ʻAno hoʻokūpaʻa: Hoʻopili ʻo Ti e hana i nā carbide titanium (TIC) a i ʻole carbonitrides nāna e hoʻoneʻe iā C mai ka matrix a pale i ka ua ʻo Cr₂₃C₆ ma nā palena o ka palaoa i ka wā e ʻike ai i ~425–900 °C.
• ʻO ka puka aniani a me nā palena: me Ti, ʻike lōʻihi loa i ka laulā sensitization a i ʻole Ti kūpono ʻole:Hiki i ka ratio C ke ʻae i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka chromium carbide a i ʻole nā ​​​​intermetallics ʻē aʻe. Pono ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻoheheʻe kūpono a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.
• Nā pae waena: ʻike lōʻihi i kekahi mau pae waena (ʻoi aku ka 600–900 °C) hiki ke paipai i ka sigma (a) aiʻole chi (h) ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pae ma nā māka austenitic i hoʻonui ʻia ma Mo/Cr;
  316ʻAʻole palekana ʻo Ti - pono nā mea hoʻolālā e pale i ka noho lōʻihi ma kēia mau pae a i ʻole e kuhikuhi i nā kila paʻa me ka haku mele a me ka mōʻaukala thermomechanical..
• Ka ua ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana: Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia nā ʻili i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Ti i nā ʻeke waiwai nui o Ti; He maikaʻi a maikaʻi paha kēia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Cr carbide no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopau i ka Cr ma nā palena ʻai..

5. Mechanical waiwai - 316Ti kuhiliʻole kila

ʻO nā kiʻi ma lalo nei luna iho waiwai no wrought 316Ti i hoolakoia ma ka solution-annealed / Anned Kauoha.

Pili nā waiwai maoli i ke ʻano huahana (she wallpaper, papaʻi, piku, Bar), Kohano, ka mea hoʻolako hana a me ka nui wela.

6. O ka kino & nā mea wela a me ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe

• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (≈ 14–16 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ ma 20 ° C).
• Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka: ~16–17 ×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ (20-100 ° C) — oi aku mamua o na kila ferritic.
• Hoʻohemo melū: e like me 316 (solidus ~1375 °C).
• puka aniani wela lawelawe: 316Ua koho ʻia ʻo Ti no ʻike wela waena (Koho Koho. 400–900 °C) kahi e pale ai ka hoʻokūpaʻa i ka hoʻouka kaua intergranular.
  Akā naʻe,, ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka puka makani 600–900 °C hiki ke pilikia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka sigma-phase a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka paʻakikī - pale i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana i kēlā mau wela ke ʻole e hōʻoia ka ʻikepili metallurgical i ka palekana..
• kolo: no nā ukana hoʻomau i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, 316ʻAʻole ʻo Ti he mea kolo-kū pale; hoʻohana i nā māka wela kiʻekiʻe (E.g., 316Huh, 309/310, a iʻole nicicl alloys).

7. ʻO ka hana ʻino - nā ikaika a me nā palena

Nā ikaika

• Ke kū'ē i ka corrosion intergranular ma hope o ka hoʻolaha wela i loko o ka laulā sensitization, hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Ti:C a me Ti:kūpono nā lākiō C a me ka mālama wela.
• ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka'ōpū i ka oxidizing a me ka nui o ka hoemi ana i ka media; Hāʻawi ʻo Mo i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lua / ʻoki e like me 316.
• Makemake ʻia no nā hale welded e ʻike i ka lawelawe wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole kahi kūpono ʻole o ka post-weld solution anneal.

PAHUI

• Pitting & ʻinoʻino ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe-chloride: 316Ua like ko Ti me ke kū'ē lua 316; no ka wai kai koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka lawelawe chloride mahana e noʻonoʻo i nā huila duplex a i ʻole nā ​​​​PREN kiʻekiʻe.
• Klorida SCC: ʻaʻole palekana—hiki ke SCC i loko o ka chloride + ʻO ke kaumaha kaumaha + kaiapuni wela; hiki ke koi ʻia nā alloy duplex a i ʻole super-austenitics i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka pilikia SCC.
• ʻO ka pae Sigma a me nā intermetallics: hiki i ka noho lōʻihi ma kekahi mau wela kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻāpana embrittling kūʻokoʻa i ka Ti stabilization - hoʻolālā e pale aku i kēlā mau moʻolelo wela a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo..
• Nā mea haumia ʻoihana: e like me nā kila kila a pau, nā mea hoʻohālikelike (nā maʻi ikaika, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe chlorinated ma ke kiʻekiʻe T) hiki ke hoouka; hana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

8. Ka hoʻoiliʻana & Nā ʻano hana hana

316ʻO ka microstructure austenitic o Ti + Hiki i ka TiC precipitates ke hana maikaʻi loa, me nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi e pono ai no ka hopena o ka titanium:

Hana Hoowela (Ke kī nui)

316Mālama ʻo Ti i ka weldability kiʻekiʻe, kūpono me GMAW (Iaʻu), Gtaw (Tig), Smaw (lāʻau), a me FCAW - me ka pono koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka wela post-weld (Pwht) pono no ka IGC kū'ē:

• Manaihi: ʻAʻole koi ʻia no nā ʻāpana ≤25 mm mānoanoa; Nā'āpana >25 Hiki i ka mm ke wela i ka 80–150°C no ka hoemi i ka pohā o ka HAZ.
• Nā mea hoʻohana welding: E hoʻohana iā ER316Ti (GTAW/GMAW) aiʻole E316Ti-16 (Smaw) e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻike titanium a hōʻoia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka metala weld.
• Pwht: ʻO ka hoʻopili hoʻoluhi pilikia (600–650°C no 1–2 mau hola) no nā ʻāpana pā mānoanoa, akā ʻaʻole pono no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion (like ole 316, e koi ana i ka PWHT no ka pale IGC ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana).
• Hana hui hui ʻia: Ka ikaika tensile ≥460 MPa, elongation ≥35%, a hala i ka ASTM A262 IGC ho'āʻo - weld metal corrosion resistance e like me ka metala kumu.

Hana & Huahuai

• ʻO ke anuanu: Hiki i ka ductility maikaʻi ke kaha kiʻi hohonu, hanau, a lele. radius piko liʻiliʻi: 1× mānoanoa no ke anu anu (≤12 mm mānoanoa), like me 316L - ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ka wai o TiC i ka formability.
• Hoʻokumu wela: Hana ʻia ma 1100–1250°C, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wai e mālama i ka microstructure austenitic a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka TiC. Hōʻalo i ka laulā 450–900°C i ka wā hoʻoluʻu e pale aku i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia.
• Machimen: ʻAno machinability (helu ʻia 55-60% vs. AISI 1018 Kukui Kekuhi) - ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o nā wai TiC ma mua o ka austenite, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hana ma mua o 316L.
  Manaʻo ʻia ka wikiwiki ʻoki: 90–140 m/I (Nā Hana Hana Hana) me ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wai e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka wela.

ʻO ka mālama wela

• Hoʻoholo hōʻoluʻolu: Lapaʻau wela mua (1050-1150 ° C, paʻa 30-60 mau minuke, ka wai wai) - hoʻoheheʻe i ke koena carbide (ina kekahi), hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa, a e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohele like ʻana o TiC. He mea koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pale ʻana a me ka paʻakikī.
• Kaumaha e hōʻoluʻolu ai: 600–650°C no 1–2 mau hola, ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana i ka ea - hoʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi koena e 60-70% me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kūpaʻa TiC a i ʻole ke kū ʻana i ka corrosion..
• E pale i ka over-annealing: Mahana >1200Hiki i ka °C ke kumu o TiC coarsening a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, e ho'ēmi ana i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe - palena i ka hopena annealing wela i ≤1150°C.

Mālamaʻona

• Pickling & hoʻolauna: Lapaʻau ma hope o ka hana ʻana (ASTM A380) e hoʻoneʻe i ka pālākiō oxide a hoʻihoʻi i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni passive Cr₂O₃ - ʻaʻole keʻakeʻa ʻo TiC precipitates i ka passivation.
• Kāleka: Loaʻa i ka pau ʻana o ka ʻili mai Ra 0.02–6.3 μm. Hoʻomaikaʻi ka mīkini a electropolishing paha i ka maʻemaʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, kūpono no nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā meaʻai.
• Pāpale: Kakaʻikahi ka mea e pono ai ma muli o ke kū ʻana o ka corrosion; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka galvanizing a i ʻole epoxy coating no nā kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe-chloride (E.g., nā paepae moana).

9. Nā noi maʻamau o 316Ti kuhili ʻole

316ʻO ka hui kūʻokoʻa o Ti o ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe, IGC kū'ē, a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion he mea kūpono ia no ka koi ʻana i nā kaiapuni kahi 316L a i ʻole 316 hiki ke hāʻule:

Kekau & ʻOihanaʻoihana petrochemical (35% o Koi)

• Nā noi kumu: Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika kiʻekiʻe, nā mea hana wela, Nā kolamu o nā kolamu, a me ka paipu no ka lawelawe ana i na chloride, Nā'āpana, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik.
• Ke kī nui: Kū'ē i ka IGC i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa pinepine ai (E.g., hoʻoponopono mālama) a me ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i 850°C) - hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu ethylene a me nā mea kanu sulfuric acid.

AerERPPACE

• Nā noi kumu: Pūnaehana hoʻopau mokulele, nā ʻāpana turbine, a me nā ʻāpana ʻenekini rocket.
• Ke kī nui: Ke kū'ē kū'ē i ka oxidation kiʻekiʻe (≤900°C) a me nā waiwai non-magnetic - kūpono me nā avionics a me nā ʻōnaehana radar.

ʻEmi Nukelea

• Nā noi kumu: ʻO nā mea ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu nuklear reactor, nā mea hana mahu, a me ka uhi wahie (ʻāpana hana ʻole radioactive).
• Ke kī nui: IGC kū'ē i kiʻekiʻe-mehana, wai kiʻekiʻe (280° C, 15 Mpa) a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana palekana nuklea (E.g., ASME III III).

Hana ʻana i ka umu ahi kiʻekiʻe

• Nā noi kumu: Laina kapuahi, ʻO nā tubes, a me nā mea hoʻomehana no nā kapuahi ʻoihana (ʻO ka mālama wela, lawehala).
• Ke kī nui: E mālama i ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma 800-900°C, me ke ola lawelawe 2-3 manawa lōʻihi ma mua o 316L i ka hoʻomau i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe.

Olakino & ʻOihana Hanaʻo Surrmaceutical

• Nā noi kumu: Nā mea lapaʻau hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai aku, a me nā ʻāpana lumi maʻemaʻe.
• Ke kī nui: ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana o IGC ma hope o ka autoclaving pinepine (121° C, 15 Psi) a me ka hoʻokō me ka FDA 21 CFR'āpana 177 - ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka corrosion.

Marine & ʻOihana Kūwaho

• Nā noi kumu: ʻO ka paipu paepae ma waho, mea kanu hoʻoheheʻe wai kai, a me na mea o lalo o ka moana.
• Ke kī nui: Kū'ē i ka wai kai a me SCC, me ka hoʻokō ʻana o NACE MR0175 no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa (H₂S-loaʻa nā wai punawai).

10. Loaʻa & PAHUI

ʻO nā pono kumu o 316Ti kuhili ʻole

• Kūʻē IGC kiʻekiʻe: Hoʻopau ʻo Titanium stabilization i ka ua Cr₂₃C₆, hana ia i mea kūpono no ke kiʻekiʻe-mehana a i ʻole nā ​​hiʻohiʻona hoʻoheheʻe pinepine - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 316L/316H.
• Hoʻonui i ka hana wela kiʻekiʻe: Mālama i ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation a hiki i 900 ° C, 50–100°C kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 316L.
• Maikaʻi loa: ʻAʻohe PWHT koi no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, e hoemi ana i na koina hana a me ka manawa alakai.
• ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrossion ākea: Loaʻa i ka 316 kū'ē i nā chloride, Nā'āpana, a me ka lawelawe awaawa, me nā palena wela lōʻihi no ka hoʻokō NACE.
• ʻO ka lepo lepo: Kāohi ʻo TiC i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional.

ʻO nā palena kī o 316Ti kuhili ʻole

• Uku kiʻekiʻe: 15-20% ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 316L (ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka titanium), hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai waiwai no nā noi koʻikoʻi nui ʻole.
• Hoʻemi ʻia ka machinability: ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea hana ma mua o 316L, e koi ana i nā mea hana kūikawā a i ʻole ka wikiwiki o ka ʻoki ʻana - hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai machining e ~ 10-15%.
• ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka TiC: Hōʻike lōʻihi i >900ʻO °C ke kumu o TiC coarsening, e hoemi ana i ka ikaika a me ka paakiki.
• Palena kūʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: ʻAʻole kūpono no ka lawelawe mau ʻana ma luna o 900°C - e hoʻohana i nā kila stainless austenitic super (E.g., 254 ʻO MĀKOU) a i ʻole nā ​​huila nickel-based (E.g., Actoel 600) '.
• ʻOi aku ka ikaika haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kila stainless duplex: Ikaika ikaika (485–590 MPa) ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā papa duplex (E.g., 2205: 600-800 mpa), e koi ana i nā ʻāpana mānoanoa no nā ukana kūkulu.

11. Ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike — 316Ti vs 316L vs 321 vs Duplex 2205

12. Hopena

316He ʻano hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Ti o ka 316 ohana, ʻenekinia no ka mālama ʻana i ke kūpaʻa ʻino ʻana o ke kila kuhiliʻole austenitic ma nā ʻāpana welded a me ka wela.

Ke hoʻomalu pono ʻia ka ʻike titanium a me ka mālama wela, 316Kāohi ʻo Ti i ka pau ʻana o ka chromium intergranular a he koho paʻa no nā mea kanu welded, nā hui i hōʻike ʻia i ka wela a me nā kaiapuni chloride haʻahaʻa kahi i hiki ʻole ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma hope o ka weld.

Kūʻai kūpono, Hōʻoia MTR, ʻO ke kaʻina hana welding a me ka nānā ʻana i nā manawa he mea nui e ʻike i nā pono o ka alloy.

 

FaqS

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o 316Ti a me 316L?

316Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Ti (Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Ti e hana i ka TiC), ʻoiai ʻo 316L he kalapona haʻahaʻa (L = haʻahaʻa C).

ʻO nā ala ʻelua e hōʻemi i ka pilikia sensitization; 316Ua koho pono ʻia ʻo Ti i ka wā e ʻike ai nā ʻāpana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wela waena a ʻaʻole kūpono ka post-weld anneal..

Hana ʻo titanium i ka 316Ti i ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma mua o 316L?

ʻO ka hana a Titanium ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion intergranular ma hope o ka ʻike wela; 316ʻO ke kūpaʻa pitting nui o Ti e like me 316/316L (Hāʻawi ʻo Mo i nā mea a pau i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka corrosion kūloko).

No nā kaiapuni chloride koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā alloys duplex a i ʻole PREN kiʻekiʻe.

Pono au i nā metala hoʻopihapiha ʻokoʻa e wili ai iā 316Ti?

ʻAʻole pono - hoʻohālikelike i nā mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha (E.g., ER316L/ER316Ti kahi i loaʻa) hoʻohana ʻia.

E hōʻoia i ka hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha a me ke kaʻina hana wili e mālama i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka HAZ a me ka weld metala; e kūkākūkā i nā code welding a me nā alakaʻi metallurgical no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi.