Wellbility of stainst canielless camel - ka loiloi pihaʻana

1. Hōʻikeʻike

He mea maʻamau ka wiliwili ʻana i nā kila kila ma ka ʻoihana, aka o pehea mea pili: nā hui āpau āpau (Austetetitic, ferritic, Duplex, Martesestic, Hoʻopau-paʻakikī, a me nā māka kiʻekiʻe-alloy) lawe mai i nā ʻano metallurgical ʻokoʻa e hoʻoholo i ke koho kaʻina hana, mea hoʻopiha piha, ʻO ka hoʻokomo wela, ma mua/ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, a me na hooponopono ana.

Me ka koho kaʻina hana pololei a me nā hoʻomalu-pale kinoea, ʻO ka hoʻokomo wela, pāʻani hoʻopihapiha, ka wela interpass a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana ma hope o ka weld kūpono - hiki ke wili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā māka e hāʻawi i ka ikaika hilinaʻi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion..

Nā hana i hoʻopili hewa ʻia, Akā naʻe,, alakai i ka poha wela, hōʻikeʻike, embrittlement a i ʻole ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka corrosion.

2. No ke aha e pono ai ka Weldability no nā kila kuhili ʻole

Kila kohu ʻoleAia ka waiwai i kāna ʻōlelo hoʻohiki lua: Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (mai kona papa oxide waiwai nui o ka chromium) a me ka hilinaʻi hale (mai kona mau pono hana hana).

Ma nā ʻoihana e like me ka ʻaila & aila, mana pā'āʻu, Ke kālepaʻana, kūkulu hoʻi, a me nā lako meaʻai, ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana kuhili ʻole e koi i ka wili i ka wā hana, hoʻopiha, a hooponopono paha.

ʻAʻole ʻo Weldability he "mea hana maʻalahi" - ʻo ia ka linchpin e hōʻoia i ka paʻa ʻana o kēia ʻōlelo hoʻohiki i nā ʻāpana welded..

Hoʻopilikia ka weldability maikaʻi ʻole i nā hana koʻikoʻi o ke kila kila, alakaʻi i nā pōʻino pōʻino, koina nui, a me ka hoʻokō ʻole ʻana i nā kūlana ʻoihana.

3. Nā Kumu Metallurgical Key o ka Weldability Steel

Ka weldability o kuhiliʻole kila i fundamentally hoomaluia e ko lakou kinohi a ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal.

ʻAʻole wehewehe wale nā ​​mea hoʻohui i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion akā hoʻokele pū i ka hana ʻana o nā kila kila ma lalo o nā pōʻai wela o ka wili..

Ka hopena o nā mea'ē aʻe

Nā Kūlana Crystal a me ko lākou mana

• Ka austentes (Fcc): Paʻakikī ka paʻakikī, maikaʻi maikaʻi, a me ka weli maikaʻi loa. Akā naʻe,, hiki i nā haku mele austenitic piha Kāle Uhiʻi ma muli o ko lākou laulā solidification haʻahaʻa.
• Ferrite (Bcc): ʻO ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka haʻihaʻi wela akā ua kaupalena ʻia ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī i ka ʻāpana wela (Haz). ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa i ka wā wili hiki ke hoʻopau i nā kila ferritic.
• Martissite (Bctkau ma na): Paʻakikī loa a palupalu, ʻoi aku inā loaʻa ke kalapona kiʻekiʻe. Hana ka welding i nā māwae ke ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld.
• Duplex (huikau FCC + Bcc): ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka ferrite a me ka austenite e hāʻawi i ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, akā, he mea koʻikoʻi ka mana hoʻokomo wela i ka mālama ʻana i ka pae kaulike ~ 50/50.

4. Weldability o Austenitic kuhiliʻole kila (300 Nā mo'ānō)

Austenitic stainless steels—ʻoi loa aku ka 300 Nā mo'ānō (304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 347)-ʻo ia nā mea kila kila i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma muli o ko lākou Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion, kumaikalua, a me ka.

ʻO lākou maʻamau ka ʻohana kuhili ʻole weldable, e wehewehe ana i ko lakou hoohana nui ana ma ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i ka meaʻai, nā lāʻau kanu lāʻau, pono & aila, Marine, a me nā noi cryogenic.

Akā naʻe,, kā lākou piha austenitic crystal structure a hoʻonui wela kiʻekiʻe lawe mai i nā pilikia wiliwili kūikawā e pono ai ka mālama pono.

Nā Luʻi Weldability Nui

Nā holoi holoi & Koho Hoopiha

• Nā metala hoʻopiha maʻamau: Er308l (no 304/304L), Er316L (no 316/316L), ER347 (no ka 321/347).
• Palena ferrite: ʻO FN kūpono (helu ferrite) i ka weld metala: 3–10 e hoemi i ka poha wela.
• Nā kinoea pale: Aron, a i ʻole ʻo Ar + 1–2% O₂; ARHERE AR + Hoʻohui ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke komo ʻana i nā ʻāpana mānoanoa.

Pono ke kaʻina hana welding

5. Weldable o Ferritic kuhiliʻole kila (400 Nā mo'ānō)

Na kila kuhiliʻole Ferritic, mua 400 māka moʻo e like me 409, 430, a 446, ua hōʻike ʻia e a cubic cubic (Bcc) ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou ma ʻO nā'ōnaehana exhaust exhaust, nā mea hoʻonaninani hoʻonaninani, a me nā lako hanaʻoihana Ma muli o kā lākou ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana, Nā waiwai magnetic, a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā māka austenitic.

ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea kila kulika ferritic, kā lākou weldability ua oi kaupalena hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māka austenitic.

Ka hui pūʻana o haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, hoʻonui wela kiʻekiʻe, a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa I loko o ka wahi wela (Haz) hoʻolauna i nā pilikia kūikawā.

Nā Luʻi Weldability Nui

Nā holoi holoi & Koho Hoopiha

• Nā metala hoʻopiha maʻamau: ER409L no 409, ER430L no 430.
• Koho hoopiha: E hoʻohālikelike i ka metala kumu e pale ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ferrite a i ʻole ka intermetallic i nā welds.
• Nā kinoea pale: ʻO Argon a i ʻole Ar + 2% O₂ no ka wiliwili kinoea tungsten arc (Gtaw) a i ʻole ka wiliwili metala kinoea (Kāmaʻa kikomua).

Pono ke kaʻina hana welding

6. Weldable o Martensitic kuhiliʻole kila (400 Nā mo'ānō)

Martesetitic Stainlele, maʻa mau 410, 420, 431, 'Ekā ikaika-ikaika, nā mea paʻakikī paʻakikī hōʻike ʻia e kaona kiʻekiʻe a me kahi tetragonal i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kino (Bctkau ma na) hale martensitic.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau kila ma Nā'āpana o Turbine, Nā'āpana nui, kā mākou kā'ā, Nā'āpana Valve, a me nā'āpana aerospace, kahi e koʻikoʻi ai ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ke kapa.

ʻO nā kila kila ʻole Martensitic i manaʻo ʻia he paʻakikī ke wili Ma muli o kā lākou ka manaʻo e hana paʻakikī, nā microstructure palupalu ma ka ʻāpana wela (Haz), e hoonui ana i ka pilikia o māhā anu a hoʻemi ʻia ka paʻakikī.

Nā Luʻi Weldability Nui

Nā holoi holoi & Koho Hoopiha

• Nā metala hoʻopiha maʻamau: ER410, ER420, ER431, hoʻolikelike me ka pae metala kumu.
• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua a interpass: 150–300 °C ma muli o ka mānoanoa a me ke kalapona.
• Nā kinoea pale: ʻO Argon a i ʻole Ar + 2% ʻO ia no GTAW; Laulu, nā electrodes haʻahaʻa-hydrogen no SMAW.

Pono ke kaʻina hana welding

Nā Manaʻo Hana Ma hope o Weld

7. Hiki ke Weldable o Duplex Stainless Steels (2000 Nā mo'ānō)

ʻO nā kila kila ʻole Duplex (DSS), kapa ʻia ʻo ia 2000 Nā mo'ānō (E.g., 2205, 2507), 'Ekā nā ʻāpana ʻelua aia ma kahi o 50% austente a 50% ferrite.

Hāʻawi kēia hui ikaika ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion, a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi, e hana ana iā lākou no Ke kālepaʻana, aila waho & aila, nā mea kanu lāʻau, a me nā noi moana.

ʻOiai ʻo nā kila duplex e hāʻawi i nā pono nui ma mua o nā māka austenitic a i ʻole ferritic, kā lākou ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka weldability ma muli o ka pono e mālama i ka ratio ferrite-austenite kaulike a pale aku i ke kukulu ana o Nā'mala waena (sigma, chi, a i ʻole chromium nitrides).

Nā Luʻi Weldability Nui

Nā holoi holoi & Koho Hoopiha

• Nā metala hoʻopiha maʻamau: ER2209, ER2594, a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻopihapiha hoʻopihapiha like duplex.
• Helu ferrite (FN) Hono: FN 30–50 i loko o ka weld metala no ka ʻoi loa o ka paʻakikī a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
• Nā kinoea pale: Argon maʻemaʻe no GTAW; ARHERE AR + nā hoʻohui liʻiliʻi o N₂ (0.1-0.2%) Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka austenite.

Pono ke kaʻina hana welding

Nā Manaʻo Hana Ma hope o Weld

8. Weldability o ka ua-paakiki (Ph) Nā mea kanu lāʻau

ʻO nā kila kuhili ʻole e paʻa ana i ka ua, e like me 17-4 Ph, 15-5 Ph, a 13-8 Mo, 'Ekā martensitic a semi-austenitic alloys hoʻoikaika ʻia ma o ka ua hoʻomalu ʻia o nā pae lua (E.g., liulaala, nihibium, a i ʻole nā ​​pūhui titanium).

Hoʻohui lākou ikaika ikaika, ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana, a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa, e hana ana iā lākou no AerERPPACE, reflan, Kekau, a me nā noi mīkini hana kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka wiliwili ʻana i nā kila kila ʻole PH nā pilikia kūikawā, e like me ka Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka mīkini paʻakikī paʻakikī e ka pōʻai wela, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka palupalu i ka wahi wela (Haz) Oole poho o ka ikaika ma ka weld metala.

Nā Luʻi Weldability Nui

Nā holoi holoi & Koho Hoopiha

• Nā Hihi Kōlea: Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka metala kumu (E.g., ER630 no 17-4 Ph).
• Preheat a me ka wela interpass: 150–250 °C ma muli o ka mānoanoa a me ka pae.
• Nā kinoea pale: ʻO Argon a i ʻole Ar + Hoʻohui ʻo ia no GTAW; Laulu, nā electrodes haʻahaʻa-hydrogen no SMAW.

Pono ke kaʻina hana welding

Laʻana Ikepili Post-Weld:

9. Hōʻuluʻulu Weldability Comparative

Nā nānā nui:

1. ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic ʻo nā mea kala loa, hāʻawi weldability maikaʻi loa me ka mālama iki.
2. Nā helu Ferritic ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i palupalu a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, e koi ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.
3. Nā kila martensitic pono preheating a post-weld tempering e pale i ka pohā anu a hoʻihoʻi i ka paʻakikī.
4. Nā kila duplex pono hoʻomalu pae kiko e pale aku i nā welds waiwai ferrite a palupalu ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
5. PH Stuinless pono e komo ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hopena post-weld a me ka ʻelemakule e hoihoi hou i ka ikaika a me ka paakiki.

10. Hopena

ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia o ke kila kuhili ʻole i kahi kikoʻī - mai nā māka austenitic hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hiki i nā kila martensitic a me PH..

Oiai hiki ke welded maikaʻi ka hapa nui o nā māka, pili ka holomua ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka hana metala, e noi ana nā kaʻina hana wili kūpono, a me ka hana pono mua- a i ʻole nā ​​hana wela ma hope o ka weld.

No nā ʻenekinia a me nā mea hana, ʻAʻole pili wale ka weldability e pili ana i ka hui ʻana—e pili ana ia i ka mālama ʻana i ka pale ʻana, ikaika, a lawelawe lawelawe.

Koho akahele hoʻopiha, hooponopono hookomo wela, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā code e hōʻoia i nā ʻāpana kila kila e hoʻokō i nā manaʻo hoʻolālā a me ke ola.

FaqS

No ke aha he 316L ʻoi aku ka weldable ma mua o 316 kila kohu ʻole?

316He haʻahaʻa ko L (C ≤0.03% vs. C ≤0.08% no 316), ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻemi loa i ka pilikia sensitization.

I ka wā o ka hanaʻana, 316'O ke kalapona ki'eki'e 'o Cr₂₃C₆ carbide ma nā palena palaoa (e hoopau ana ia Cr), e alakaʻi ana i ka corrosion intergranular.

316ʻO ke kalapona haʻahaʻa o L ka pale i kēia, me a 95% ka helu i hala ma ka ASTM A262 IGC hoʻokolohua vs. 50% no ka 316.

Pono nā kila kuhili ʻole ferritic i ka hoʻomehana ʻana?

ʻAʻole-ferritic stainless steels (409, 430) loaʻa ka haʻahaʻa kalapona, no laila, ʻaʻole pono ka preheating no ka pale ʻana i ka pohā anu.

Akā naʻe,, ka hoʻopili ʻana ma hope o ka weld (700-800 ° C) ʻōlelo ʻia e hana hou i nā hua nui HAZ, hoʻihoʻi hou i ka ductility a me ka paʻakikī (hoʻonui i ka ikehu hopena e 40-50%).

Hiki 17-4 E wiliwili ʻia ke kila kila PH me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld?

ʻAe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, aka, e hoopalupalu loa ia ka HAZ (hāʻule ka ikaika tensile mai 1,150 Mpa i 750 MPa no ka H900 wela).

No nā noi haʻahaʻa (E.g., nā pale lewa), post-weld hoʻonā kuhikuhi (1,050° C) + ʻelemakule hou (480° C) pono ia e hoʻololi i nā ʻeke keleawe, hoihoi hou ana 95% o ka ikaika o ka metala kumu.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ke kila kila austenitic lahilahi (1-3 mm)?

Gtaw (Tig) kūpono—ʻo kona hoʻokomo wela haʻahaʻa (0.5–1.5 kJ/mm) hōʻemi i ka nui o ka HAZ a me ka pilikia o ka sensitization, ʻoiai ʻo kāna mana arc pololei e hoʻopuka i ka maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa-porosity welds.

E hoʻohana i kahi electrode tungsten 1-2 mm, kinoea pale argon (99.99% Maluhia), a me ka māmā holo 100–150 mm/min no nā hopena maikaʻi loa.