Lae hehee o ke keleawe: He pane pololei i kahi nīnau paʻakikī
Keihei ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻohui metala i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻenekinia, hana ai.uk, Biikona, nā mea kani, plumbing, a me nā noi hoʻonaninani.
He waiwai ia no kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion, helehelena hoihoi, markinpalibility, a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hao keleawe he nui.
Eia naʻe i ka nīnau ʻana o ka poʻe i ka "wahi hoʻoheheʻe keleawe,” ke nīnau pinepine nei lākou i kahi nīnau i loaʻa ʻole kahi pane pololei.
ʻO ka pane ʻenehana pololei kēia: ʻAʻohe wahi heheʻe paʻa i ke keleawe. No ka mea, he hao ke keleawe, aole metala maemae, he mea maʻamau ma luna o a Nā haʻona ma mua o hoʻokahi wela kūpono.
No nā keleawe maʻamau he nui, ʻaneʻane ka laulā 900°C i 940°C (e pili ana 1650°F a hiki i 1725°F), ʻoiai hiki ke hāʻule nā haku mele ma waho o kēlā wā.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kumu e pono ai ka nānā ʻana i ke keleawe mai kekahi mau kihi: metralurgy, hana ai.uk, a me ka hoʻohana pono.
1. ʻAʻole he mea maʻemaʻe ke keleawe
ʻO nā metala maʻemaʻe e like me ke keleawe a i ʻole ke alumini ka helu heheʻe hoʻokahi ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.
He ʻokoʻa ke keleawe. ʻO ka mea nui ia he huila o keleawe a me ka zinc, a ʻo ka hapa o ia mau mea ʻelua hiki ke ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka noi i manaʻo ʻia.
He mea nui kēlā hoʻololi. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka zinc i loko o ke keleawe, ʻoi aku ka hoʻololi ʻana o kāna ʻano wela.
I nā ʻōnaehana alloy, wehewehe pinepine ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e nā mahana ʻelua:
- Nā Sodia Solidus: ka mahana i hoʻomaka ai ka wai mua e hana
- wai wai: ka mahana i lilo ai ka huila i ka wai piha
Ma waena o kēlā mau mahana ʻelua, aia ke keleawe ma ke ʻano he hui ʻana o nā pae paʻa a me ka wai. ʻO ia ke kumu e maʻalahi ai ka ʻōlelo ʻana i kahi "helu heheʻe" hoʻokahi.
No ka hana pono, nui nā keleawe maʻamau e hoʻomaka e palupalu a heheʻe hapa a puni 900° C, a lilo i mea hoohehee loa ma kahi a puni 930°C i 940°C. Akā, pili nā helu pololei i ka papa.
2. Nā pae hehee maʻamau no ke keleawe maʻamau
Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai ma lalo nei paʻa–wai RESESSE, no ka mea, he hao ke keleawe a no laila e hehee ai ma luna o ka wā wela ma mua o ka helu hoʻokahi.
| ʻAno keleawe | Kūleʻa maʻamau (kokoke.) | Hoʻohemo melū (° C) | Hoʻohemo melū (K) | Hoʻohemo melū (° F) |
| Ke keleawe wiliwili (US C21000 / EN CW500L) | Cu 94.0–96.0%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.05%, Fe ≤0.05% | 1049–1066 | 1322–1339 | 1920–1950 |
| keleawe kalepa / 90-10 Keihei (US C22000 / EN CW501L) | Ma kahi o 89.0–91.0%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.05%, Fe ≤0.05% | 1021–1043 | 1294–1316 | 1870–1910 |
| Keka ulaula ulaula (UNS C23000 / EN CW502L) | Cu 84.0–86.0%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.05%, Fe ≤0.05% | 988–1027 | 1261-1300 | 1810–1880 |
| keleawe haahaa (US C24000 / EN CW503L) | Cu 78.5–81.5%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.05%, Fe ≤0.05% | 966–999 | 1239–1272 | 1770–1830 |
| Keleawe cretridge (US C26000 / EN CW505L) | Cu 68.5–71.5%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.07%, Fe ≤0.05% | 916–954 | 1189–1228 | 1680–1750 |
| Hiila mele (UNS C26800 / EN CW506L) | Cu 64.0–68.5%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.09%, Fe ≤0.05% | 904–932 | 1178–1205 | 1660–1710 |
Hiila mele (US C27000 / EN CW507L) |
Cu 63.0–68.5%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.09%, Fe ≤0.07% | 904–932 | 1178–1205 | 1660–1710 |
| Hiila mele (US C27400 / EN CW508L) | Cu 61.0–64.0%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.09%, Fe ≤0.05% | 870–920 | 1143–1193 | 1598–1688 |
| ʻO Muntz Metal (UNS C28000 / EN CW509L) | Cu 59.0–63.0%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.09%, Fe ≤0.07% | 899–904 | 1172–1178 | 1650–1660 |
| ʻO ke keleawe manuahi manuahi (US C36000 / EN CW603N) | Cu 60.0–63.0%, Pb 2.5–3.0%, Zn kaulike; Fe ≤0.35% | 888–899 | 1161–1172 | 1630–1650 |
| Ke keleawe Admiralty (US C44300 / EN CW706R) | Cu 70.0–73.0%, Sn 0.8–1.2% (pono paha nā huahana tubular ≥0.9%), Zn kaulike; | 899–938 | 1172–1211 | 1650–1720 |
| Nāʻili manu (US C46400 / EN CW712R) | Cu 59.0–62.0%, Sn 0.2–1.0%, Zn kaulike; Pb ≤0.5%, Fe ≤0.10% | 888–899 | 1161–1172 | 1630–1650 |
3. ʻO ka haku mele ka mea hoʻokele nui o ka pae hehee
I ke keleawe, ʻO ka haku mele ke kumu mua e hoʻoholo ai i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻole he metala maʻemaʻe ke keleawe akā he keleawe-zinc alloy.
Ma kahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i hoʻokahi wela paʻa, hehee ka hapa nui o na keleawe ma o a paʻa-wai-wai.
Hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau nā keleawe waiwai nui i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai e hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻia nā keleawe waiwai nui o ka zinc.
ʻo kahi laʻana, Ua helu ʻia ke keleawe pahu pahu UNS C26000 me kahi solidus o 1680° F a he liquidus o 1750° F, ʻoiai ʻo UNS C36000 ʻoki keleawe ka haʻahaʻa, a 1630°F a hiki i 1650°F.
ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke keleawe kālepa UNS C22000, a 1870°F a hiki i 1910°F, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke keleawe kiʻekiʻe i ka pae hoʻoheheʻe i luna.
ʻO ke kumu he metallurgical: hoʻololi i ka lākiō Cu/Zn i nā pilina māhele i loko o ka huila, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻololi ai i ka mahana i ʻike ʻia ai ka wai mua a me ka mahana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ai ka huila.
ʻO ia ke kumu i uhi ʻia ai ka lepili ākea like ʻole "brass" i nā huila me nā ʻano wela like ʻole.
I nā hua'ōlelo kūpono, ʻAʻole hiki i ka mea hana ke manaʻo e like ke ʻano o kekahi keleawe e like me ka mea ʻē aʻe ma muli wale nō ke nānā aku ʻelua a he melemele a keleawe paha..
Hōʻike nā papa ʻaina huila i loko o nā keleawe maʻamau, 'oko'a ka ho'ohehe'e 'ana ma nā kakini o nā degere Fahrenheit ma muli o ke koho 'ana a me ka haku mele 'ana.
He mea nui hoʻi nā mea hoʻohui liʻiliʻi. Kū, alakaʻi, arsenic, Silikino, aluminum, a hiki i ka manganese ke hoʻololi i ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation, markinpalibility, Pūnaewele kūleʻa, a me ka pane wela; Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoneʻe iki i ka wā heheʻe.
ʻo kahi laʻana, UNS C44300 keleawe keleawe, aia i loko o ka tin a me ka trace arsenic no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ua helu ʻia ma 1650°F a hiki i 1720°F, ʻoiai ʻo UNS C28000 Muntz metala i helu ʻia ma 1650°F a hiki i 1660°F.
ʻAʻole kūʻokoʻa kēia mau ʻokoʻa; Hōʻike lākou i ka hopena i hui pū ʻia o ka haku mele ʻana a me ke ʻano o ka pae alloy.
No ka ʻenehana a me ka hana ʻana, pololei ka manao: ʻOi aku ka mea nui o ka koho ʻana i ka alloy ma mua o ke kala a i ʻole ka inoa maʻamau.
Inā ʻike ʻoe i ka inoa UNS a i ʻole EN/CEN, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohālikelike i ka pae hoʻoheheʻe me ka hilinaʻi nui aʻe ma mua o ka ʻike wale ʻana he "brass" ka ʻāpana.
ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui ka ʻike ma muli o nā maʻamau i ka hoʻolei ʻana, mohaihala, hana wela, a me ka hana hou ana.
4. No ke aha he mea nui ka lae hehee i ka hana
I nā noi ʻenehana, ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke keleawe ma ke ʻano he wela hoʻokahi akā he a pukaaniani hana palena ʻia e ka Nā Sodia Solidus a wai.
Hōʻike kēia wā i nā mahana hana palekana a maikaʻi no nā kaʻina hana.
ʻO ka hana kokoke loa i ka solidus hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻia a i ʻole ke kahe waiwai, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka liquidus hiki ke alakaʻi i ka wela, oxiyan, a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka haku mele—ma muli o ka nalowale o ka zinc.
Kauhi
Ke hooleiia ke keleawe, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka metala ma luna o kona liquidus no laila e kahe pono ʻia i loko o kahi moʻo.
Inā haʻahaʻa loa ka mahana, hoʻopiha piha, nā'ōpū anuanu, a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻopau maikaʻi ʻia.
Inā kiʻekiʻe loa, hiki i ka zinc ke oxidize a volatilize, e hoʻololi i ka haku mele a hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hoʻolei hope.
Ka hana ʻana a me ka hana wela
Hiki ke hana wela ke keleawe, akā, pono e hana ʻia i loko o kahi puka aniani ma lalo o ka pae hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke keleawe me ka ikaika loa e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma nā palena ʻai..
He mea koʻikoʻi ia no nā ʻāpana e pono e mālama i ka pololei o ka dimensional a me ka pololei o ke kūkulu ʻana.
ʻO Brazing a hui pū
I ka hui ʻana i nā hana, He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke keleawe no ka mea e paʻa mau ka metala kumu i ka wā e kahe ana ka mea hoʻopihapiha a i ʻole ka mea hui..
Inā nui ka wela, hiki i ka ʻāpana keleawe ponoʻī ke hoʻoheheʻe a nalowale ka zinc. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ke kikowaena o ka hana brazing hilinaʻi.
ʻO ka mīkini a me ke keleawe ʻoki manuahi
Ua koho ʻia kekahi mau māka keleawe no ka machinability. Loaʻa i kēlā mau haku mele ke alakaʻi a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana ʻoki, akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi iki i ka pane wela.
Ma nā wahi hana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka alloy ma mua o ka huaʻōlelo maʻamau "brass."
5. Manaʻo kuhihewa maʻamau e pili ana i ka Lae heheʻe keleawe
kuhi hewa 1: Hoʻokahi wahi heheʻe maoli ke keleawe
ʻO kēia ka hoʻomaopopo maʻamau. Heheʻe ke keleawe ma luna o ka laula no ka mea, he huila ia. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka wela hoʻoheheʻe hoʻokahi he hoʻohālikelike wale nō.
kuhi hewa 2: Hana ʻia ke keleawe e like me ke keleawe
He keleawe ka keleawe, aole nae he keleawe. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kopa.
Hoʻoheheʻe pinepine ʻia ke keleawe ma mua no ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka zinc i ka paepae wela o ka alloy.
kuhi hewa 3: Ua like nā "metala melemele" a pau
Keihei, bronze, a huikau pinepine na mea hao keleawe e ae ma ke kamailio maalea.
ʻO ka keleawe ka mea maʻamau i ka keleawe-tin, a okoa kona ano hehee me ke keleawe. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano mea wela a me nā ʻano mechanical ʻē aʻe.
kuhi hewa 4: ʻO ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke keleawe ʻo ia wale nō ka "hana ʻulaʻula"
ʻAʻole ia he ana wela palekana a hilinaʻi paha. Hiki i ke keleawe ke oxidize, hoʻolele kala, a i ʻole e nalowale ka zinc ma mua o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana.
ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻike he hōʻailona pololei ʻole o ke kūlana wela, ʻoi aku ma ka hana hoʻomalu.
6. Nā Manaʻo palekana i ka wā e hoʻomehana ai i ke keleawe
ʻO nā kūkākūkā koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻoheheʻe keleawe e komo pū me ka palekana. ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ke keleawe a kokoke a i ʻole ma luna o kona pae hoʻoheheʻe.
ʻO ka pōʻino hū zinc
I nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hiki i ka zinc ke vaporize a oxidize, ka hana ʻana i ka uahi weliweli ke hanu.
ʻO kēia ka pilikia nui o ka ʻoihana ma nā hale hana, hale hana, a me ka hana hou ana. Pono paha ka ea a me ka pale hanu, ma muli o ke kaʻina hana.
Hoʻololi i ka haku mele
Inā wela loa ke keleawe, Hiki ke nalowale ka zinc mai ka huila. Hoʻololi kēlā i ke ʻano o nā mea i koe a hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hana ma ka ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia.
ʻO nā pōʻino ahi a me nā mea hana
No ka mea, heheʻe ke keleawe ma kahi mahana haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metala ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ka hoʻomehana ʻole ʻia, Nā'Upō, a me nā mea hana.
Pono ka nānā ʻana i ka wela a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka umu ahi kūpono.
7. Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike: Keleawe vs. Nā Metala keleawe ʻē aʻe a me nā metala ʻoihana
| Waiwai | Kūleʻa maʻamau (kokoke.) | Hoʻohemo melū (° C) | Hoʻohemo melū (K) | Hoʻohemo melū (° F) | Nā ʻano ʻenehana nui |
| Keihei (Kamoihia) | Cu-zn (5–45% Zn) | 880–1020 | 1153–1293 | 1616–1868 | Palapala maikai, ikaika, ākea hoohehee, zinc volatility i ke kiʻekiʻe wela |
| Bronze (Kamoihia) | Cu-Sn (5–12% Sn) | 900-1050 | 1173–1323 | 1652–1922 | Ke kū'ē nei ke kū'ē kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi nā mea ʻaʻahu, ʻoi aku ka haiki ma mua o ke keleawe |
| Lole keleawe | Cu ≥99.9% | 1085 (kiko hoʻokahi) | 1358 | 1985 | Kiʻekiʻe loa ka wela/wela, ʻaʻohe pae hoʻoheheʻe (ʻO Metal Pākuʻi) |
| Ailunimina bronze | Cu-al (5–12% Al) | 1020–1060 | 1293–1333 | 1868–1940 | Ikaika ikaika, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka corrosion, ʻoi aku ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā keleawe |
Silikino Bronze |
Cu-si (1-4% ʻAe) | 965–1025 | 1238–1298 | 1769–1877 | ʻO ka wai hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka welding filler metala |
| Copping-nickel (Copingickel) | Cu–Ni (10–30% Ma) | 1170–1240 | 1443–1513 | 2138–2264 | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka wai kai, pae hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka Microstructure |
| Aluminum (Maluhia) | Al ≥99% | 660 (kiko hoʻokahi) | 933 | 1220 | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, wela hoohehee haahaa, ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal |
| ʻAihue kīwī | Fe–C (0.1–1.0% C) | 1425-1540 | 1698–1813 | 2597–2804 | Ikaika ikaika, hoʻohana ʻoihana ākea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma mua o nā ʻāpana keleawe |
Kila kohu ʻole |
Fe–Cr–Ni huila | 1375–1530 | 1648–1803 | 2507–2786 | Ke kū'ēʻana, ʻO ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe |
| Hae hao | Fe–C (2–4% C) | 1150-1200 | 1423–1473 | 2102–2192 | ʻO ka Castability maikaʻi loa, haʻahaʻa hoʻoheheʻe ma mua o ke kila, ʻano palupalu |
| Zinc (Maluhia) | Zn ≥99% | 419.5 (kiko hoʻokahi) | 693 | 787 | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa heheʻe, puʻupuʻu mahu kiʻekiʻe ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe |
| Alakaʻi (Maluhia) | Pb ≥99% | 327.5 (kiko hoʻokahi) | 601 | 621 | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa heheʻe, pepeki, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me ka hoʻohui alloying |
8. Hopena
ʻAʻole hoʻokahi helu paʻa ka helu heheʻe o ke keleawe. E like me ka huila keleawe a me ka zinc, hehee ma'amau ke keleawe ma luna o a Nā haʻona, maʻamau a puni 900°C i 940°C
Mai ka ʻike ʻepekema, maʻalahi ka manaʻo nui: hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana
No laila ʻaʻole ʻo ka pane pololei loa "he aha ka helu heheʻe o ke keleawe?” aka: ʻO ke keleawe hea kāu e kamaʻilio nei?
