1. Hōʻikeʻike
Nalowale-wax (waiwai kūʻai) Kauhi ua paliʻia no kona hiki ke hana hou i nā kiko'ī maikaʻi, nā'āpana'āpana a me ka paʻakikī o ka geometry me ka pau loa e hoʻopau i nā mea maikaʻi loa.
ʻO ka loaʻaʻana o nā hopena kūponoʻoleʻaʻole ia e pili ana i ka geometry a iʻole nā hoʻonohonoho mīkini - he kālā kālā ia i kahi pilikia.
Keʻano o ka wax, ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau, restictory aggregates, Kolena, ʻO ke kino a me keʻano a me keʻano o ka chemistry āpau e launa pū ai, kemika a me ka hanaʻana i ka wā dewax, burnout a me ka interanino hao.
Ke kohoʻana i nā mea kūpono no kēlā me kēia pae kaʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka hana hou.
2. ʻO Overview o ka Wīwī Hala-Wax Castlow
Nā Kūlana nui a me nā mea waiwai nui e pili ana:
- Kau waihona (wax) -ʻO keʻano o ka hana a iʻole ka termoplastic; geting / wax sprul systems.
- Kāhea & goting - Wax Rodoms (Kunaua), Nā papa'āpana.
- Pahu kūkulu (waiwai kūʻai) - Slurry (kaulike + maikaʻi loa), ʻO Stucco / Aggregate Coats.
- Haunaele / hoomoana - steam / Autoclave a iʻole ka weheʻana i ka weheʻana o keʻano kūlohelohe.
- Kaka ahi / shed lake - E kāohi i ka ractidize / puhi i nā mea kūlohelohe a me ka hewa i kaʻili e pono ai ka ikaika.
- Hoʻomālamalama & E ninini ana -ʻO nā mea waiwai e pili ana i ka lewa (ʻO ka hau / irtour / hakahaka) a nininiia ka'ōnaehana (Gravity / Kesighu / Mauʻa).
- Ho'ōla & Shell lawe - Mechanical a iʻole kaʻaihue; Ke hoʻopauʻana.
Hoʻohana kēlā me kēia papa i nāʻohana likeʻole o nā huahana i kohoʻia no nā mahana, Chemisstry, a me nā mea pāʻani i kēlā hana.
3. Wax & nā mea hoʻohālike
Hana hana: hali aku i ke kui, E wehewehe i ka hoʻopauʻana, a hāʻawi i ka hoʻonui pinepineʻana i ka wā o ka haleʻo Shell.
Nā WAX maʻamau / Nāʻohana kiʻi kiʻi
| Waiwai / Ohana | Kūleʻa maʻamau | ʻO ka maloka maʻamau / Nā'āpana kūloko (° C) | ʻO nā kukui maʻamau (E like me-hana) | ʻO nā mea noho maʻamau ma hope o ka burnout | Hoʻohana maikaʻi loa / nā moʻolelo |
| Paraffin-waiwai injection wax | Paraffin + moder moder | 45-70 ° C | ~ 0.2-0.5% | 0.05-0.2 wt% | Uku haʻahaʻa, maikaʻi maikaʻi; brittle inā maʻemaʻe - maʻamau pinepine. |
| ʻO nā mea keleponaʻo MicrocryStalline Wax | Micrrystalliselline wax + Paraffin + taickifer | 60-95 ° C | ~ 0.1-0.3% | ≤0.1 wt% (Inā hoʻokomoʻia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) | Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ke aloha; makemakeʻia no nā hui hoʻokō. |
| Paller Wax (nā mea hana uila) | Paraffin + MicROCRYSTALLINE + Polots (Pe, Eva) + stabilizers | 55-95 ° C | ~ 0.10-0.35% | ≤0.05-0.1 wt% | ʻO keʻano hana maʻamau: kahe nui, shrink a me lehu. |
Beeswax / Nā mea hana kūlohelohe kūlohelohe |
Beeswax + Nā modifier | 60-65 ° C (beeswax) | ~ 0.2-0.6% | ≤0.1-0.3% | Maikaʻi loa; hoʻohanaʻia ma nā'āpana liʻiliʻi / hana lima; ʻO nā lehuʻokoʻa. |
| Nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonaninani wela | Hoʻonani elastomers / Polohana | 120-200 ° C (Ma muli o ka polymer) | ʻanoʻano | ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa inā e hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻiaʻo Polymer | Hoʻohana no nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā; ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa akā e koi i ka ikehu dewax kiʻekiʻe. |
| 3Nā pale paʻa lima d-printed (Sla / dlp) | Ua hoʻokumuʻia nā pale paʻi kiʻi kiʻi no Burnout | Ke unuhi aniani ~ 50-120 ° C; decomposition 200-600 ° C | hilinaʻi i ka resin; pinepine ~ 0.2-0.5% | 0.1-0.5% (resin hilinaʻi) | ʻO ke kūʻokoʻa geometry geometry; koi i nā protocols dewax / hoʻopau i nā protocols e pale aku i ke koena. |
Nā mea nui a no ke aha lākou e pili ai
- Hiki i ke kahe no ka injection: pili i ka hoʻopiha a me ka maikaʻi.
- Shrinkage & ka hoʻonuiʻana: pono e hoʻohālikelike i nā hiʻohiʻona expansies expansision e pale aku i ka paleʻana i ka pohō a iʻole ka hewa o ka dimensional.
- Ash access: hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka carbon / lehu ma burnoout i hōʻemi i nā hua momona.
- Ikaika & Kaluhi: Pono nā hiʻohiʻona e ola i ke olaʻana a me ka uhiʻana i ka'ōwiliʻole.
Nā helu helu & nā moʻolelo
- ʻO keʻano maʻamau wax injection: ~ 0.1-0.4% laina Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka paleʻana a me ka mana o ka mahana.
- Hoʻohana haʻahaʻa-liʻiliʻi Nāʻano hana no nā mea nani a me nā hana hou.
4. Waiwai kūʻai (redractory) HE PALAMA - 'Sula' Aʻoaʻo, CILERerekia
Invastments = Binder + ʻO ka pauka resticty. ʻO ke koho ke alakaʻiʻia e ka nui o ka nui o ka mahana, Pono e hoʻopau, ʻO ka hoʻokele hoʻokolokolo hoʻokolokolo, a me ka paleʻana i ka hopena me nā mea molten.
ʻO nāʻohana waiwai nui
- ʻO nā waiwai waiwai Gypsum-Bored (Pāuʻuku-hoʻokumu)
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- Hoʻohana: nā mea momona a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (gula, dala, pewter) kahi e ninini ana i nā temps < ~ 1,000 ° C.
- Loaʻa: Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa, ʻO kaʻoluʻolu haʻahaʻa (maikaʻi no nā kiko'ī maikaʻi).
- Nā'āpana: ikaika maikaʻi ma luna o ≈1,000 ° C; nā decomposes a me nā soltens -ʻaʻole kūpono no nā mea kila a iʻole nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
- Nā hana kālā phosphate (E.g., sodium or tignesium phosphate)
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- Hoʻohana: ʻO nā alloys kiʻekiʻe (nā mea kanu lāʻau, nickel alloys) a me nā noi noi e koi ana i ka ikaika restictory nui i ~ 1,500 ° C.
- Loaʻa: ʻO ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kū'ēʻana i keʻano metala.
- Nā'āpana: Pourear Pool ma mua; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohuiʻana.
- Silica S Slica Sol / cilica silica i hoʻopaʻaʻia (alumina / silica mika)
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- Hoʻohana: Nā'āpana pololei ma luna o kahi pālahalaha ākea; Hoʻoponopono me ka Zircon a iʻole Alumina Hoʻohui.
- Loaʻa: ʻO ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka hoʻopau maikaʻi.
- Nā'āpana: ʻO ka kāohiʻana o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hōʻike a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka manawa he koʻikoʻi.
- Zircon / Nā Alluna (Oliki) ua hoʻonui i nā hoʻoili waiwai
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- Hoʻohana: ʻO nā alloys hou (Titanium, ʻO nā alkel) - Hoʻemi i ka hopena o ka mea hana metala.
- Loaʻa: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me nā metala ikaika.
- Nā'āpana: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa; hoʻemiʻia ka polish i kekahi mau hihia.
ʻO ka papa inoa papa inoa koho
- Max ma waena o ka mahana (E koho i ka helu kālā ma luna o ka Melt Temp + ʻO ka pale palekana).
- Ua hoʻopauʻia nā mea i makemakeʻia (Raget).
- ʻO ke kūlike o keʻano - Hoʻomoe i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka expansion a me nā mea hao hao.
- Permeibility & ikaika - e pale aku i ke kāʻeiʻana i ke kaomi a me ke kauʻana o ke centrifugal / repuum.
- Ke kūleʻaʻana - E pili ana i nā metals react (No, Mg, AL).
5. Stucco, ʻO nā lole a me nā mea kanu hou
Kūkuluʻia nā'āpana Nā Pā Slurry a stucco (nā pale pale pale). ʻO nā mea waiwai a me nā'āpana waiwai e hoʻopili i ka mānoanoa, ʻO ka ikaika a me ka ikaika.
- Slurry: Binderment Bunder + maikaʻi loa (maʻamau 1 110 μm) No ka meaʻala a me ka papa hana maikaʻi.
- Stucco: kaʻiʻana i nā silica / zicron / alumina (20-200 μM) e kūkulu ana i ka mānoanoa o ke kino.
- Nā pāpale / Pāʻule: nā lole kiʻekiʻe kūikawā (E.g., alumina a zircon waiwai) E hana e like me Nā papa papa No ka hana houʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka maikaʻi o keʻano a iʻole ka hōʻemiʻana i ka hopena o keʻano.
Nā koho koho
- E hoʻohana i kahi zircon / alumina barrier holoi holoi No ka tiwenium a me nā mea hou e hōʻemi i ka hōʻemiʻana i ka alpha.
- Hoʻopili i ka nui o Stucco Badeckat nui i nā lole hope loa e hoʻokō ai i nā poli i koiʻia.
6. Nā kumuwaiwai a me nā kumuwaiwai (luam & palulu)
Hana nā cores i loko. ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku:
- Hana (redractory) nā lole - Silika, Zircon, Holokai Uluina; ua kālaiʻia (resin a sodum silie) a iʻole i hanaʻia.
- Palulu (SaulK, wax) nā lole - Ua holoʻo Salt Coors ma hope o ka hoʻoleiʻana i nā channel int i loko o kahi o nā channel o nā corsext kahi i hikiʻole ai nā corsic cores.
- Nā Kūlana Hybrid - Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Coremic i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o ka mea hoʻolimalima kālā e ola ai ka dewaxing a me Burnout.
Nā mea nui
- Ikaika ma nā hiʻohiʻona E ola i ka mālamaʻana a me ka burnoout.
- Ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka waiwai (e pili ana i ka ikaika'ōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hana hewa).
- Permeibility eʻae i nā wahi e pakele ai i ka wā e ninini ana.
7. Checibles, Nā'ōnaehana Hoʻohui & nā lako hana
ʻO ke kohoʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā mea hana e hilinaʻiʻia alloy chemistry, Melting wela, a Ke hana hou nei.
Nā mea maʻamau maʻamau
- Mooki / caromon brucblests: Hoʻohana nuiʻia no ke keleawe, bronze, Keihei, a he nui nā alloys non-ferrous. Loaʻa: ʻO ka hoʻokele maikaʻi loa, Lāʻoluʻolu.
PAHUI: hana me kekahi mau melts (E.g., Titanium) aʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia ma ka oxidizing i nā maʻi no kekahi mau alloys. - Nā Alluna (Al₂o₃) checibles: ʻO nā mea hoʻonaninani no nā allowys he nui a hoʻohanaʻia i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
- Zirconia brucabless: resctictory a me keʻano kūlike - i hoʻohanaʻia no nā alloys reactive (Akā, kūʻai).
- Kālai Silikino (Sic)-nā mea i kālaiʻia: ʻO ka paleʻana o ka wahine; maikaʻi no kekahi mau maʻi alumini.
- Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Cerramik a Nahupeku Kahuna Nui (Nā Kūlana Oxidation) hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻonui i ke ola a hoʻemi i ka paleʻana.
Nā'ōnaehana Hoʻohui
- ʻO ka nui o Gravity Poir - he maʻalahi, hoʻohanaʻia no nā mea nani a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
- ʻO Centricugual kāhea - ka mea maʻamau no ka mea nani e hoʻoikaika i ka metala i loko o ka kiko'ī kūpono; E hoʻomaopopo i ka mold a me nā paʻakikī.
- Ua kōkuaʻiaʻo Vacuum-kōkua / ʻO ka nininiʻana i kahi hale kūʻai - Hoʻemi i ke kikowaena o ke kahe a me nā mea e hiki ai i ke kīwī i ke kīwī i ka ho'ēmiʻana ma lalo o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana.
- ʻO ka hoʻomehanaʻana i keʻano (Vim) a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka uila (ʻO kā mākou) - No nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā metala hou e like me Titanium.
Mea nui: no ka hana hou a iʻole nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Titanium, Nickel mau), E hoʻohana i ka hakahaka a iʻole ka haunaele o ka haunaele a me nā crucables / coatings e pale i ka pale, A e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i ka'ōnaehana e kūpono i ka metala (E.g., centrifugal ma lalo o ka hakahaka).
8. Nā metala a me nā alloys maʻamau i ka hana maʻamau ma ke kaʻina hana
Hiki i nā mea kūʻai aku-wax ke lawelawe i kahi ākea ākea ākea. Nā'āpana'āpana, Nā Kūlana Melloting (° C) a me nā leka uila:
Nānā: ʻO nā wahi Melting e kuhikuhiʻia no nā mea maʻemaʻe a iʻole nā mea e hōʻikeʻia ai. E hoʻohana mau i nā mea hana hana hana / i hāʻawiʻia i nāʻikepili i hāʻawiʻia / hōʻoia i kaʻikepili kūpono.
| Alilolex | Nāʻeleleʻelele | Koho Koho. mea ' / No ka mālama (° C) | Nā Pono Hoʻolālā |
| Nā metala koʻikoʻi | Gula (Au), Dala (Alaika), Papa (Pt) | Au: 1,064° C, Alaika: 962° C, Pt: 1,768° C | Kōhai & nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe; Pono nā metati metala e koi i nā mea hoʻolimalima haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā gypsum gypsum no ka hoʻopau maikaʻi; Ponoʻo Pt i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a iʻole ke kino. |
| Bronze / Liulaala alloys | Me-sn (bronze), Cu-zn (Keihei), Cu alloys | 900-1,080 ° C (hilinaʻi ma alloy) | Maikaʻi maikaʻi; hiki ke hoʻoleiʻia ma nā phosphate maʻamau a iʻole nā mea hoʻopukapuka Silica; E nānā no ka hoʻokumuʻana o Oxide a me Dross. |
| Aluminum alloys | A356, Alisi7, Alis | ~ 610-720 ° C | ʻO ka hoʻoponopono wikiwiki; Ponoʻia nā mea waiwai kūikawā; E hana hou i ka Carbon / kiʻi kiʻi ma nā papa kiʻekiʻe - E hoʻohana i nā mea kūpono kūpono / lole. |
Nā pāpale & meaʻole |
400/300 sericass, nā mea hana hāmeʻa | ~ 1,420-1,500 ° C (solid / wai momona) | Koi i ka phosphate a iʻole nā mea hoʻopukapuka kiʻekiʻe; ʻO nā Timps kiʻekiʻe. |
| Nickel alloys / hualaola | Actoel, Nāʻohana Handelloys | ~ 1,350-1,900 ° C + | ʻO nā'ōpala kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ikaika-ikaika-recouum a iʻole ke nānāʻana i ka lewa; Hoʻonui iā Zircocon / alumina. |
| Titanium & Nā T-Alloys | Ti-6al-4v | ~ 1,650-1,700 ° C (Melng Point Point ≈1,68 ° C) | Reactively reactive; Pono ka helu kālā ma Zirconia / Alumina a me ke kāheaʻana i ka hakahaka a iʻole ka lewa (Aron). Pono nā mea kūikawā / pono e pono ai; He pilikiaʻo Alpha-hihia. |
| Zamac / ʻO Zinc Die-hair Alloys (rare i ka waiwai waiwai) | nā kaumaha | ~ 380-420 ° C | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; ka mea maʻamau e make ai, akā hiki no nā mea kūʻai waiwai kūikawā. |
Ke hana nei i ke kauʻana i keʻano mahana: ʻO ka hoʻomoʻa pinepine 20-250 ° C ma luna ʻO ka wai wai e pili ana i ka alloy a me ke kaʻina e hōʻoia ai e hoʻopiha a hoʻonui i ka wela wela (e nānā i ka dasasheet alloy).
9. E hoʻolei ana i nā poʻo poʻomanaʻo, nā hopena & Mālama i nā ana
ʻO nā alloys hou (AL, No, Mg) a me keʻano o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e pono ai keʻano o ka lewa a me ka mana o kaʻaihue:
- Oxiyan: e hanana ana i loko o ka lewa. Hoʻohana ka lewa o ka lewa (Aron) Oole Mauʻa melts no nā alloys koʻikoʻi.
- ʻO ka hopena Chemical Chemika: Hiki i nā Silica a me nāʻoka'ē aʻe i nā mea hoʻopukapuka e hiki ke hana me nā mea molten me nā mea i kālaiʻia (Hoʻoloholo: Moem-hihia ma Titanium).
ʻO nā pale pale a Zircon / Alnuna i nā lole nui nui Hoʻemi i ke kamaʻilio. - Kiko ka Carbon / Begusping: carbon mai ka wax / incomes decomposition hiki ke hoʻololi i nā melts; lawa ka burnout a me ka skimming / filtern hōʻemi.
- ʻO ka URDROGEN PUT (ʻAʻole nā manu non-ferous): kumu o ka pololi. Hoʻomehanaʻia e nā maʻi maʻi (argon purge, 'ōuli) a me ka mālamaʻana i nā mea hoʻolimalima.
Palee palee
- Hoʻohana Nā Lā lole lole No nā metals react.
- Hoʻohana ʻO ka hakahaka a iʻole ka haunaele melting a me nā'ōnaehana pour i ka wā i kuhikuhiʻia.
- Kapalakula (Nā kānana subic) E hoʻoneʻe i nāʻae a me nā'āpana i ka wā e ninini ana.
- Kaohiʻana a pale aku i nā waiwai waiwai.
10. Hoomoana, Burnout a me ka ohol preheat - Mea kūʻai & mahana
ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hanaʻekolu e wehe ai i nā mea hana pilikino, Hoʻopiha piha i nā burnout a me ka lawehala i kaʻili aʻo ia ka ikaika o ka ikaika a me keʻano o keʻano.
ʻO nā kūpono kūpono (ʻano hoʻohālikelike, Nā lole lole, core erore kemoipuka) a me nā mea paʻa paʻa e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau, ʻO ka pololi, ʻO nā hopena-ʻili a me nā'āpana maikaʻiʻole a pololeiʻole.
Dewaxing - nā ala, nā'āpana maʻamau a me ke alakaʻi alakaʻi
| Kūlana | ʻO Temp (° C) | Maʻamau manawa | ʻO ka hana maʻamau wax Wax | Maikai no / Hui | ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi / Cons |
| Māhu / Autoclave | 100-130 | 20-99 min (hilinaʻi i ka nui & goting) | 95-99% | Wai-aniani / silica-sol shells; Nā Kūlana Nui | LāʻIke, mālie i kaʻoki; pono e kāohi & e pale aku i ka paleʻana i ka hōʻeha |
| Kalewa (Kekau) Dewax | Soundvenʻauʻau 40-80 (hilinaʻi paʻa) | 1-4 h (me ka maloʻo) | 97-99% | Liʻiliʻi, Hoʻopili i nā mea kūʻai aku a iʻole nā mea kanu | Hoʻomaʻemaʻe loaʻia; pono i ka hana lima, ʻO ka hana maloʻo a me nā mana kūlohelohe |
| Thermal (umu) Dewax / Pū uilani | 180-350 (Burn Burn) | 0.5-3 h | 90-98% | ʻO nā hoʻoili waiwai kiʻekiʻe (PALATEPATE, Nā Alluna) a me nā wahi kahi i aʻoʻia ai | Mea maʻalahi; pono e kāohi i ka ramp a me ka paleʻana e pale aku ai i ka paleʻana |
| Palapala Pollala / hui pū (māhu + ʻO ka hoʻopau pōkole pōkole) | Steam a laila 200-300 | Steam 20-60 + thermal 0.5-2 h | 98-99% | ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hana | Maikaʻi maikaʻi |
Kaka ahi (Binder Burnoout, ʻO ka weheʻana a me ka lawehala)
Kumu: ʻO Oxidize a wehe i nā mea noho noho / lehu, Hoʻopiha piha i nā'ōnaehana, hana / hana hewa i kaʻili i ka ikaika wela i koiʻia, a hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā'āpanaʻoki.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā nui Burnout (hana hanana):
- Ke kāohiʻia mai nā mea hoʻokūkū → 200-300 ° C a 0.5-3 ° C / min e wehe i nā mea hana lohi.
- E hoʻomau i ka hoʻokūkū ma waena (300-600 ° C) a 1-5 ° C / min, E paʻa iā 0.5-3 H hiki i ka mānoanoa o ka mānoanoa e puhi i nā cinders a me nā koena carbonaceousous.
- ʻO ka hope hope loa i ka lawehala / paʻa i ka mahana kūpono no ka hoʻopukapuka a me ka alloy (Eʻike i ka papa ma lalo) a e lulu no 1-4 h No ka hoʻokōʻana i ka ikaika a me nā carbon haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Hoʻolālāʻiaʻo Burnout / nā mea hana hewa (MAKAINA WAU):
| ʻO kaʻohanaʻohana | Kūlana hiʻona / Sinter TMP (° C) | Nā moʻolelo / Kaukai |
| Gypsum-Bored (Pōʻai Pūnaewele) | ~ 450-750 ° C | Hoʻohana no nā alloys haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (nā metala mua). Āla >~ 800 ° C - Plaster dehydrates / Weliweli. |
| Silica-Sol / cilica Silica (ʻAʻole hana i nā sol) | 800-1000 ° C | Maikaʻi no nā mea maʻamau non-ferry a me nā mea hele mai; Hoʻoponopono i ka paʻa no ka mānoanoa. |
| Phosphate-bed | 900-1200 ° C | No nā kāhiko, ʻO nā mea aloha a me keʻanoʻo Ni-Base Superalys. |
| Zircon / Hoʻohui houʻo Alumina i nā waiwai waiwai | 1000-1250+ ° C | No nā hana hou (No) a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. |
Shell preheat - nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe, nā manawa a nānā aku
Pūnaehana: E lawe mai i kahi kiki i kahi pālahalaha kūlike e pili kokoke ana i ka mahana e ninini ana i kēlā (a) Ua liʻiliʻiʻiaʻo Thermal Shock ma ke kamaʻilio me ka melt, (na B) Ua hana ikaika a ikaika hoʻi, a (c) ʻO ka heleʻana o ka hau ma ka Pour.
Kipi kūloko
- Preheat i kahi mahana ma lalo akā kokoke kokoke i ka nininiʻana i ka temp - ma waena o (No Tompes - 50 ° C) a (No Tompes - 200 ° C) Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka alloy, shell.
- Soak manawa: 30 Min → 3 huh Ke hilinaʻi nei i kaʻili a me ka lole i koiʻia e pono ai. Ponoʻo Twiker Shells.
- ʻO ka lole: Kaukai ± 10-25 ° C ma waena o ka papa; E hōʻoia me nā thermocoups a iʻole tromography.
Hoʻolālāʻiaʻo Shell Pretat Pretaat papaʻaina (Pono):
| Alloy / ohana | ʻO keʻano o ke kalaʻo Molten (° C) | Hoʻolālāʻiaʻo Shell Pretat (° C) | 'Ūleʻa / HOIAKI | Hōʻailona & nā moʻolelo |
| Aluminum (A356, Alsi Alloys) | 610-720 ° C | 300-400 ° C | 30-99 min | Ea a maloʻo paha n₂; E hōʻoia i ka maloʻo piha piha - nā mea hou a Aluminim i nā carbon manuahi ma nāʻano kiʻekiʻe; E mālama i lalo ma lalo o ka metlt e kaʻoluʻolu. |
| Liulaala / Bronze / Keihei | 900-1,090 ° C | 500-700 ° C | 30-120 min | Ka lewa a iʻole n₂ ma muli o ka hoʻopukapukaʻana; Hoʻemi i nā kākela Barrier i ka hopena a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopau. |
| Nā mea kanu lāʻau (E.g., 316L) | 1450-1550 ° C | 600-800 ° C | 1-3 h | E hoʻohana i nā phosphate / Alumina i hoʻopukapuka; e noʻonoʻo iā N₂ / N₂-H₂ a iʻole ke nānāʻana i ke aniani e kaupalenaʻia e kaupalenaʻia. |
Nickel mau (Actoel 718, etc.) |
1350-1500 ° C | 750-1000 ° C | 1-4 h | E hoʻohana i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-Temp; Hiki ke heleʻo Shell Prehat i keʻanoʻo Pour Temp no ka hānai maikaʻi loa. |
| Titanium (Ti-6al-4v) | 1650-1750 ° C | 800-1000 ° C (ʻO kekahi mau hana pono e pili pono ai) | 1-4 h | ʻO ka hakahaka a iʻole ka haunaele i koiʻia; E hoʻohana i nā Washes Zirconi Barrier; shell preheat a ninini ma lalo o ka hakahaka / inert e pale ai i ka morina alpha-hihia. |
Aia ma lalo nei he compact, Hoʻohui kūponoʻole e pili ana i ka papaʻaina ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku maʻamau i nā kumu a me nā kumu kumu, Nā Kūlana Diagnostic, a nā hana kūpono / kinohi.
Hoʻohana iā ia e like me ka papaʻaina kūʻai i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā holoʻana.
ʻO Leka wikiwiki:Kahea Uehewa = waiwai (Shell) Mea kūʻai / waiwai; wax = nā mea hoʻohālike (a iʻole 3d-prohū i paʻiʻia); Kamaha = itt plater / lining.
| Hewa ole | Nā hōʻailona maʻamau | Nā kumu a me nā kumu kumu | Nā Kūlana Diagnostic | Nā koho / kinohi (mea waiwai & Ke kaʻina hana) |
| ʻOkiʻoki / Shell Bloout | ʻIkeʻia / linear racks i loko o kaʻili, ʻO Shell Fracture i ka wā o ka ninini a dewax paha | ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻiaʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana; 'ūlū paʻa; Nā Kāleʻa; Hoʻopiliʻia nā mea kūpono; ʻO nā kumukūʻai wikiwiki wikiwiki loa | E nānā i ka maloʻo maloʻo (Lohi), E nānā i ka lāʻau dorwax, ʻO ka nānāʻana o ka maka; Ct / ut ma hope o ka ninini inā kānalua | Lohi dewax a me Burnout Ramp ma o 100-400 ° C; e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā hale kūʻai / uwē; Huli i ka hikiʻana i ka palena palena haʻahaʻa; nā'ōpū maloʻo piha; Hoʻoponopono i ka Rlurry / StAcco Ratio; E hoʻonui i kaʻili a iʻole hoʻololi i ka pale no ka ikaika o ka mīkini |
| ʻO ka pololi (BUTHOULES, pinhotole) | ʻO nā hua'ōlelo SPHAIR / IRREGALULARL e kokoke i kahi ākea a iʻole subsurface | Hydrogen mai ka waiwai waiwai; ʻO nā koena overit / hoʻopauʻia i ka wax; maikaʻiʻole o ka mīkini; ʻO ka Mistture ma Stucco | Paukū, radiographical / x-ray eʻike i nā pres; ana (umu maloʻo); Ash Exce; ʻO ka loiloi mīkini uila a iʻole ka Oxygen / hydrogen Monitor | Nā wahi maloʻo maloʻo; hoʻomaikaʻi i ka dewax & e hoʻomaʻemaʻe lōʻihi; kuni e hoʻoheheʻe (ʻO Argon Rotary); ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau-kōkua; E hoʻohana i nā wax haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; Hoʻopau i ka stucco stucco a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa |
Kikowaena / pitting |
Nā poʻomanaʻo liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, pinepine ma luna o ka papa holoʻokoʻa | Kālana Kūlana maikaʻi / mea hoʻohālikelike; ʻO ka helu Slurry hope loa / Stucco; ka hoʻokele waiwai | ʻIkeʻia / sem o ka barphology far; Ash Dest Exchange (Target ≤0.1 wt% no nā mea paʻakikī); E nānā i ka nui Stucc Shart Stuxcco | E hoʻohana i ka hana Stucco hope loa Stucco; E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokele Momi Slurry; e hoʻonui i ka burnot i hoʻopaʻa e hōʻemi i ka carbon cardual; E hoʻohana i ka holoi holoi (zipicon / alluna) No nā hana hou |
| Nā 'ikepili / ʻO ka hoʻopiliʻana | Nā pōloli pōkole, Nā laina popo, Nā'āpana SCUB | ʻO kaʻili o Oxide ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka lohi; i hōʻinoʻia a iʻole ka fluxing | Hoʻolālā Metal; ʻO kāna kiʻina kānana; ʻO ka nānāʻana i kaʻike; kanaha cloggging | E hoʻohana i ka kānana cerramic a me ka skimming; ninini ma lalo o nā mea i loko a iʻole ke alohaʻana inā makemakeʻia; E hoʻololi i ka lining cruccible curcible a iʻole; ʻO ka mālamaʻana i nā mea hoʻopiʻi a me ka fluxing |
ʻO keʻano o ke kalepa (alpha-laka, ka hopena interfacial) |
ʻO Britled / ʻO ka hanaʻana i kaʻaoʻao ma luna o keʻano metala, Pololei Pololei | E komo i nā mea e pono ai me ka metlt (Ti / al vs Silica); Kapalakiko Upsake; oseygen ingress | Kāleka'Āpana Milua; ʻO ka hohonu hohonu o ka papa kuhikuhi; Xrf no Oxygen / Carbon | E hoʻohana i ka Zircon / Alnuna Barrier Holoi; ʻO ka hakahaka / i loko & E ninini; Hoʻololi i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i Zirconia-waiwai; Hoʻemi i ke carbon casedual (ʻoi aku ka nui) |
| Hoʻopiha piha / nā'ōpū anuanu / poino | Ke hele nei i ka geometry, lihuhuku, Nā laina FADED, Nā'āpana helu piha | ʻO ka mea maikaʻiʻole Alloy Flidity no ka mea kūʻai aku i kohoʻia; haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a iʻole ka momona wela i ka momona; wax shlaintage mismatch | Nānā nānā, ʻO ka nānāʻana, ʻO ke kāhiko o ka'ōpū o kaʻili preheat | E hoʻonui i ka nininiʻana i ka tupm i loko o nā'āpana alloy; Ua kokoke loaʻo Preheat; E hoʻopili i ka gating / venting; E koho i nā koho balota kiʻekiʻe a iʻole ka wela a iʻole ka momona sink / chill; E hōʻemi i nā hiʻohiʻona pā a hoʻohanaʻole i ke kaʻina hana likeʻole (Kesighu) |
'Āʻia wela / Kāle Uhiʻi |
ʻO nā'ōkuhi ipo i loko o nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe e hiki mai ana ma ka hoʻoponoponoʻana | Hoʻopilikia nā mea hoʻolimalima (nui loa); Ua loaʻa iā Alloy i kahi ākea ākea ākea; inccompatible chill / kuhikuhi kuhikuhi | E nānā pono i kahi wahi e pili ana i ke ala paʻa; E nānā i ka simulation thermal | Redesign geometry (E hoʻohui i nā kīʻaha, E hoʻololi i ka'āpana'āpana); Hoʻoponopono i ka gating a me Rester e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻoponopono hoʻonohonohoʻana; E noʻonoʻo i kahi alloy'ē aʻe me ka hōʻailona hoʻokaʻawaleʻole |
| ʻO ka hoʻopau maikaʻiʻole / mika grainy | A iʻole nā'āpana a iʻole, Pololei Organibility | Corsese stucco hope loa a iʻole nā meaʻino; ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka loaʻa kālā; ʻAʻole lawa i nā lole slurry hope | Ana waiho r, E nānā i ka nui stuticle stucc, E nānā i nā slurry slups / sieve ka nānāʻana | E hoʻohana i ka Coat Solel Coat / grit, E hoʻonui i ka helu o nā slurry slurry / stucco, E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ke kāwiliʻana, E kāohi i ka lepo a me ka hana lima |
ʻO ka halaʻole / Kauoha (ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana) |
Nā hiʻohiʻona ma waho o keʻano, sanpage ma hope o ka ninini / maloʻo | ʻAʻole i ukuʻiaʻo Wax Modent Shrik; ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻia; ʻO ka papa hana Burnot / Sinter | Hoʻohālikelike i nā mea hana match; Nā Palapala Hana Hōʻike Pūnaewele; TCS i kaʻili i ka wā o Burnout | Calibrate wax / shrinkʻae; Hoʻoponopono i nā uku uku Burnot Thermal Thermal; Mept kime (ʻO nā papa hoʻihoʻi Stiffering) a preheat hoʻolālā; komo pū me ka clateture / clamping i ka wā o ka momona |
| Kihi Shift / misalnignment kūloko | Nā Palekana kūloko, nā paiaʻili i kahi e neʻe ai | ʻO nā mea waiwai Coremic palupalu a iʻole nā kākoʻo Core i kākoʻoʻia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Wax; ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku / waiwai waiwai | 'Āpana'āpana a hoʻohana paha i ka ct / x-ray; nānā i ka ikaika o ke aniani a me ka adhesion | Hoʻonui i nā mea ikaika (hoʻololi i ka mea kūʻai aku resin a hoʻohui i ke kākoʻo o ke kī); hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona Setating; Hoʻoponopono i nā coun stucco e waiho ana i ka laka; cure cores |
Paio / ʻO Carbon Modep i loko o ka metala |
Nā wahiʻeleʻele, hoʻemiʻia ka lōʻihi; ʻO ka politikaʻo Hydrogen | Carbon mai Wax a iʻole ka hoʻokele waiwai, Ua hoʻopiʻiʻia ka lining crucated | ʻO ka hoʻohanaʻana o Carbon / oxygen (Leoc), ʻO nā microstructure Vistantructure, Ash Exce | E hoʻohana i nā wax haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; hoʻolōʻihi i ka burnoout; E hoʻohana i nā coated a iʻole nā mea'ē aʻe; ʻO ka heleʻana / inert metlt & E ninini; E hoʻomaikaʻi i nā Flatterna a me Tenasing |
| ʻO ka nohoʻana o ka nohoʻana i keʻano / Nā Kūlana Steam | ʻO ka'ōpala o ka iwi / ʻO nā mea nui loa ma luna o ka hoʻopiliʻana ma mua | ʻO ka waiwai paʻaʻole a iʻole nā dewax dewax condensate | Ana i ka poho momona ma hope o ka hoʻomaloʻoʻana; ʻO nā od-maloʻo a me nā loiloi conior sensor | Nā'ūlū maloʻo e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka lepo (E wehewehe i ka'ōlelo aʻo), lohi i ka dewax, Eʻae i ka manawa maloʻo, preheat e holo ai i ka wai ma mua o ka ninini |
12. Kaiualoa, Olakino & Nā noʻonoʻo palekana; hōʻano hou & ʻAno mālama
ʻO nā kumu nui
- Respitall cristellarine silica (Nā rcs) mai stucco a me ka lepo lepo lepo - paʻa paʻa (Nā Reppirators, Lohi loa, Nā Kūlana Kahiki).
- Nā mea nui mai Burnout - nā mea hui hui; E kāohi me ka hana a me nā Oridizers.
- ʻO nā hōʻeha mele mele - splashes, kuni wainui; Ppe a me nā ppele e hāʻawi ana i nā protocols.
- Nā mea hao hao hou (No, Mg) - Ke ahi ahi i ke alo o ka oxygen; pono i nā pūnaewele oxygen-free no ka melt / ninini.
- ʻO ka mea hoʻokahe wela - nā mea kanu a me nā pilikia.
ʻAno & hōʻano hou
- Kahai Kaukaʻiwili ua hoʻoponopono pinepineʻia a hoʻihoʻi houʻia - Pono nui.
- Hoʻohanaʻia Hiki ke kiʻiʻia (ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana, Ke Kahu) a hoʻihoʻi houʻia (Akā e nānā no ka lukuʻana a me nā uku).
- Ua hoʻopauʻia a ua heluʻia paha ka lepo lepo e pili ana i ka cinder cheindry - hoʻokō i nā mea i hāʻawiʻia no nā lula kūloko.
13. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa koho kūpono & ʻO ka papa inoa o ka procirement
ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku wikiwiki (pae kiʻekiʻe)
- Kōhai / Nā Kūlana Tlom-Temp: paraffin / microcrystalline wax + ʻO ka hoʻopukapuka Gypsum + steam dewax.
- Eleaull bronze / Keihei / Nā pāpale keleawe: Nā mea hele wāwae + Silica / Phosphate Kaukaʻi + ʻO ka hakahaka a iʻole ka mea i manaʻoʻia.
- Apana Apana Aluminum: wax + silica Sol / colloidal i hanaʻia no al + Nā wahi maloʻo + i loko a iʻole ka lewa + kūpono kūpono (Sic / pakuhi me nā lole).
- Meaʻole, nickel alloys: wax + phosphate a iʻole alumina / zircon i nā hoʻoili waiwai + Kaʻaina Kahua Kūʻai nui + ʻO ka hakahaka / i loko & Kapalakula.
- Titanium: wax a iʻole keʻano paʻi + zirconia / alumina Barrier Instment + ʻO ka hanaʻana i ka lole a me ka ninini + ʻO Zircon Barrier Coats + nā'ōpio kūikawā.
Kahuna & Ke kiʻiʻana i ka papa inoa inoa (Pono-loaʻa nā huahana)
- Nā Pāʻina Hoʻohui a koiʻia nā waiwai o nā mīkini / corrosioni.
- Hoʻopau i ka pae (Ra) a me nā koina costytic.
- Nā mea hana dimensional & ʻO nā pūnāwai koʻikoʻi (ʻike i nā helehelena techind).
- Kāleka (ʻO kaʻohanaʻohana) a me ka mānoanoa liʻiliʻi.
- ʻO nā papa hana Burnout (Inā pili) a me preheat / ninini i ka puka makani pour.
- Ndt & 'opau (hoʻoili pūnaewele %, kaomi / Leak ho'āʻo, Hōʻikeʻikepili).
- Ke Kūleʻa Kūlana (Gravity / Kesighu / Mauʻa / Ka paipai) a me ka hoʻoheheʻeʻana (Kōlea / Aron / Mauʻa).
- Kamaha & nā koi koi (ʻO kāna kānana cermic, nā mea i loaʻa i nā kala).
- ʻAno & Nā manaʻo hoihoi (Hoʻounana Reclaim %).
- Palekana & profile stuff (E koho pono i nā metala, Pono nāʻae).
14. Hopena
ʻO ke kohoʻana i nā mea koho i loko o ka wana hax: kēlā me kēia kumuwaiwai - wax, waiwai kūʻai, stucco, kuai, ʻO ke Kino a me Alloy - e pāʻani i kahi hana hana i ka hana, nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mīkini.
E koho i nā mea me kahi maka i ka ʻO ka meaʻaiʻo Alloy a Alloy a me ka mahana, pono paulapua, aponoia Potiwale, a post-ho'ōla.
No ka hana hou a iʻole nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Titanium, Ni-superalloys), hoʻolimalima i nā hoʻopukapuka kūikawā (zirconia / alumina), ʻO ka holoiʻana i ka lole a me nā lole pale.
No nā mea nani a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻO nā mea hoʻopukapuka Gypsum a me ka stucco e hāʻawi i ka hopenaʻokoʻa a me ka pololei.
Ka hui pūʻana ma waena o ka hoʻolālā, ʻO nā papa hana a me nā hui loaʻa he mea pono e laka i ka laka kūpono i hoʻonohonohoʻia no ka hilinaʻi, hana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
FaqS
Pehea wau e koho ai i kahi waiwai kālā no ka mālamaʻoleʻana?
Koho i A phosphate-bed Oole 'Aikai / Zarcon Ua hoʻonui houʻia ka loaʻaʻana o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā ma mua o ka wai o kāu alloy a me ka ikaika wela; koi i kahi papa hana hewa e hiki ai i ka hapanui o nā kau inoa o ka 1,000-1,1,200 ° C ma mua o Poina.
Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohana i ka waiwai gypsum maʻamau no ka alumini?
ʻAʻole. ʻO Gypsum nā mea hoʻopukapuka Gypsum a wāwahi i lalo i nā wela haʻahaʻa; Ponoʻo Aluminim i nā waiwai i hoʻokumuʻia no nā metala ferous non-ferry a hoʻolālāʻia e mālama i nā kūlana o nā mea hoʻonaninani.
No ke aha e hoʻomohala ai nā hale kūʻai ma Titanium?
ʻO Alpha-hihia kahi oxygen-enrid-ennicled britle platerature ma keʻano o ka maxanim me ka oxygen me ka oxygen ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
E hōʻemi iā ia ma ka hoʻohanaʻana iā Zirconia / Alumina Barrier Coatings, ʻO nā mea hoʻomaha a iʻole nā mea hoʻonani a hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā waiwai maloʻo.
He mea hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻoponopono i ka loaʻa kālā?
ʻAe - He nui nā loaʻaʻana o nā uku kālā a me nā uku kālā a me nā mea waiwai e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana ma Slumry, ʻO nā kenekulia a me nā'ōlelo hōʻino.
Ua hilinaʻi nā mea hoʻokele waiwai ma ka hoʻokomo a me ka hoʻohālikelike.
ʻO ka mea maikaʻi e hoʻohana ai au no ka bronze vs titanium?
Bronze: ʻO ke kiʻi kiʻi a iʻole SC a SIC TRUCICbles me nā lole e hana pinepine ai.
Titanium: E hoʻohana i ka noʻonoʻo, ʻO nā crucbles brubbbles a me nā lau a iʻole keʻano o keʻano o keʻano o nā'ōnaehana uila a iʻole keʻano o nā'ōnaehana crucable.
He aha ka'ōnaehana uku uku uku-maikaʻi loa no nā kikowaena alumini?
Silica Sand (Aggregate) + nā wai wai (kaulike) kumukūʻai 50-60% ma mua o nā'ōnaehana silica Sol-zircon, a me keʻano haʻahaʻa o aluminim (615° C) Hōʻalo i ka hopena me Silica-kūpono no ke kiʻekiʻe-Volume, nā'āpana aluminum haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Pehea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka hana hewa?
Ua kiʻiʻiaʻo Dewaxed Wax ma o ka 5-10 μm Mesh e wehe i nā mea haumia, hoʻomehana i 80-100 ° C e homogenize, a hoʻohana hou i nā manawa 5-8.
Mālamaʻo Risscled Wax 95% o ka hana a ka mea mua a hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai waiwai e 30%.
