He nīnau koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻepekema waiwai a me nā noi ʻoihana: He kila kuhiliʻole? Aia ka pane ma ka wehewehe o nā metala ferry a me ka ʻike kikoʻī o ka haku mele ʻana o ke kila kila, ʻO ka hoʻolālā crystal, a me nā kūlana hoʻohālikelike waiwai.
Ma kānaʻano, kila kohu ʻole he hao hao—he hao (Lia) ʻo ia kona ʻāpana mua—akā kona chromium kū hoʻokahi (Cr) ʻokoʻa ka maʻiʻo mai ke kila kalapona a me ka hao, hāʻawi iā ia me ke kūpaʻa corrosion i hoʻololi i nā ʻoihana mai ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau.
1. He aha ke ʻano o ka "ferrous" i ka ʻenekinia mea
Ma ka 'enekinia a me ka metallurgy ka hua'ōlelo FERRON e pili ana i nā metala a me nā mea hao nona ʻO ka mea nui he hao.
ʻO nā mea ferrous maʻamau me nā kila i hana ʻia, hūnā i nā irons, nā hao i hana ʻia a me nā mea hao e like me ke kila kila.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, non-ferrous ʻO nā metala ka mea nona ka mea nui ʻaʻole hao (Nā hiʻohiʻona: aluminum, liulaala, Titanium, nickel-base alloys).
ʻIke Kūlana: ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana he haku mele (hao hao) ma mua o ka hana (E.g., “ʻeleʻele?"). ʻO nā kila kuhiliʻole nā mea hao a no laila hāʻule pololei i ka ʻohana ferrous.
2. No ke aha he ferrous ke kila kila - haku mele a me nā kūlana
- ʻO ka hao ka mea kaulike. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kila kila me ka hao e like me ka mea matrix; hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai i makemake ʻia.
Loaʻa i nā māka hana maʻamau a ka hapa nui o ka hao me ka chromium, nickel, ʻO ka molybdenum a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ma ke ʻano he hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia. - Pono Chromium. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻenehana maʻamau o ke kila kuhili ʻole he mea hao i loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi ≈10.5% chromium ma ka nuipa, ka mea i haawi i ka passive, kiʻiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻiliʻili ʻino (Cr₂o₃).
Hoʻopili ʻia kēia paepae chromium i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi (E.g., ʻOhana palapala ASTM/ISO). - Hoʻohālikelike kūlana. Hoʻonohonoho nā kūlana honua i nā kila kuhiliʻole e like me nā kila (I.e., nā mea hoʻopili hao).
No ke kūʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, mālama ʻia lākou i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ferrous material standards framework (ʻO ka loiloi Chemical, Nā Hōʻike Manaʻo, nā kaʻina hana wela a pēlā aku).
I ka pōkole: kuhiliʻole = hao-mea hao me ka chromium lawa e passivate; no laila kuhiliʻole = ferrous.
3. Kemika maʻamau - nā māka hōʻike
Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i nā kemika e hōʻike ana ʻo ka hao ka metala kumu (ʻO nā waiwai he mau pae maʻamau; e nānā i nā ʻikepili helu no nā palena kikoʻī).
| Kumu / ohana | Nā mea hoʻohuihui kumu (maʻamau wt.%) | 'Eron (Lia) ≈ |
| 304 (Austetetitic) | Cr 18-20; I 8-10.5; C ≤0.08 | koena ≈ 66–72% |
| 316 (Austetetitic) | Cr 16-18; Ma 10-14; Mo 2-3 | koena ≈ 65–72% |
| 430 (Ferritic) | Cr 16-18; Ma ≤0.75; C ≤0.12 | koena ≈ 70–75% |
| 410 / 420 (Martesestic) | Kr 11–13.5; C 0.08–0.15 | koena ≈ 70–75% |
| 2205 (Duplex) | Kr ~22; Ma ~4.5–6.5; Mo ~3; N ~0.14–0.20 | koena ≈ 64–70% |
"Balance" 'o ia ho'i, 'o ke koena o ka huila he hao me nā mea meheu.
4. Nā hale aniani a me nā papa microstructural - no ke aha ke ʻano ≠ non-ferrous
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kila kila ma ke ʻano metala e ko lākou ʻano kristal nui ma ka lumi wela:
- Austetetitic (γ-FCC) - e.g., 304, 316. Non-magnetic ma ke kūlana annealed, ʻoʻoleʻa maikaʻi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, kiʻekiʻe Ni stabilizes ka austenite.
- Ferritic (α-BCC) - e.g., 430. Magnetic, ʻoʻoleʻa haʻahaʻa i nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa, ke kū'ē maikaʻi i ke koʻikoʻi-corrosion māwae i kekahi mau kaiapuni.
- Martesestic (hoʻokae ʻia ka BCT / Martissite) - e.g., 410, 420. Paʻa i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela; hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻoki ʻoki, nā kiwi a me nā kumu.
- Duplex (huikau a + c) - ka ferrite kaulike a me ka austenite no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa chloride.
Mea nui: ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ke ʻano aniani e wehewehe i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā ʻātoma, ʻaʻole ka mea kumu.
ʻAʻole pili i ka austenitic, ferritic a martensitic paha, mau kila kila hao hao nā huila - a no laila ferrous.
5. Hoʻokaʻawale hana: ʻAʻole manaʻo ʻo "stainless" "non-ferrous" a i ʻole "non-magnetic"
- ʻO ka "Stainless" e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ma muli o ka passivity chromium-induced (Cr₂O₃ kiʻiʻoniʻoni). Ke hana nei ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka metala he hao.
- ʻO ka hana magnetic ʻaʻole he hōʻailona hilinaʻi o ka haku mele: kekahi austenitic stainless steels mea maoli non-magnetic i ka annealed moku'āina, aka, he mau hao hao. Hiki ke lilo i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hana anuanu a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa Ni.
- Hana ʻino (kū'ē i ka "rust") pili i ka chromium maʻiʻo, moloka, kaiapuni a me ke ʻano o ka ʻili - ʻaʻole ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ferrous/non-ferrous wale nō.
6. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻenehana a me nā hopena koho mea
- Hōʻike a kūʻai. Hōʻike ʻia nā kila kila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana kila a me nā māka (Hosm, I, Oia, Gb, etc.).
Nā hōʻike hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua, kaʻina hana welding qualification, a me ka mālama wela ma muli o nā hana ferrous metallurgy. - Ka wiliwili a me ka hana ʻana. Pono nā mea kila kila i ka mālama pono like me nā metala ferrous ʻē aʻe (preheat/postheat ma muli o ka papa, ka mana o ke kalapona e pale aku i ka sensitization ma 300-series, ke koho ʻana i nā metala hoʻopiha kūpono).
- Magnetics a me NDT. NDT ma muli o ka mākēneki (mag particle) hana no nā māka ferritic/martensitic akā ʻaʻole no nā māka austenitic piha ke ʻole lākou i paʻakikī i ka hana.; He mea maʻamau ka hoʻokolohua ultrasonic a me ka dye-penetrant ma waena o nā ʻohana.
- Hoʻolālā: Hoʻohana nā ʻenekinia i nā ʻohana stainless ʻē aʻe no nā pono kikoʻī (austenitics no ka formability a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion; ferritics kahi e hoemi ai i ka nickel; duplex no ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale chloride).
7. Pono o Ferritic Stainless Steel
He ʻohana koʻikoʻi ʻo Ferritic stainless steel i loko o ka ʻohana stainless-steel.
ʻO lākou nā mea hao i hōʻike ʻia e ke kino-cented cubic (α-fe) hale aniani ma ka lumi wela a me ka maʻiʻo chromium kiʻekiʻe me ka nickel liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole ʻole.
ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i loko o ka oxidizing a me ka ʻoluʻolu haʻahaʻa
- Loaʻa nā Ferritics ~12–30% chromium, e hana ana i ka chromium-oxide mau (Cr₂o₃) kiʻi loa. Hāʻawi kēlā maikaʻi nui ka corrosion a me ka oxidation kū'ē I ka lewa, ka nui o nā kaiapuni lewa a me kekahi mau kaʻina hana ʻino.
- Hana maikaʻi lākou ma kahi chloride stress-corrosion māhā (SCC) he hopohopo: ʻO nā māka ferritic ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka SCC i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka chloride ma mua o nā māka austenitic he nui,
e hoʻolilo iā lākou i kūpono no kekahi mau noi petrochemical a me ke kai kahi e hoʻemi ʻia ai ka pilikia SCC.
ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūpono a me ka hoʻokele waiwai
- No ka mea, aia nā māka ferritic liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe nikela, ʻo lākou li'ili'i ka ma'alahi i ka volatility kumu kū'ai nickel a maʻamau uku haʻahaʻa ma mua o austenitic (ni-bearing) nā kila kila no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion like ma nā wahi he nui.
He mea koʻikoʻi kēia kumukūʻai no ka nui-nui a i ʻole ke kumu kūʻai.
ʻO ke kūpaʻa wela a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka carburization/embrittlement ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe
- Mālama ʻia nā kila kuhili ʻole Ferritic paʻa ferritic microstructures ma luna o kahi ākea wela a he liʻiliʻi i ka sensitization (intergranular chromium carbide precipitation) ma mua o austenitics.
- Nui nā ferritics maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe-mehana oxidation kū'ē a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻopau, nā mea hoʻololi wela a me nā mea hoʻohana wela kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO kekahi mau māka ferritic (E.g., 446, 430) ua kuhikuhi ʻia no ka lawelawe mau ʻana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe no ka mea ua hana lākou i nā unahi oxide lōʻihi.
ʻO ke koena haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻonui wela (Cte)
- ʻO nā koina CTE maʻamau no nā kila kuhiliʻole ferritic ≈10–12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C, haʻahaʻa loa ma mua o nā māka austenitic maʻamau (≈16–18 × 10⁻⁶ /°C).
- ʻO ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi ana i ka distortion thermal a me nā koʻikoʻi like ʻole ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ferritics i nā mea hoʻonui haʻahaʻa a hoʻohana ʻia paha i ka lawelawe cyclic kiʻekiʻe. (Nā'ōnaehana exhaust, nā'āpana furnace).
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka thermal conductivity
- Loaʻa nā māka Ferritic kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity (ahu 20–30 W/m·K) ma mua o nā māka austenitic (~15–20 W/m·K).
Pono ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wela i ka paipu hoʻololi wela, nā ʻāpana kapuahi a me nā noi kahi e makemake ʻia ai ka hoʻoneʻe wela wikiwiki.
ʻO nā waiwai magnetic a me nā pono hana
- ʻO nā kila kila ferritic magnetic I ka moku'āina. He mea maikaʻi kēia ke koi ʻia ka pane magnetic (Nā'ee, ʻO ka paleʻana magnetic, nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa) a i ʻole i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka magnetic, ʻO ka nānā ʻana a me ka lawelawe ʻana he ʻāpana o ka hana hana / hui.
Kūleʻa maikaʻi a me ka paʻa o ka ʻili
- Hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau māka ferritic maikaʻi abrasion a me ka oxidation kū'ē a mālama i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili i nā ea ea hoʻokiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Hana kēia iā lākou i kahi kūpono exhaust inifolds, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a me nā mea hoʻolālā hoʻonaninani e ʻike i ke kaʻa kaʻa wela.
Ka hana a me ka formability (ʻano hana)
- Hāʻawi ka nui o nā alloy ferritic kūpono ductility a me ka formability no ka hana pepa a me ka wehe 'ana a hiki ke hana i ke anu me ka like ole o ka springback e pili ana me na alloys oi aku ka ikaika.
Kahi e koi ʻia ai ke kaha kiʻi hohonu a i ʻole ka hana paʻakikī, koho papa kūpono (chromium haʻahaʻa, ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi) hāʻawi i nā hopena maikaʻi. - Ma muli o kā lākou microstructure ferritic maʻalahi, ferritics ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopili i ka hopena post-weld e hoʻihoʻi hou i ke kūpaʻa ʻana e like me ka sensitization-susceptible austenitics i kekahi manawa - ʻoiai he mea nui ka mana o ke kaʻina hana welding..
Nā palena a me nā hōʻailona koho
Pono ka ʻike ʻenehana kaulike e ʻae i nā palena i ʻole hoʻohana hewa ʻia nā mea:
- ʻO ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa loa: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻakikī o nā ferritics ma nā mahana cryogenic ma mua o ka austenitics.
E hōʻalo i nā ferritics no nā noi hoʻolālā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa koʻikoʻi ke ʻole i kūpono ʻia. - Kaohi weldability: ʻoiai he mea maʻamau ka wiliwili, ulu-palaoa a embrittlement hiki ke loaʻa i nā ferritics kiʻekiʻe-Cr inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wela a me ka hoʻoluʻu post-weld;
Ua pilikia kekahi mau ferritics i ka hana ʻino ma ka ʻāpana wela ke hoʻohana ʻole ʻia nā kaʻina hana kūpono. - ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa no kekahi mau māka Cr kiʻekiʻe: Hiki i nā mea chromium kiʻekiʻe loa ke hōʻemi i ka ductility a me ka formability; Pono ke koho papa e kūlike me nā hana hana.
- ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lua o ka chloride: ʻoiai ke kūʻē nei nā ferritics iā SCC, kūʻē lua/lua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā kaiapuni e lawe ana i ka chloride me nā māka kiʻekiʻe-Mo austenitics a duplex.;
e loiloi i nā helu e like me ka pale ʻana (Wood) kahi mea nui ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka chloride.
8. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea ʻokoʻa non-ferrous
Ke noʻonoʻo ka poʻe ʻenekinia i nā mea no nā noi pale corrosion, ʻO ke kila kila kahi koho ferrous alakaʻi.
Akā naʻe,, nā metala non-ferrous a me nā huila (AL, Cu alloys, No, Makemakeia hell mau, Mg, Zn) hoʻokūkū pinepine i ke kaumaha, ke ola, kūʻē kūʻē i ka corrosion, a i ʻole ka hiki ke hana.
| Waiwai / waiwai | Austetitic insinless (E.g., 304/316) | Apana Apana Aluminum (E.g., 5XXX / 6XXX) | Nā pāpale keleawe (E.g., Me ka mai ia makou, Keihei, bronze) | Titanium (Kepana & Ti-6al-4v) | Nickel-base mloys (E.g., 625, C276) |
| Kūlana kumu | Lia (Cr-paʻa) | AL | Cu | No | I |
| Huakai (g / cm³) | ~7.9–8.0 | ~2.6–2.8 | ~8.6–8.9 | ~4.5 | ~ 8.4-8.9 |
| ʻO ka ikaika maʻamau (Mpa) | 500-800 (Kumu & Kauoha) | 200-450 | 200-700 | 400-1100 (huila/HT) | 600-1200 |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (Kamoihia) | Maikaʻi loa (Oxidizezing, ka nui o ka wai); ʻokoʻa ka ʻike o ka chloride | Maikaʻi i ka wai maoli; lua i loko o ka chloride; papa Al₂O₃ hāmau | Maikaʻi i ka wai kai (Me ka mai ia makou), hiki i ka dezincification i ke keleawe; maikaʻi loa ka wela/wela | Maikaʻi i ka wai kai / oxidizing media; ʻilihune vs fluoride/HF; hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻāʻī | Maikaʻi ma waena o nā chemistries ikaika loa, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe |
| Pitting / kāpaʻa / kohuala | Loli (316 ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o 304) | Kaumaha–ʻilihune (ka lua i loko o Cl⁻) | ʻO Cu-Ni maikaʻi loa; keleawe hoʻololi | Maikaʻi loa, aka, he mea ino ka fluoride | Maikaʻi — mea hoʻokani kiʻekiʻe |
| Hana wela kiʻekiʻe | Loli | Paʻa | Maikaʻi loa (a hiki i T) | Maikaʻi a haʻahaʻa (palena ma luna o ~600–700°C) | Kūpono (oxiyan & pale pale) |
Pōmaikaʻi kaumaha |
ʻAʻole | Nui (≈1/3 o ke kila) | ʻAʻole | Maikaʻi loa (≈½ mānoanoa o ke kila) | ʻAʻole |
| Thermal / mea kūʻai uila | Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | Loli | High | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa |
| Wawahua / huahuai | Maikaʻi loa (ʻokoʻa nā kaʻina hana e ka alloy) | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa (ʻO kekahi mau hao hao solder/braze) | Pono i ka pale inert; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī | Pono i ka wiliwili kūikawā |
| Koina maʻamau (waiwai) | Loli | Haʻahaʻa-haʻahaʻa | ʻOluʻolu-kiʻekiʻe (Me ke kumu kūʻai hilinaʻi) | High (uku uku) | Kiʻekiʻe loa |
| Recycability | Kūpono | Kūpono | Kūpono | Maikaʻi loa | Maikaʻi loa (akā, ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka alloy) |
| Ke makemake ʻia | Kū kū'ē ka lehulehu, ke koena koina/loaʻa | Nā hale paona kaumaha, nā mea hoʻohana wela | Paipu wai kai (Me ka mai ia makou), nā mea hana wela, Nā'āpana uila | Marine, biodeical, kiʻekiʻe kikoʻī-ikaika pono | ʻO nā kemika hoʻomāinoino loa, kiʻekiʻe-T kaʻina hana |
9. Hoʻomau a me ka hana hou ʻana
- Recycability: ʻO nā kila kuhiliʻole kekahi o nā mea ʻenehana i hana hou ʻia; Hoʻokomo koke ʻia ka ʻōpala i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hou me nā mea i hana hou ʻia.
- Poʻa-ola: ʻO ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi a me ka mālama haʻahaʻa e hana pinepine i ke kila stainless i mea waiwai, koho haʻahaʻa ma luna o ke ola o kekahi mea ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ke kila kalapona maʻemaʻe.
- Nā code kaiapuni a me ka hoʻihoʻi: Ke hoʻohana nui nei ka hana kuhiliʻi i nā umu ahi arc a me nā meaʻai hana hou e hōʻemi i ka ikaika a me nā hoʻokuʻu.
10. ʻO nā manaʻo kuhihewa a me nā wehewehe
- “Stainless” ≠ “Stainless mau loa.” Ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi (chloride stress-corrosion māhā, kiʻekiʻe wela oxidation, hoʻouka waika, Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni, etc.), hiki i nā kila kila ke ʻino; ʻAʻole lākou e lilo i mea hao ʻole ma muli o ke kūpale.
- Magnetic ≠ ferrous: ʻO ka non-magnetism i kekahi mau māka kuhili ʻaʻole ia e hana i ka non-ferrous. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona wehewehe ʻo ia ka kemika hana hao, ʻaʻole ka pane magnetic.
- ʻO nā huila nickel kiʻekiʻe a me nā kulika: kekahi mau wili kumu nickel (Actoel, Hailani) ʻAʻole i hao a hoʻohana ʻia i nā wahi ʻino ʻole; ʻAʻole lākou "nā kila kila" inā paha e pale like lākou i ka corrosion.
11. Hopena
ʻO nā kila kila FERRON nā mea i haku ʻia a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Hoʻohui lākou i ka hao ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu me ka chromium a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe e hana i nā alloys e kūʻē i ka corrosion ma lalo o nā kūlana he nui..
ʻO ka hana aniani (Austetetitic, ferritic, Martesestic, Duplex) hoʻoholo i nā hiʻohiʻona mechanical a magnetic, ʻaʻole naʻe ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli ʻo nā kila kuhili ʻole he hao.
No laila pono ke koho ʻana i nā mea waiwai e mālama i ke kila kila ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka ʻohana ferrous a koho i ka ʻohana kuhili ʻole kūpono a me ka papa e hoʻohālikelike i ke kaiapuni lawelawe., nā pono hana a me nā pahuhopu ola.
FaqS
ʻO ke ʻano "stainless" o ke kila kila ʻaʻole ia he metala ferrous?
ʻO ka waiwai "stainless" o ke kila kila mai kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive o ka chromium oxide (Cr₂o₃) hana ʻia ma ka ʻili inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka chromium ma ≥10.5%; ʻAʻole pili kēia i ka mea hao.
Me ka nānā ʻole i kāna ʻano kulika, ʻoiai ʻo ka hao ka mea nui, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mea ma ke ʻano he FERRON mea meta.
Nalo ke kila kila i kona ʻano ferrous i nā wela kiʻekiʻe?
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke ʻano he metala ferrous e ka haku melemele, ʻaʻole wela.
ʻOiai inā loaʻa nā hoʻololi ʻāpana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe (ʻo kahi laʻana, he papa austenitic e hoʻololi ana i ferrite ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe), he hao ka mea kumu, no laila, e noho mau ana ia he metala ferrous.
E pili ana ka magnetism o ke kila kila inā he ferrous?
Pili ka Magnetism i ka hana aniani: ʻO nā kila kulika ferritic a me martensitic he mea maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻamau nā mea kila austenitic annealed.
Akā naʻe,, ʻo ka magnetism ʻaʻole ʻO ke kumu no ka ferrous - ka mea hao. ʻO ka papa kuhili paha he magnetic, inā ʻo ka hao ka mea nui he metala ferrous.
ʻAe. No ka mea, he hao ka hao, Ua like kona kahawai hana hou me nā metala ferrous ʻē aʻe.
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe hou ʻia ka ʻōpala ʻōpala; kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ka hana hou ʻana i nā kila kuhili ʻole a ʻo ka ikehu hoʻoheheʻe ʻana he hapa maʻamau (ma ke kauoha o 20-30%) o ka ikehu hana mua.
Hoʻolilo kēia i ke kila kila i mea waiwai no nā noi hoʻokele hoʻomau a me ka pōʻai.
Inā ʻinoʻino nā kila kila ferritic i kekahi mau kaiapuni, ʻO ia hoʻi ʻaʻole lākou he ferrous?
ʻAʻole. Pili ka hana ʻino i ke kaiapuni a me ka haku mele; hiki ke ʻinoʻino kekahi mau māka kulika ma nā pāpaʻi kikoʻī, akā, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻololi i ko lākou kūlana ma ke ʻano he metala ferrous.
ʻo kahi laʻana, Hiki ke hōʻike i nā kila kulika ferritic i ke kūpaʻa nāwaliwali i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ikaika ʻana i ka media akā hana maikaʻi loa i nā kaiapuni oxidizing..
ʻO ke koho ʻana i kahi papa kūpono a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻili e hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion no ka lawelawe i manaʻo ʻia.
