Mea Hoolei Waiwai — E koho mua i ka Alloy Pono

1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana

Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai (lilo-wax casting) mahalo ʻia no ka pololei o ke ʻano, nā ʻāpana lahilahi a me ka geometric paʻakikī.

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka alloy ka hoʻoholo hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi hoʻokahi no ka mea e hoʻoholo ai: ʻO nā mea a me nā hana hoʻoheheʻe/degassing e pono ai ke hoʻohana ʻia e ka hale hana; ke kinikini pūpū a me nā pōʻaiapili kī;

ka hoʻolālā hānai ʻana a me ka emi ʻana; hiki ke loaʻa i nā waiwai mechanical a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana; ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻae ʻana; a ʻo ka hope hoʻi he ʻāpana kālā a me ka manawa alakaʻi.

Nānā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻohana poʻokela o nā alloys i hoʻolei pinepine ʻia e ke kaʻina hana hoʻopukapuka, hoʻohālikelike i kā lākou mau hana metala a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā hopena, a hāʻawi i nā alakaʻi koho pragmatic i pili i nā noi maʻamau.

2. No ke aha he mea nui ke koho waiwai i ka hoʻolei kālā

ʻO ke koho ʻana i nā mea waiwai ka hoʻoholo hoʻoholo ʻenehana nui loa Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai. Hoʻoholo ia ʻaʻole wale ka hana i loko o ka lawelawe o ka ʻāpana i hoʻopau ʻia (ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, ʻO ka hoʻomauʻana, Keia Riana, Ke kaumaha),

akā, ʻo ke kaulahao hana a pau i luna a i lalo: ʻano hoʻoheheʻe a me ka ninini ʻana, kemika pūpū a me ke kī ʻana, hoʻolālā gating/riser, nā ʻano hemahema e nānā ai, pono nā lāʻau wela, Nā Kūlana Kūlana, manawa manawa, pilikia ʻōpala a me ke kumukūʻai holoʻokoʻa.

3. ʻO nā ʻohana waiwai i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻolei kālā

4. Mea Hoolei Alloy — Hooholo ana i ka hana hope o na hoolei ana

Ke koho ʻana i kahi huila no ka hoʻolei ʻana, pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā mea pili: Pono nā mea iʻikeʻia (ikaika, paʻakikī, Kaluhi), kaiapuni hana (keka ao, Nā Mokuna Pūnaewele),

Goody (nā paia lahilahi vs nā ʻāpana nui), hana ailihua (kaulikeia, pae hau, Ke hana hou nei), hana hoʻolei hope (ʻO ka mālama wela, Hip), pono nānā a me ke kumukūʻai.

ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ferrous

1) hao kalapona KAHOu

He aha lākou: nā hao hao haʻahaʻa kahi carbon ka mea hoʻoikaika ikaika (E.g., AISI 1020–1045, Astm A216 WCB, Kōkua kikowaena).
Waiwai & Hana: ikaika, ʻoʻoleʻa maikaʻi i ka wā maʻamau, maikaʻi machinability a me ka haʻahaʻa kumu kūʻai. Māmā ~7.85 g/cm³.
Ka noonoo ana: wahi hehee haahaa (~1,420–1,540 °C), ka wai maikaʻi no nā geometries he nui akā hiki ke hoʻemi i ka porosity i nā ʻāpana kaumaha.
Pono e hāʻawi i ka hānai ʻana i ka shell a me ka hoʻolālā gating. Hiki ke pilikia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hydrogen a me ka graphite no kekahi mau māka.
Post-ho'ōla: hana maʻamau, Quetch & huhū (Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka papa) e hoʻokō i ka paʻakikī/ikaika i makemake ʻia.
Noi: Nā Kūlana Kūlana, urowing, nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻenehana maʻamau kahi ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

2) Aluia-hao KAHOu

He aha lākou: na kila i huiia me Cr, Mo, I, V, etc., E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika, ʻano paʻakikī a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe (E.g., 4140, 4340 nā analogs ʻohana).
Waiwai & Hana: ʻoi aku ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke kū'ē i ka luhi a me ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā kila kalapona; hiki ke hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela i nā ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
Ka noonoo ana: ʻoi aʻe ka naʻau i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka māwae wela ke piʻi aʻe ka ʻike o ka alloy; pono ka puka akahele a me ke ala ana; ʻO kekahi mau alloys e pono ai i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole nā ​​​​deoxidized melts no ka maikaʻi.
Post-ho'ōla: nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻopau koʻikoʻi, ka mālama ʻana i ka distortion i ka wā mālama wela. Pono paha e hoʻomaha i ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana e kaulike i nā waiwai.
Noi: Kauluhi, Nā papahele, kiʻekiʻe-stressed structural parts, ʻāpana ʻaila-ʻaila.

3) Kila kohu ʻole KAHOu

He aha lākou: ka hao me ka ≥10.5% Cr; ʻohana ʻo austenitic (304/316/CF8 / CF8m), Martesestic (410/420), Duplex (2205) a me ka loaʻaʻana-paʻakikī (17-4 Ph).

Waiwai & Hana: ʻo ke kūpaʻa ʻino mai ka laulā (austenitics) i ke kū'ē chloride kiʻekiʻe (Duplex / SuperDuplex);
ʻokoʻa nui nā waiwai mechanical - hāʻawi ka duplex i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe + ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka corrossion maikaʻi; 17-4 Hāʻawi ka PH i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka ʻelemakule.

Ka noonoo ana: hoʻoheheʻe kuhiliʻole i ka oxide/slag; ka hoomalu ana i ke kemika hehee, deoxidation a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a me nā waiwai mechanical.
Solidification shrinkage and hot tear susceptibility differ across grades.
Post-ho'ōla: Hoʻoholo i Airnaal, quench and aging (for PH grades); duplex may require careful heat treatment to keep phase balance. Passivation and pickling often follow machining.
Noi: chemical plant components, Nā Vilves, Mary Ples, sanitary parts, ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i ka meaʻai, Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele.

ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hao ʻole

4) Aluminum-alloy KAHOu

He aha lākou: Al-Ae, Al-Cu and Al-Mg families (E.g., A356, A357, Adoc12, 6061-ʻano) for cast components.
Waiwai & Hana: haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (~ 2.7 G / cm³), good specific strength (after heat treat for some alloys), excellent corrosion resistance when alloyed properly; maikaʻi loa ka wela/wela.
Ka noonoo ana: very good fluidity enables thin walls and fine detail, but hydrogen porosity, oxide films and hot tearing in certain conformations are key risks.
Shell firing temperatures and dewax schedules differ from ferrous work. Hydrogen control, melt cleanliness and proper gating are essential.
Post-ho'ōla: solution heat treatment and artificial aging (T6) no ka ikaika; sometimes HIP for critical aerospace parts.
Noi: aieerorcace home, automotive lightweight components, heat-dissipating parts.

5) Liulaala-nā mea hoʻohui kumu (bronze, Keihei, ailunimina bronze)

He aha lākou: Me-sn (bronze), Cu-zn (Keihei), Me ka (ailunimina bronze), Me ka mai ia makou, a me nāʻanoʻano.
Waiwai & Hana: Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosion Corrossion (ʻoi aku ka Cu-Ni/Al-bronze), maikaʻi haʻi waiwai a me ka wela / uila conductivity. Māmā ~8.4–8.9 g/cm³.

Ka noonoo ana: haʻahaʻa ka helu heheʻe ma mua o nā kila; pili ka hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hana hoʻopaʻa (hoʻolili wikiwiki).
ʻO ka wai maikaʻi e hiki ai i nā kikoʻī maikaʻi ke hiki. ʻO ka ʻemi a me ka pohā wela e pili ana i ka haku mele.
Post-ho'ōla: annealing no ka ductility, paʻakikī pinepine ka mīkini (hana paʻakikī); ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a me nā pilikia dezincification no nā keleawe i ʻike ʻia i kekahi mau kaiapuni.
Noi: Mary Ples, Nā'āpana pā, Kāhele, nā mea hoʻonani a me nā ʻāpana uila.

6) Titanium-nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia

He aha lākou: ʻO ke kumu nui ʻo Ti-6Al-4V a me nā ʻāpana Ti ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi ana i ka ikaika kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe a me ka biocompatibility.
Waiwai & Hana: ikaika maikaʻi-i-kaumaha, pale ʻino a me ka biocompatibility; haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (~4.4 g/cm³).

Ka noonoo ana: hoʻoheheʻe nui loa (oxycongen, ʻohi hauʻona) - ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe argon a me ka ninini pono e pale i ka embrittlement a me nā inclusions.
ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa paʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka oxide e koi i nā lako pūpū kūikawā a me nā hana hoʻoheheʻe. He kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai hana a me nā pono hana.
Post-ho'ōla: hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela wela, kaumaha kaumaha, HIP maʻamau e pani i ka porosity no nā mea koʻikoʻi. He mea nui ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili no nā ʻāpana luhi.
Noi: nā mea hoʻolālā aerospace, NA KEKI ANA, nā mea haʻuki kiʻekiʻe.

Kiʻekiʻe-mehana hoʻoheheʻe hao

7) Nā mea hoʻopalekana kumu nikela

He aha lākou: Ni-Cr-Co-Al-Ti hoʻohuihui (Actoel, E Hoʻi hou, ʻOhana Nimonic) i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka ikaika a me ke kū ʻana o nā kolo i nā wela kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i ~ 1,000 °C a ma o aku no kekahi mau ala).
Waiwai & Hana: ikaika kolo maikaʻi, oxidation a me ka corrosion kū'ē i ke kiʻekiʻe wela; 8.2–8.5 g/cm³ ka mānoanoa.

Ka noonoo ana: ʻO nā pae hoʻopaʻa lōʻihi e hāpai i ka hoʻokaʻawale a me nā hemahema; ʻO ka hoʻomehanaʻana i keʻano, He mea koʻikoʻi ka de-gassing a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana.
ʻO ka paʻa kuhikuhi a me ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka kristal hoʻokahi he mau ʻokoʻa kūikawā no nā lau turbine (kaulahao kaʻina hana ʻokoʻa).
Post-ho'ōla: ka hoʻonā paʻakikī a me nā lāʻau wela kahiko e hoʻomohala i nā γ′ precipitates; He mea maʻamau ka HIP a me ka mīkini. Pono ka palapala hōʻoia no nā ʻāpana aerospace i ka NDT paʻa.
Noi: ʻāpana ʻāpana wela gas-turbine, AerERPPACE, mana pā'āʻu, kiʻekiʻe-mehana kemika.

8) ʻO nā huila kumu kobalt

He aha lākou: ʻO Co-Cr-Mo a me nā haku mele e pili ana i hoʻohana ʻia i kahi e pono ai ka ʻaʻahu a me ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe (E.g., ʻohana stellite).
Waiwai & Hana: ʻoʻoleʻa wela maikaʻi, pale ʻaʻahu a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma kahi e loaʻa ai ka lole hoʻoheheʻe i ka wela kiʻekiʻe.
Ka noonoo ana: nā helu heheʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka naʻau i ka hoʻokaʻawale; paʻakikī ka mīkini ma muli o ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe.
Post-ho'ōla: hoʻonā / ʻelemakule (kahi e pili ai), ka wili ʻana a me ka polū no nā ʻili tribological.
Noi: sila huila turbine, Nā noho kūʻai Valve, nā mea hoʻohui niho biomedical (Co-Cr), e komo i nā'āpana.

9) Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe ma ka hao

He aha lākou: hao pale wela (E.g., Fe-Cr-Al, nā kila kila i hoʻokumu ʻia no ka wela kiʻekiʻe).
Waiwai & Hana: kumu kūʻai ma nā mahana wela haʻahaʻa, maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa oxidation me ka alloying kūpono.
Ka noonoo ana & noi: hoʻohana ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā mahana akā ʻaʻole koi ʻia ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi o nā nickel alloys (E.g., Nā'āpana huluhulu, kekahi mau mea puhi ahi).

Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hana kūikawā

Metala makamae (gula, dala, Papa)

He aha lākou: Au, ʻO nā mea hoʻohui Ag a me Pt ​​no nā mea nani, pili pololei a me ka hoʻohana catalytic.
Waiwai & Hana: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka corrosion a me nā waiwai aesthetic; ʻano ikaika mechanical ma muli o ka karat a me ka alloying.
Ka noonoo ana: nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (gula ~1,064 °C), maikaʻi loa; ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka lewa a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili.
Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai (nalowale-wax) ʻo ia ke ala hana nui no nā mea nani.
Noi: Kōhai, pili uila, hoʻohana kemika kūikawā.

ʻO nā huila mākēneki (Al-Ni-Co, Nā ʻano like ʻole Nd-Fe-B)

He aha lākou: mau mea paʻa-magnet a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe magnetic palupalu; nānā: nui nā mea mana kiʻekiʻe (Nd-Fe-B) ʻAʻole hana maʻamau ʻia e ka hoʻolei kālā no ka mea maʻamau ka pauka a me nā kaʻina hoʻohui. Hiki ke hoolei ia Al-Ni-Co.
Waiwai & Hana: hoʻopaʻapaʻa magnetic, ʻO ka nui o ka flux a me ke kūpaʻa wela e hoʻoholo i ka kūpono.
Ka noonoo ana: Pono nā alloy magnetic i ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia e pale aku i nā ʻāpana makemake ʻole; pono ka hana hope-magnetization.
Noi: nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa, Nā'ee, Kākau.

Hoʻopili hoʻomanaʻo ʻano (Ni-Ti / Nitinol)

He aha lākou: kokoke-equiatomic nickel-titanium alloys me ke kino-memo a me ka hana superelastic.
Waiwai & Hana: ʻO nā hoʻololi martensitic hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia e hoʻopuka i nā kānana nui hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia; hoʻohana ʻia i nā actuators a me nā mea lapaʻau.
Ka noonoo ana: ʻO ka Ni-Ti ka mea hoʻoikaika a paʻakikī i ka haku mele; He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka pololei o ka lākiō Ni / Ti;
hana pinepine ʻia ma o ka hoʻolei kālā ʻana no nā geometries paʻakikī akā maʻamau ka pauka-metallurgy a me nā ʻāpana C-like. Hoʻoponopono ka lāʻau wela ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā mahana hoʻololi.
Noi: Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele (Nā papa'ōlelo, nā kīʻaha), nā mea hana a me nā hale hoʻololi.

5. Nā hopena

ʻO ke koho waiwai ka hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi loa i ka hoʻolei kālā.

ʻAʻole ia e hoʻomalu wale i ka hana i loko o ka lawelawe o kahi ʻāpana (ikaika, Kaluhi, Kuupuiawi, hiki i ka hiki, Keia Riana, Mamano)

akā, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano hana o ka hana ʻana: ʻano hoʻoheheʻe, kemika pūpū a me ke kī ʻana, ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana, ʻano hemahema paha, pono ka mālama wela a me ka NDT, kumukūʻai a me ka manawa alakaʻi.

Key, nā hopena hiki ke hana:

• E hoʻomaka me ka hana, ʻaʻole maʻamau. E wehewehe i nā mea hoʻokele lawelawe mana (keka ao, Kuupuiawi, ʻaʻa, Kaʻa Kaʻamae, Ke kaumaha, kaohi hooponopono)
  a e ʻae i kēlā mau palapala iā ʻoe i kahi ʻohana waiwai (E.g., nickel alloys no ke kolo wela wela, titanium no ka ikaika-i-kaumaha a me ka biocompatibility, duplex stainless no ka lawelawe chloride, keleawe no ka lole kai, nā metala makamae no nā mea nani/pili uila).
• E hoʻohālikelike i ka hiki o ka foundry me ke koi alloy. Nui nā ʻāpana (Titanium, hualaola, Alloys Kekahi) makemake i ka māha a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe inert, Hip, a me ka NDT holomua.
  Mai kuhikuhi i kahi huila kūikawā ke ʻole hiki i kahi mea hoʻolako kūpono ke hāʻawi a hōʻoia.
• ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ke kaʻina hana e pili pū ana. Nā ʻano huila (hoʻohemo melū, kaulikeia, shrinkage, Ke hana hou nei, hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua) pono e hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonohonoho i ka uku hana, hoʻolālā gating/riser, ʻōnaehana pūpū a me nā papa hana dewax/pana.
  ʻO ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana a me ka hoʻolei ʻana o ka pilote e hōʻemi nui i ka pilikia.
• E hoʻolālā i nā ʻanuʻu ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana i mua. ʻO ka hana wela, Hip, ʻO ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a me ka mīkini e pili i ka mana a me ke kumukūʻai.
  No nā māhele koʻikoʻi, e kuhikuhi i kēia mau ʻanuʻu ma ka RFQ (a hoʻokomo i nā hoʻokolohua ʻae a me ka hiki ke ʻimi).
• E hoʻomalu i ka maikaʻi e ka kikoʻī. Pono nā MTR, mooolelo lapaau wela, i wehewehe ʻia nā aupuni NDT (radiography/CT no ka porosity kūloko, kani ultrasonic no nā ʻāpana ferrous mānoanoa, wai-penetrant no nā ʻili), a me kahi maʻamau i hōʻike maopopo ʻia.
  E wehewehe i nā palena no ka porosity, inclusions a me nā waiwai mechanical.
• Koina kaulike, papahana a me ka pilikia. Hoʻonui ʻia ka manawa alakaʻi a me ke kumu kūʻai o nā alloys kūikawā a me nā protocols ʻae.
  E hoʻohana i ka alloy maʻalahi loa e hoʻokō i nā koi hana a hoʻokō i nā koho ʻē aʻe inā hiki.

FaqS

Hiki ke hoʻolei kālā ʻia kekahi metala?

He nui nā metala a me nā mea i kūpono (nā pāpale, meaʻole, nickel a me corbat, Nā pāpale keleawe, aluminum, Titanium, nā metala mua).

Akā naʻe,, ʻO ke kūpono e pili ana i ka hiki ke kūkulu: nā metala hoʻoheheʻe (Titanium, Magnesum) a me nā superalloys hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe e pono ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana / inert a me nā ʻōnaehana pūpū kūikawā.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana magnet a me ka pauka-metallurgy e ka hoʻolei kālā maʻamau.

Pehea wau e koho ai ma waena o nā mea hao ke hoʻokō ʻia nā pono hana?

Nā koi kūlana (pono-pono vs makemake), a laila e loiloi i ka hana ʻana (hiki ke hookumu, pono no ka HIP a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana), Kālā, ka manawa alakai a me ke kaumaha nana.

ʻO ka hoʻolele pilote a me ka nānā ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o ke ola holoʻokoʻa e kōkua i ke koho ʻana i ke kālepa maikaʻi loa.

Pono nā mea hoʻohui a pau i nā mea pūpū kūikawā a i ʻole nā ​​uhi?

Hana kekahi. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i ʻole ka wela wela (E.g., Titanium, kekahi mau superalloys) makemake paha i nā ʻaʻahu maka inert (Zircon, Nā Alluna) a me ke kī pū ʻana i mea e pale aku ai i nā ʻano hoʻoheheʻe metala.
E kūkākūkā i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pūpū me kāu mea hoʻokumu i ka wā hoʻolālā.

Pehea e pili ai ke koho alloy i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a me ka machinability?

ʻO nā metala e like me ke keleawe keleawe a me ka alumini ka mea maʻamau e hāʻawi i ka hoʻopau maikaʻi a me ka machinability; ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka nickel a me ka cobalt alloys i ka mīkini a makemake paha i nā mea hana kūikawā.

ʻOkoʻa nā kila kila—ʻokoʻa ka mīkini helu duplex a me PH ma mua o austenitics. E hoʻokomo i ka haʻawina machining a me nā mea hana i ka hoʻolālā.

Pehea e pili ana i ka corrosion a me ke kaiapuni?

ʻO ka hana corrosion ka hana nui o ke kemika alloy a me ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana (mālama i ka wela, hoʻolauna, pāpale).

No ka media hoʻopaʻapaʻa (chrlodes, Nā'āpana), koho i nā ʻāpana pale ʻino (fulex, nickel alloys) a koi aku i nā hoʻokolohua kūpono kūpono (pitting, SCC).
Nā hoʻoponopono kaiapuni (E.g., Roohs, nā mea i kaupalena ʻia) hiki ke hoʻopili i ka koho alloy.

ʻEhia ka nui o ke kumukūʻai hoʻoheheʻe superalloy vs ka hoʻolei kila?

ʻOkoʻa nui nā kumukūʻai ma ka alloy, paʻakikī a me ka hana hope.

ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai o nā metala superalloys a me ka reactive ma mua o nā kila maʻamau ma muli o ke kumukūʻai meaʻai pipiʻi, nā kapuahi hau, Hip, a hoʻonui i ka NDT.

E hoʻohana i ke kumu kūʻai a pau (waiwai + ka hoʻoiliʻana + nānā + hua) ma mua o ke kumukuai hehee maka wale no.