Globe Valve Ve Gate Valve

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO Globe Valve vs Gate Valve ʻo ia kekahi o nā hoʻohālikelike maʻamau i ka hoʻokele wai ʻenehana, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻano valve ʻelua i nā pipelines no ka kaʻawale a me ka hoʻoponopono.

ʻOiai kaʻana like lākou i ka manaʻo ākea like - kaohi ʻana i ke kahe o nā wai, nā lāʻau, a i ʻole ka mahu—ko lākou geometries kūloko, nā ʻano hoʻopaʻa, ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano hana.

ʻO ke koho ʻana ma waena o nā mea ʻelua e pono ai ka loiloi akahele o nā mea e like me ka holo pono, Ke hoʻouna nei i ka hana, ka māmā holo, koina ola, a me nā koi pili i ka ʻoihana.

Hiki i kahi koho maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai hana, hoemi i ka hilinai, a hoʻopaʻa i ka palekana.

2. He aha kahi valbe globe?

A Globe Valve he ʻano o ka pahu laina laina i hoʻolālā mua ʻia no hooponopono a throttling kahe.

Loaʻa kona inoa mai ke kino spherical i nā hoʻolālā mua, ʻoiai hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia nā kiwi honua hou, kūlehu, a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻonohonoho hoʻohālikelike Y.

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻīpuka puka, i manaoia no ka pani piha, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā valves globe i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mana, kahe ʻokoʻa me ka neʻe ʻana o ka hahau pōkole.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kīwaha honua Pūnaehana Steam, Ke kālepaʻana, mana pā'āʻu, a me ka mālama wai—ma na wahi a pau e pono ai ke kaohi pono ana i ke kaomi a kahe paha.

ʻO ka hanaʻana i ka mana

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka valve globe ma ka ka neʻe kū pololei o kahi diski (plug) kūʻē i kahi noho kū.

• Hoʻopili ʻia ka disc valve i kahi kumu e neʻe linearly ke huli ʻia ka huila lima a i ʻole ka mea hana.
• Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka diski, kaomi i ka noho, kahe kahe ana.
• Ke hāpai ʻia ka diski, kahe ka kahe ma waena o ka disc a me ka noho, e hana ana i ke ala S-like.
• Hoʻopili pololei ka degere o ka wehe ʻana me ka nui o ke kahe, hāʻawi i nā kīwī honua i ka pololei throttling.

Hoʻokomo kēia geometry i kahi kiʻekiʻe pale kahe (kaomiʻana) hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻīpuka puka akā hāʻawi ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka mana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona nui

• Ka pololei o ka hooponopono ana: Hāʻawi nā kīpē Globe i ka hoʻoponopono pololei, me ka huina kahe (Cv) e ʻae i nā hoʻololi hoʻonui.
  ʻo kahi laʻana, hiki i ka 6-inch globe valve ke hoʻokō i ka mana pololei i loko o ± 5%.
• Nā koho koho: Loaʻa me ʻO nā noho metala-a-metal no ka lawelawe wela wela (a i 650 ° C) Oole nā hoʻolālā noho mālie (Ptfe, elastomers) no ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana i ka huʻihuʻi ma nā ʻōnaehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• Nā hoʻonohonoho like ʻole: ʻano pololei (kū-starder), ʻano kihi (90° huli kahe, e hoemi ana i na pono), a me ke ʻano Y (hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa).
• Nā laulā nui & Nā kikowaena: Hana ʻia maʻamau mai ½ iniha i 24 iniha, me na papa kaomi mai Ansi papa 150 E piʻi i ka papa 2500.
• Mālama: He mea maʻalahi ka disc a me ka noho no ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea e kaulana ai nā kiwi honua i nā mea kanu mana kahi e maʻa mau ai ka ʻino o nā noho.

3. He aha ka hale kūʻai?

A ʻO ka haleʻo Valve he kiwi hoʻokaʻawale linear-motion i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻolako on/off control of fluid flow.

ʻAʻole like me nā kīpē honua, i optimized no ka throttling, ua manaoia na kiwi puka hāmama a paʻa loa.

ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona ʻano he ʻīpuka pālahalaha a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka wedge (Disc) e neʻe pololei ana i ke ala kahe e hoʻōki i ka wai.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kīwaha puka ma pono & Nā Pīpeku hau, ka mahele wai o ke aupuni, Nā mea kanu mua, a me nā ʻoihana hana maʻamau kahi e pono ai ke kahe ʻana o ka lua piha a me ka hāʻule liʻiliʻi o ke kaomi.

ʻO ka hanaʻana i ka mana

Hoʻohana ʻia ka valve puka ma ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana a wili a i ʻole disc parallel ma waena o nā apo noho ʻelua:

• Ke huli ʻia ka huila lima a i ʻole ka mea hana, hoʻoneʻe ke kumu i ka ʻīpuka i luna, ka unuhi loa ana mai ke ala kahe.
  I ke kūlana wehe piha, ʻaʻole keakea ka lua, e ʻae ana i ke kahe me ka pale ʻole.
• Ke pani ʻia, kaomi ka puka i ka noho, e ālai ana i ke alahele a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
• ʻO nā puka puka ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia no ka throttling, ʻoiai e wehe ʻia ana ka puka a me ka noho i ka wai holo wikiwiki, ke kumu o ka haalulu, oluation, a me ka poino sila.

ʻElua mau hoʻolālā diski nui:

• Disc parallel Nā Valoko (puka palahalaha ma waena o nā noho like).
• ʻO nā ʻīpuka ʻīpuka (paʻa paʻa a ʻoluʻolu paha e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻa o ka noho a me ka hoʻomanawanui misalignment).

Nā hiʻohiʻona nui

• Pale Kahe Li'ili'i: I ke kūlana wehe piha, ʻo ka lua pololei e hāʻawi i kahi hāʻule kaomi kokoke i ka ʻole (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka coefficient kahe Cv ma mua o nā kiwi honua o ka nui like).
• lawelawe ʻelua kuhikuhi: Hiki i nā ʻīpuka puka ke hoʻopaʻa maʻamau i ke kaomi ʻana mai kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, e kūpono ana iā lākou no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hoʻolālā paipu paʻakikī.
• Nā laulā nui & Nā kikowaena: Loaʻa maʻamau mai 2 iniha a hiki i 60 iniha a iʻole, me nā helu kaomi mai Ansi papa 150 i ka papa 2500, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i koho makemake no Nui nā wahi nui.
• Hana lohi: Pono nā ʻīpuka puka i nā huli he nui o ke kumu e wehe piha a pani paha, ʻaʻole kūpono i ka hana wikiwiki.
• Ke hoʻouna nei i ka hana: Hoʻolālā maʻamau e hui Kii 598 Nā Kuleana KaiK, akā ʻaʻole maʻamau i loaʻa i nā papa pani paʻa (ʻO ka papa VI e paʻa i ka ʻōhū e like me ka honua a i ʻole nā ​​kiwi kinipōpō me nā noho palupalu).
• Manaʻo mālama: Hiki ke paʻakikī ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka noho a me ka wedge ma muli o ka nui o ke kino, a hiki ke ʻā a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī inā hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻia no ka throttling.

4. Hoʻolālā & Geometry Kūloko o Globe Valve vs Gate Valve

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui loa ma waena nā hua waina honua a Nā Valoko moe ma ko lakou ala kahe o loko a me ka hoʻolālā disc, pili pono i ka hāʻule kaomi, moe, a me ka hana kūpono.

ʻO ka hoʻolālā valbe valbe & Goody

• Ke Alanui Lahui: I loko o kahi kīpē honua, pono e hoʻololi ka wai i ka ʻaoʻao—ma mua i lalo ma ka noho a hoʻi i luna—e hopena i kahi ala kahe ʻoi aʻe..
• ʻAno Disc/Plug: ʻO ka mea pani maʻamau a plug, Disc, aiʻole cone e kaomi ana i ke apo noho e ku pono ana i ke kahe.
• Noho Noho: Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā noho ma ke alo, hana ʻana i nā kiwi honua i kūpono no ka throttling a me ka hana pinepine.
• ʻO ka ʻoni ʻana o ke kumu: Holo laina laina, me ka hele pōkole ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻīpuka puka (ma kahi o 25-30% o ka nui o ka lua).
• Nā Manaʻo Kūleʻa: Hoʻokumu ke keʻena hoʻoheheʻe paʻa i ka pohō puʻe kiʻekiʻe akā hiki ke hoʻomalu maikaʻi i ke kahe.

Hoʻolālā ʻīpuka ʻīpuka & Goody

• Ke Alanui Lahui: ʻO ke ala kahe i loko o kahi kīpē puka pololei-pololei. Ke wehe piha, pau loa ka puka i ke kahe, hāʻawi i kahi hāʻule kaomi kokoke-zero.
• Kinohi Puke/Wedge: ʻO ka mea pani a ʻīpuka wili a pāpaʻi paha e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana ma waena o nā noho kū ʻelua.
• Noho Noho: ʻO nā noho kū pololei a kaulike i ke ala kahe.
• ʻO ka ʻoni ʻana o ke kumu: Nui ka hele ʻana o ke kumu—e like me ka piha piha o ka pahu (100% o ka nui o ka lua)—e hoʻolohi i ka hana akā e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ke kahe piha ʻole.
• Nā Manaʻo Kūleʻa: Pono ka ʻauamo kiʻekiʻe a me ka pāpale ma muli o ka hele lōʻihi; kaumaha ʻia ka compactness no ka haʻahaʻa kahe ʻana.

5. Nā hiʻohiʻona & Hoʻokō Hydraulic

'Ōlelo kahe ʻana ʻO ka valve e hoʻoholo i ka maikaʻi o ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono, ke kahawai, a hoʻokaʻawale paha i nā wai kaʻina hana.

Hoʻokumu ka geometry kūloko o ka honua a me nā ʻīpuka puka i nā ʻano hydraulic ʻokoʻa.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kahe ʻana o ka pōpaa honua

• Lauloa / Manao Kahe Paheneti Kaulike: Hāʻawi nā kiwi honua i kahi pilina pili laina a i ʻole ka pākēneka ma waena o ka hele ʻana o ke kumu a me ke kahe kahe, hana ia lakou i kupono no lawelawe modulating a throttling.
• Kaomiʻana: Ma muli o ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ke ala kahe ma ka noho, ʻO nā kiwi honua e hoʻohua i nā poho puʻe kiʻekiʻe.

• • He Papa 6 iniha 300 Hiki ke hōʻike i ka valve honua i kahi hāʻule kaomi o 2.5-3.5 psi ma 100 gpm, hoohalikeia me ka emi iho 1 psi no ka pahu puka puka o ka nui like.

• Cv (Ua lawa): Cv haʻahaʻa no ka nui o ka valve (≈30–60% o ka pahu puka) - ka palena ʻana i ke kahe kiʻekiʻe akā hoʻonui i ka pololei ma nā kūlana hāmama hapa.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kahe o ka puka pā

• ʻO ke ʻano hoʻopaʻa ʻana: Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻīpuka puka no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma mua o ka throttling. Hāʻawi ka ʻīpuka wedge i ke kahe ʻana ʻole i ka wā e wehe pono ai.
• Hoʻoleʻa Paʻi Paʻi liʻiliʻi: Me ka puka pololei, ʻaneʻane like ke kūpaʻa hydraulic me kahi ʻāpana paipu o ka nui like.

• • ʻo kahi laʻana, he 6-inihi puka pawa piha e hamama ana kaomiʻana <0.5 Psi ma 100 gpm.

• ʻAʻohe kūpono o ka throttling: ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka ʻīpuka puka hāmama hapa e alakaʻi i ka haunaele, Kāu kamaliʻi, a me ka ʻino o ka noho/puka.
• Cv Waiwai: Kiʻekiʻe loa Cv waiwai (≈90–100% o ka nui paipu inoa) e hana i nā ʻīpuka puka kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana e koi ana i ka palena liʻiliʻi.

6. Ke hoʻouna nei i ka hana & Nā papaʻokoʻa

ʻO ka hiki o ka valve ke mālama i kahi sila paa he mea koʻikoʻi no ka palekana o ke kaʻina hana, maikaʻi huahana, a me kekahi.

Globe valve vs gate valve e hoʻokō i ka sila ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e pili ana i ka hana leakage a me ke kūpono no nā lawelawe kikoʻī.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Globe Valve

• Noho-a-Disc Contact:
  Hoʻohana i nā hua waina honua e hoʻohana i kahi ke kaomi ʻana i kahi apo noho. No ka mea, liʻiliʻi ka wahi hoʻopili a paʻa ka ikaika sealing, hiki ke hoʻokō nā valves globe hoʻopaʻa kūlana kiʻekiʻe.
• Nā papaʻokoʻa:

• • Hiki ke halawai Ansi / FCI 70-2 Papa IV a i ole V (ʻoihana paʻa paʻa).
  • Me nā mea hoʻokomo palupalu a i ʻole elastomer, hiki i kekahi mau kiwi honua Kakau Vi (Bubble-pani paʻa paʻa).

• KOHAI KA MANA:
  ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻolālā he unidirectional (optimized no ke kaomi ma ka aoao iho), akā, kākoʻo kekahi mau hoʻolālā me ka hoʻonohonoho noho ʻelua i ke sila ʻelua.
• Ke kuahi o & ʻAʻa:
  No ka mea, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kīwaha honua lawelawe throttling, ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka noho i ka manawa hiki ke alakaʻi i ka leakage hoʻonui.
  Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea paʻakikī e like me Stellite a i ʻole tungsten carbide coatings e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lōʻihi.

Hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻīpuka ʻīpuka

• Hoʻokaʻaʻike i ka ʻīpuka Wedge:
  Hana ʻia ka sila ma waena o nā Gates (wili/disc) a kani ka noho. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa paʻa e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻolike ʻana o ka wedge kūpono a me ka ikaika noho.
• Nā papaʻokoʻa:

• • Hoʻokō maʻamau Papa III a IV paha pani i loko o nā mana metala.
  • Hiki ke hiki i nā ʻīpuka wīwī palupalu a i ʻole Papa V a i ole VI, akā ʻaʻole maʻamau kēia mau mea i nā lawelawe ʻoi loa.

• Hiki i ka Bidirectional:
  ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻīpuka puka maʻamau KahunaHaki, hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kahe ʻana ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao.
• PAHUI:
  Ma nā kūlana hāmama, lele pololei ke kahe ma luna o nā ʻili o ka sila, e alakai ana i ka eha a leaka noho ua holo ʻoi aʻe ka manawa. No kēia kumu, ʻAʻole kūpono nā ʻīpuka puka no ka lawelawe throttling.

Nā Manaʻo Hoʻohana

• Nā hua waina honua makemake ʻia ma kahi leak-paʻa hana a me ka kahe modulation mea pono, e like me ke kaawale mahu, mana condensate, a me nā ʻōnaehana hānai kemika.
• Nā Valoko ua alohaia ma lawelawe kaʻawale on-off, ma nā paipu, ka wai wai, a me aila aila & Ke hoʻounaʻana i ka hau, IA MEA hoʻokuʻu ʻelua me ka leaka liʻiliʻi lawa.

7. ʻO ka wikiwiki, HanaIa & 'Ūpō

8. Ka hopena o keʻano & Nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo

Pono ke koho ʻana i ka valve Ke hoʻokō nei, keka ao, a me nā kūpono kūpono, no ka mea, pili pono kēia mau mea i ka palekana, durability, a lawelawe lawelawe.

ʻOkoʻa nā ʻōpuni honua a me nā ʻīpuka i ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me nā ʻano waiwai ma lalo o ka P–T extremes.

Ka paipai & Nā Hōʻikeʻike Mahana

Nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo

• Globe Valve:

• • Ma muli o ke koho ʻana i nā mea Kuupuiawi, oluation, a kau pale, no ka throttling a i ʻole ka holo kiʻekiʻe.
  • Nā Kūlana maʻamau: ʻAihue kīwī, kila kohu ʻole (304/316/316L), Duplex, nickel alloys (Hailani, Molol) No nā mea e kū'ē ai.
  • Aloha & Noho mau noho: Metala-me-metala a palupalu paha noho (Ptfe, mooki, elastomers) e lawelawe i nā pae P–T ākea.

• ʻO ka haleʻo Valve:

• • Hoʻolālā mua ʻia no piha piha, kahe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
  • Mea waiwai: ʻAihue kīwī, kila kohu ʻole, bronze, Nā kiki.
  • Noho mau noho: ʻO nā noho metala ka mana kiʻekiʻe, nā lawelawe kiʻekiʻe; nā noho palupalu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, paʻa paʻa paʻa.

9. Durability & Mālama

• Nā hua waina honua: Loaʻa ka ʻaʻahu ma ka noho/disc interface ma muli o ka throttling, a hoʻopaʻa lole ma ke kumu. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mālama ʻana me ka wehe ʻole ʻana i ke kino valve.
• Nā Valoko: Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā mea paʻa, ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia o ka noho i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai, a me ka ʻino ʻana o ke kumu. Pono ka mālama ʻana i ka wehe ʻana o ka pāpale a i kekahi manawa e wehe i ke kino.

Ka olaʻana

• Globe Valve: 10– 20 makahiki i ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka pōkole ma nā noi erosive/throttling me ka mālama ʻole.
• ʻO ka haleʻo Valve: 15-25 makahiki no ka lawelawe kaʻawale, akā, emi nui ke ola lawelawe ma lalo o ka wehe hapa a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana wai wikiwiki.

10. Nā noi ʻoihana maʻamau o Globe Valve vs Gate Valve

ʻO ke koho ma waena o ka honua a me nā ʻīpuka puka e pili ana nā koina o ke kahe, Ka paipai, keka ao, a me ka pinepine hana.

ʻO nā noi noi Blobe Valbe

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā valves globe Holo Remulation, ke kuahi o, a me ka hana pinepine.

Hāʻawi kā lākou hoʻolālā i ka mana pololei o ka kahe wai a me ka hāʻule kaomi, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana kahi e pono ai ka modulation.

Nā noi nui:

• Nā Pūnaehana Mana Mokumahu: Hoʻoponopono pololei a me ke kaomi ʻana i ka wai hānai boiler a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana.
• Nā mea kanu kemika a me ka petrokimia: ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana pololei, throttling corrosive a kiʻekiʻe-mehana wai.
• HVAC a me ka wela Apana: Hoʻololi i nā kiwi no ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a me ke kaomi ma nā ʻupena paipu nui.
• Nā mea kanu wai wai: Ka mana kahe no ka kānana, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā noi dosing.
• ʻO ka ikehu a me ka mana: Hoʻoponopono wai hānai, kahe wai hooluolu, a me nā ʻōnaehana bypass turbine.

Nā noi Valve noi

Hoʻohana mua ʻia nā ʻīpuka puka no on/off kaawale me ka hāʻule liʻiliʻi o ke kaomi i ka wā e hāmama pono ai.

Ua kūpono lākou no nā pipelines nui-diameter a me nā noi kahi e pono ʻole ai ka modulation kahe.

Nā noi nui:

• Pono & Nā Pīpeku hau: Kaʻawale laina nui, nā hale hoʻoheheʻe, a me ka lawe kalaiwa.
• Ka wai wai & Hoʻoiliʻana: Nui-anawaena nui a me ka lapaau kaawale kiwikā.
• Mana pā'āʻu: Kaawale o ka wai hooluolu, poʻomanaʻo mahu, a me nā laina wahie.
• Nā Laina Hana Hana Hana: ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻana o nā kemika, ka hau, a i ʻole nā ​​paipu kinoea.
• Marine & Shopbuilding: ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokaʻawale wahie a me ka wai ballast.

11. Papa Hōʻuluʻulu Hoʻohālikelike – Globe Valve vs Gate Valve

12. Hopena

Elua nā hua waina honua vsa Nā Valoko he mea nui i loko o nā ʻōnaehana paipu ʻoihana, akā, ʻokoʻa loa kā lākou mau kuleana.

ʻO nā valves Globe ka hopena e hele ai no ka hoʻoponopono pololei ʻana a me ka pani paʻa pono i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka mahana kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi.

Nā Valoko, Ma ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka ikaika o ka ikehu no nā hana kaʻawale ka anawaena nui kahi e pono ai ka hāʻule liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka koho kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka noi hoʻoponopono pololei Oole Laulau.

Pono nā ʻenekinia a me nā mea hoʻolālā mea kanu e kaupaona i nā kumukūʻai ola, pono kaʻina hana, a me nā kūlana hana e hōʻoia i ka hana kūpono a me ka hilinaʻi.

 

FaqS

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻīpuka puka no ka throttling?

ʻAʻole—ʻo nā ʻīpuka hāmama hapa ka hana ʻino a me ka cavitation, hoemi ana i ke ola lawelawe e 70% a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kahe ʻana (± 20-30% kūlike).

ʻO kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻīpuka puka no ka throttling i ʻike ʻia he 3x ʻoi aʻe o nā hemahema noho ma mua o nā mea kanu e hoʻohana ana i nā valve honua.

He aha ka wela kiʻekiʻe loa no ka valve honua noho mālie?

Noho mālie (Ptfe) Ua kaupalena ʻia nā kiwi honua i ≤260°C. No nā wela kiʻekiʻe (260-650 ° C), e hoʻohana i nā kiwi poʻo honua me Stellite 6 Trim.

Ma luna o 650°C, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kiwi puka puka metala (Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka PTFE, a ʻaʻole pono ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kaomi honua).

ʻO wai ka valve i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka paipu aila?

ʻO nā kiwi puka-ʻo kā lākou TCO makahiki 10 ($29,000 no ka 12-iniha) oe 28% haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kiwi honua ($40,000).

ʻO ka hāʻule haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā puka pā $120,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma nā kumukūʻai ikehu pamu, e hoʻemi ana i nā koina o ka wā hoʻomaha kiʻekiʻe.

He kūpono nā ʻīpuka puka no nā wai ʻino e like me ka wai kai?

ʻAe—hoʻohana duplex 2205 a i ʻole 316L ʻīpuka kiwi me nā sila metala metala.

He paepae kai e hoʻohana ana i ka duplex 2205 Ua loaʻa i nā kīpē puka 10 makahiki ke ola i ka wai kai, me ka poino ole (pōʻino <0.001 MM / makahiki). E pale i nā ʻīpuka puka palupalu (hoʻohaʻahaʻa nā sila i ka wai paʻakai).