D2 Pā hāmeʻa: ʻO keʻano hana hana elike me keʻano

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Uaʻikeʻiaʻo D2 Mea hana i ka lōʻihi o kāna lole kūʻokoʻa a me ke kūpaʻaʻana, e hana ana i kahi staple i nā noi hana maikaʻi.

Ke hoʻomaka nei mai nā makahiki 20 mau makahiki o ka makahiki 20 i kaʻenehanaʻoihana, D2 he carbon kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka Steel High-Chomium e hoʻonohonoho i ka pākeke no nā mea hana e hana ana ma lalo o nā kūlana paʻakikī.

ʻO nāʻatikala kēiaʻatikala i loko o nā waiwai, ka hoʻoiliʻana, a me na noi o d2 kila kila d2, e pane ana i nā nīnau nui e pili ana i kona kūpono no nāʻoihana'ē aʻe.

Ma kaʻimiʻana i kānaʻano hoʻohālikelike, ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona pilikino a me nā mīkini, ʻO nā protocols wela, a me nā hana match,

Manaʻo mākou e hoʻolako i kahiʻike piha no ke kumu o D2 e ​​noho ana i kahi koho koho no ke koiʻana i nā koi.

2. Kinohi

D2 Mea Hana hana i kona pale kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa a me ka dimensional kūpaʻa i kahiʻenehana hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻo Alloy.

Ma ka hoʻohuiʻana i nāʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe me nā hoʻohui hoʻolālā o ka chromium, Mybrideum, a me vadadium, Hoʻokumuʻo Metallirgists i kahi waiwai waiwai i nā kākela paʻakikī e pale i ka abrasion a hoʻopaʻa i nā kihi e waiho ana i nā kihi kaumaha.

ʻO nā mea nui loa a me kā lākou mau kuleana

Mua	ʻO nā manaʻo maʻamau (%)	ʻO ke kānāwai metallirgical
KālekaʻAʻI (C)	1.40 - 1.60	Nā cement cement a me nā chromit chromium; nā hoʻoponopono pololei me ka paʻakikī a me nā pale pale
Chromium (Cr)	11.00 - 13.00	Hāpai i ka hoʻokumuʻana o nā m₇c₃ a me nā m₂₃c₆ mau ​​kaʻa; hoʻohui i ke kū'ē kū'ē; Hoʻokomo i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī
Mybrideum (Mo)	0.70 - 1.40	E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaʻa kaʻa mua; hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī a me kaʻulaʻula; ʻO ka uluʻana o ka palaoa nui i ka wā o ka austentinizing
Vanadium (V)	0.30 - 1.10	Hoʻokumu i nā kaʻa mc-type mc
Mang kāne (Mn)	≤ 1.00	Hana e like me ka deoxidizer; ʻO nā mea kōkua i ka paʻakikī akā hiki ke hōʻemi i ka paʻakikī inā i hoʻohuiʻia
Silikino (A)	≤ 1.00	Deoxididhier; Ua hāʻawiʻo ia i ka ikaika a me ka hāʻawiʻana i ka morphology serbide

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūlana Kūlana

ʻO nā kāʻei o D2 ʻO ka'ōnaehana Dual-Carbide:

ʻO nā kāpena chrisium-waiwai (₇C₃, ₂₃C₆)

• Hōʻikeʻia kēia mau kākela chromium ma kahi poloka a iʻole nā ​​kihi i loko o ka martite ma mua.
• Ua hōʻike lākou no ka paʻakikī 30-40% o ka microstructure e ka leo, Hāʻawi i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i ka lole.

ʻO Vadiumum-waiwai mc Carbides

• Naneascale m m mc i (waiwai ma vanadium a me ka carbon) E hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kūʻokoʻa a puni ke kila.
• Oia hoi a 5-10% ʻO ka nui o ka hapa nui o ka mc crabind e bormatically boumatically boundatically boundatically cetet cetel.

3. Nā kaulike kaulike a me nā kūlana

ʻO D2 ka mea hana hana hana me nā kiko'ī o nā mea kiko'ī. Ma lalo o nā mea koho mua loa a hiki i ka hoʻolālā astm:

Kūlana / Brand	Keiawai	Kaulike	Kahuna
AISI / SAE	D2 (Mākou iā US T30402)	-	USA
Mai	1.2379	D-2	Kelemania / Europe
Oia	Skd11	D-2	Iapana / Asia
Bs	Bs 1407m40	D-2	Uk
Afnir	X210CR12	D-2	Palani
Hosm	A681	D-2	Anterhi

4. Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies

ʻO D2ʻO Steel i nā kaulike koʻikoʻi paʻakikī loa me ka paʻakikī, e hiki ai iā ia ke hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka lole kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e hoʻohuli ai i ka maikaʻiʻole.

ʻO ka papaʻaina ma lalo nei e hōʻuluʻulu i kāna mau mechanical kiʻekiʻe i nā menchanical metrics i loko o keʻano o keʻano (maki 60 Hrc), ukaliʻia e kahi kūkākūkā pōkole o kā lākou mau manaʻo.

Waiwai	Waiwai maʻamau	Nā'āpana	Nā moʻolelo
Ikaika ikaika (σ)	2 000 - 2 200	Mpa	Ke kākoʻo nei ka ikaika nui loa i nā hana kaumaha ma nā hana hana anu.
Ka ikaika (σ 0.2%)	1 850 - 2 000	Mpa	ʻO ka deformation liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hoʻohanaʻia ma lalo o nā koina kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Rockwell c paʻakikī	58 - 62	Hrc	Hōʻike ka paʻakikī o ka makaʻokoʻa ma luna o ke kū'ēʻana.
Paʻakikī paʻakikī (Hbw)	700 - 750	Hbw	E pili ana me HRC no ke kauʻana-referrencing i nā kūlana honua.
ʻO ka hopena V-Notch	10 - 15	Nā Lūkini	Hoʻopau i nā mea e pili ana i ka ikehu o ka ikehu i ka catastrophic catastrophic i ka paleʻana i nā noi a me nā noi.
Elongation ma ka wā hoʻomaha	2 - 3	%	Palena palena; Pono ka hoʻolālāʻana no ka hana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā'āpana paʻakikī.
Modulus o ka paʻakikī	20 - 25	Mp / m³	Wahi ma lalo o ke kāʻeiʻana i keʻano o ka strain-strain i ka nui o ka ikehu holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hoʻopiliʻana.

5. Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele

Ma waho o kona hana mechanical, Hōʻikeʻo D2 Mea hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā hiʻohiʻona kino e pili ana i ka kahe wela wela, kū ponoʻole, a me keʻano o ka electromagnetic i ka lawelawe.

Aia ma lalo nei he hōʻuluʻulu o kāna mau mea nui koʻikoʻi ma ka paʻakikī (60 Hrc) Kauoha:

Waiwai	Waiwai maʻamau	Nā'āpana	Nā moʻolelo & Nā hopena
Huakai	7.75 g / cm³		ʻOi aku ka kaumaha ma mua o ka wai, e pili ana i ka make nui a me ka laweʻana.
Modulus'ōpiopio (Elastic Modulus)	205 GPA		Hoʻomaopopo ka lāʻau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i ka weheweheʻana i ka declestic elastic ma lalo o ka ukana.
ʻO ka laulā o Poisson	0.28		Hōʻike i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i ka hopena o hope ma hope i ka wā i hoʻopiliʻia ai.
Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua	20 W / m · c · k		ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā mea i loaʻa i nā mea wela i nā maka hana.
ʻO ka mana wela	460 J / KIG · K		ʻO ka ikaika e pono ai e ho'āla i ka mahana, kūpono no ka hoʻoikaikaʻana a me ka hoʻolālā wikiwiki.
Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka	11.5 μm / m · k		ʻO nā hopena hōʻike hoʻokolohua, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i nā pale pale pale ma luna o nā alaloa o ke kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO keʻano o ka uila	0.70 μ · · m		ʻOi aku kaʻoi aku o nā mea kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā mea kilokilo haʻahaʻa, E hoʻomau ana i nā'ōkuhi edm a me nā hana uila uila.
ʻO Magnetic Permeibility (Akhi o ka μᵣ)	1.002		Aneane like me keʻano kūʻokoʻa; hōʻoiaʻo D-2 mau meaʻole-magnetic (homaini) ʻano ma ka hapa nui o nā noi.
Rockwell c paʻakikī (MAKAINA WAU, Ua hala)	60 Hrc		ʻOiai he waiwai pilikino, ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī e pili ana i ka pilina, kuiahuli, a me ka wela wela e hoʻohana ai.

6. ʻO ka mālama wela & Ka hoʻoiliʻana

Ka nānāʻana i ka hana o D2 i ka hana a ka hana o ka hana ma keʻano wela a me ka mālamaʻana.

Ma ka paleʻana i ka hoʻonāukiuki, austetinizing, Queech, huhū, a me nā hana clielgen koho,

ʻO nā mea hana hana i ka paʻakikī o ka ceel, paʻakikī, a me ka dimedonal kūpaʻa e koi ai i nā hana hana-hana.

ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu a me ke kaumaha

Kumu: Soften d2 no ka machining, hōʻoluʻolu i nā kūlana kūlana, a me ka spiroidzed.

• Ke kaʻina hana: E wela lohi 800-820 ° C, Hold no 2-4 hola, A laila maloʻo i loko o ka umu ma 20 ° C / Hour i 650 ° C, ukali e ka ea o ka ea.
• Hopena: Hoʻokō ~ 240 hbw, me nā mea i kālaiʻia i nā mea i kālaiʻia e ho'ēmi ai i nā mea hana e pale ai i nā kihi a pale i kaʻokiʻana.

Ma mua o kahiʻano paʻakikī, e hoʻohana i kahi hōʻoluʻolu maikaʻi a 650 ° C no ka 1 hola e wehe i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.

Hāwanaʻu (Austenitizing a me ka quanching)

Pinguli: Hoʻololi i ka martite a me ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i nā kāwele i nā kaʻa no ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē.

Austetinizing:

• Keka ao: 1 020-1 040 ° C
• Soak manawa: 15-30 mau minuke (Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka mānoanoa)
• Hōʻailona: ʻO keʻano o ke aloha a me kaʻauʻau paʻakai a iʻole ka paʻakai paʻakai e pale ai i ka pale a me kaʻae.

Queech:

• Media: Aila aila (50-70 ° C) a iʻole ka lewa no ka leʻaleʻa liʻiliʻi; paʻakai paʻakai (400-500 ° C) No ka wikiwiki wikiwiki a hoʻemi i ke kaumaha.
• Kaohi: E hoʻohana i nā kīwī a iʻole nā ​​mea i hoʻopiliʻia a iʻoleʻia, nui no nā geomet paʻakikī.

Nā hopena: Hāʻawi ~ 62 Hrc ʻO ka nui a me kahi martebicic matrix me ka maikaʻi, nā kāwele i laweʻia.

Huhū hewa huhū

Pūnaehana: ʻO ke kaulike paʻakikī a paʻakikī, E hōʻemi i ka brittleness, A e hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha Quen.

• Ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (150-200 ° C):

• • Hopena: ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī 60-62 hrc, Me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa. Kūpono kūpono no nā noi e koi ana i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana a me ka mālamaʻana.

• ʻO keʻano hanohano-medium (500-550 ° C):

• • Hopena: Ua hāʻule ka paʻakikī 55-58 hrc ʻOiai e hoʻonuiʻia ana ka paʻakikī 20-30%. Maikaʻi loa no nā mea hana i hōʻikeʻia i nā hopena hopena a iʻole nā ​​shocks loli.

• Ke kaʻina hana: Hoʻokō ʻelua mau hana huhū hewa huhū, ka paʻaʻana 2 Nā hola hola kēlā, ukali e ka ea o ka ea.

ʻO ka mālamaʻana iā Cryogic

Kumu: E hoʻololi i ka austentete i loko o MartItete a me Veline Carbie.

• Ke kaʻina hana: Ma hope o ka haʻaleleʻana, mālie i -80 ° C (maloʻo maloʻo / ethanol) no ka 2 Nā hola hola, A laila e hoʻi i ka mahana o ka lumi.
• Pōmaikaʻi: Hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī e 2-3 hrc a me ka marginally hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē me ka loaʻaʻole o ka pohōʻole i ka paʻakikī.

ʻO ke kaumaha hope loa a me ka ukuʻole

E pili ana i ka huhū (a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana o ka cryogonic, Inā hoʻohanaʻia), hana a ʻO ka hōʻoluʻolu hope loa a 150-200 ° C no ka 1 hola. ʻO kēia papa hana hoʻokūkū i nā dimensions a hōʻemi i ka hopena o ke kauaʻana i ka wā o ka lawelawe.

7. Markinpalibility & Huahuai

ʻO D2ʻO nā mea hana o D2 Sweel Gelel kiʻekiʻe a me nā microstructure mua i nā micrstructure i nā hanana kūʻokoʻa i ka wā i hana ai a me ka lole.

Ma ke kohoʻana i kahi hana kūpono, ka nānāʻana i nā'āpanaʻokiʻoki, a me ka hahaiʻana i nā hana maʻamau a hoʻopau i nā hana,

Hiki i nā mea hana ke hana pololei, ʻO nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e mālama ana i nā waiwai o D2.

Paʻiʻia d2

ʻOiaiʻo Aneneld D2 (~240 hbw) Nā mīkini maʻalahi, Nui nā noi e hoʻomaka me ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau mua (50 ± 2 Hrc). I kēia kūlana:

• Hoao:

• • Nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia me ka TIC a iʻole TICN Coatistor Resistings restration abrasion mai ka moromium paʻakikī.
  • Polycrystalline cubic buson nitride (PcBn) ʻO nā mea maikaʻi no ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe o nā papa paʻakikī.

• ʻOkiʻoki i nā'āpana:

• • Wikiwiki: 60-99 M / min no ka carbide; 100-150 m / min no ka pcbn.
  • Popua: 0.05-0.15 mm / red i ke kaulike kaulike o ke ola a me ke ola.
  • Hohonu o kaʻokiʻoki: 0.5-2 mm; Hāʻawiʻo Shalush i ka hōʻemiʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi a me ka hanauna wela.

• 'Ōpala: ʻO ka waiʻauʻau a iʻole ma waena o nā mea e hāʻawiʻia i nā mika i kūkuluʻia a paʻa i ka pale a mālama i nāʻokiʻoki i lalo 200 ° C, Kāohi i ka lawena carbide.

Transime, ka hoʻohuiʻana i kēia mau'ōlelo e hoʻonui i nā mea e hoʻopili ai i ka pololei a me ka dimensional pololei, koʻikoʻi no nā mea hana paʻaʻole.

Ka welding a me ka hoʻoponopono hou

Ke koi neiʻo Welding D2 i ka mālama ponoʻana e pale aku i ka paleʻana a mālama i ka MartEnsitic Martix:

1. Wela: Lawe mai i nā'āpana 200-300 ° C E hōʻemi i nā mea kanu nani.
2. ʻO keʻano o ka mahana: Mālama 200-250 ° C ma waena o nā hele e hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha o ke koena.
3. Nā Hihi Kōlea: E hoʻohana i ka haʻahaʻa-alloy, ʻO ke koʻokoʻo paʻakikī (E.g., Aws A5.28 Er410nimo) kūpono me ka chemistry d2.
4. ʻO ka hana wela wela: Kaumaha-relieve ma 500 ° C no ka 2 Nā hola hola, A laila e like me ka pauku e like me ka pauku 5 e hoʻihoʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ka paʻakikī.

ʻO kēia mauʻaoʻao i hōʻemi i ka paleʻana i ka hydrogen-inducegen-indiced a hōʻoia i nā zone cold.

ʻO ke kāpiliʻana a me ka mīkini hoʻokele uila (Edm)

No nā geometries geometries a me nā hana maikaʻi, ʻO nāʻano hana maʻamauʻole:

• Kūhā:

• • Ke koho huila: E hoʻohana i nā'āpana alumini-oxide a iʻole cubic bron nitride whals (46A6HUAKI-54A80) me nā mea palupalu palupalu e pale ai i ka glazing.
  • Nā pameters: Ua hoʻopiliʻia (0.01-0.05 mm) a me ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (30 m / s) Hānau ROʻai 0.4 }m.

• Edm:

• • Make skink a iʻole ka curn edm hana i nā kīʻaha paʻakikī me kaʻole e hoʻopili ana i nā kaumaha mechanical.
  • ʻO ka wai diecelecet: ʻO ka choluscabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbtional e kūʻai hou i nā ukana.
  • Makiʻi machining: Maʻamau 0.1-0.5 mm³ / min, Ke hilinaʻi nei i nā'ōnaehana uila a me nā hoʻonohonoho mana.

Ka hoʻohuiʻana i ka edm a me ka hōʻoiaʻana i nā mea e hiki ai i nā'āpana d2 e hoʻokō ai i nāʻano kokoke a me ka mālamaʻana i ke aniani.

Ke hoʻopauʻana a me ka uhiʻana

I ka hoʻonui houʻana i ke ola hana, E noʻonoʻo i kēia mau koho hoʻopau:

• Kāleka: ʻO Polani hope loa i RA ≤ 0.2 ʻO μM hōʻemi i ka Friction a me ka Darris Admesion.
• Pvd coatings: ʻO Titanium Nitride (Kū) a iʻole alumini titride nitride (Gula) hoʻohui i nā mea paʻakikī, ʻO ka papahele haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke ola e like me 50%.
• Nitriding: ʻO ka wela wela (500 ° C) diffuss nitrogen e hana i kahi hihia paʻakikī, Hoʻopili i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī i HRC 70+ me kaʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i nā dimensional.

8. Nā noi nui o D2 Keʻano hana hana hana

ʻO ka uku kaulike o D2 o ka pale pale a me ka paʻakikī:

• Nā make-hana maikaʻi: Nalai Kahui, hana, a me nā hana trjing ma luna 1 miliona mau miliona.
• Nāʻokiʻoki: ʻO nā pūhaka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e mālama ana i nā kihi koʻikoʻi ma lalo o nā slirries abrasive.
• Punch a make i nā hoʻonohonoho: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūpono i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia no nā mea i hāʻawiʻia no ka kaʻa kaʻa a me nā hana hana.
• Komo i nā'āpana: Nā leo, Ejector por, a me nā lāʻau lāʻau ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe.
• Hoʻohui hoʻohuiʻia: ʻO HYBRID MOOL i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka D2 me nā channels e wehe ana.

9. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana: D2 vs. Nā mea hele'ē aʻe

D2 Ke hele nui neiʻo D2 Keʻano hana hana hana no kāna mau pale kūʻokoʻa a me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī.

Akā naʻe,, Ma ke kohoʻana i ke kila hana no nā noi hana, He mea koʻikoʻi e hoʻohālikelike i ka D2 me nā mea pāʻani'ē aʻe e nānā i nā mea kūʻai aku e loiloi i ka hana kālepa, durability, a me ke kumukuai.

Hāʻawi kēia'āpana i kahi hoʻohālikelike kiko'ī o D2 me A-2, M-2, a s-7, Kākoʻoʻia e kaʻikepili a me nā hihia maoli maoli maoli.

ʻO ka papa hana e hoʻohālikelike ai

10. Hopena

D2 Ke kū neiʻo D2 ma keʻano hana hana e kū ana no kāna huiʻoleʻana i nā pale, kū ponoʻole, a me ke kūpaʻa.

ʻO konaʻano ma waena o kahi ākea ākea o nā noi-mai nā hana maloʻo maloʻo e ulu ana i ka hana hoʻohui hoʻohui.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā poʻe o ka hui o D2, Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies, a me ka ho'ōlaʻana i nāʻenehana empowers

nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻolimalima i kona piha piha, e hōʻoia ana i ka hana maikaʻi a me ka hana kūpono i kā lākou mau papahana.