Mea kūʻai aku

ʻO ka Copper kahi mea waiwai nui no ke kanaka hana i nā tausani o nā makahiki.

Mai nāʻano kahiko kahiko eʻokiʻoki i nāʻenehana hana hou, ʻO nā mea keleawe, ke ola, a ua hanaʻia ka hana paʻa.

Eʻimi kēia pou i nā helu likeʻole a me nāʻano keleawe, delve i loko o kāna mau mea nui, a e kūkākūkā i nā noi.

A hāʻawi i nā'ōlelo koho koho e kōkua iāʻoe e koho i ke keleawe kūpono no kāu papahana hou.

1. He aha ke keleawe?

Liulaala (Liulaala) he hui metallic me ka hōʻailona hōʻailona cu. ‌

ʻO ka copper kahi mea i hoʻololiʻia me kahi helu atomic o 29 a aia ma loko o ka manawa 4 a me ka hui ib o ka papa manawa.

ʻO ke keleawe maʻemaʻe keʻano palupalu me kahi kalaʻulaʻula ulaula i ka wā eʻokiʻia ai kaʻili, me kahi luster metallic, ʻO kahi kala'ulaʻulaʻula i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia ke kumu,

maikaʻi maikaʻi, ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal, a me ke kumu kūʻai uila.

ʻO ke keleawe a iʻole cute cu, he mau'āpanaʻulaʻula ulaula me ke keleawe a me ka keleawe. ʻO ka mea kūʻai akuʻo Copper i kahi meaʻole a me nā mea hana maikaʻi loa, No laila he mea maʻalahi ia e hana i nā'āpana likeʻole.

ʻO ia ke kolu o ka mea i hoʻohanaʻia ma ke ao ma ke ao ma hope o ka hao a me ka aluminim.

Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o nā moina keleawe o ka honua a me ke keleawe i loaʻa, Wahi a icsg, Mai Ianuali maiʻOkakopa 2022,

ʻO nā'āinaʻekoluʻekolu i ka honua ma nā'ōlelo o ke keleawe o kaʻu hanaʻana he chile, Pelū, a congo, Waihona Kūpono 24%, 11%, a 10% o ka hana keleawe clobal, Pauliu.

ʻO ka China a Kina i kaʻu hana i kaʻehā o ka honua i ka honua, Waihona Kūpono 9%.

2. Nā kaʻina hana hana

ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana a me ka hōʻoluʻolu

• Mining: ʻO ka Copper i lawe muaʻia mai nā waihona ORE ma o ka wehe a i lalo paha i lalo o ka mining. Hoʻokomoʻia nā oropy copper i loko o ka chalcopyrite (Cafes2) a hanau (Cu5fes4).
  ʻO nā moʻokāki haʻahaʻa e wehe ai 60% o ka hana chopbal.
• Smelting: Ma hope o ka mining, Hoʻoholoʻia ka ORE e hoʻopili i nāʻike keleawe. Hoʻopili kēia i ka crushing, kūhā, a me ka fretation e hoʻokaʻawale i nā minela copper.
  ʻO ka mea e hoʻopili pinepine ai 20-30% liulaala.
• E hōʻoluʻolu: ʻO ka colpper colpper a laila e hōʻoleʻia e hana i ke keleawe maʻemaʻe. ʻElua mauʻano hana nui:

• • Pyrometallhertig: Hoʻokomo kēiaʻano i ka hoʻomehana i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka umu e lawe i nā mea hoʻopiʻi a hana i nā keleawe keleawe, e pili ana 98-99% liulaala.
  • ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana: Ua hoʻonui houʻiaʻo Blitters Copper ma ka heleʻana i kahi mea uila i kēia manawa ma o ka hopena o ka solfate colfate, ka waihoʻana i nā keleawe keʻokeʻo ma luna o ka pā.
    ʻO kēia kaʻina hana i ke keleawe me ka maʻemaʻe o 99.99%.

Ke kūkuluʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana

Kauhi

Kauhi pili i ka nininiʻana i nā keleawe keleawe i loko o nā mods e hana i nāʻano paʻakikī a me nā'āpana. Kūpono kēiaʻano hana no ka hanaʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike:

• Sand cread: Ua nininiʻiaʻo Moolt Coopper i loko o nā pā o ke sand, a laila e hoʻomoeʻia a wāwahiʻia e hōʻike i ka'āpana.
• Make buring: Ua hoʻopiliʻiaʻo Moolt Copper ma lalo o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā mea hao, aeʻae ana i ka hanaʻana o nā'āpana kūpono a me nā'āpana kiko'ī.

Kauwili

Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Rolling e hana i ke keleawe i nā'āpana, Nā papa, a me nā kaula. Hoʻokomo kēia kaʻina hana i ka heleʻana i ke keleawe ma kahiʻano o nā mea hana:

• Lele wela: Ua hoʻomehanaʻia ke keleawe a ua hala ma waena o nā poʻe Rollers e hōʻemi i kona mānoanoa a hoʻomaikaʻi i konaʻano.
• Ke anuanu: Hoʻopiliʻia ke keleawe i ka mahana o ka lumi e hoʻokō ai a hoʻopau nui loa. Hiki i ke anuanu anuanu ke hana i nā pepa e like me keʻano 0.005 iniha.

Hukiʻulu

Hoʻohanaʻia ke kiʻiʻana e hana i nā wili a me nā tubes ma ka hukiʻana i ke keleawe ma o nā make:

• Kālā kiʻi paʻi: Ua hukiʻia nā kaula keleawe ma o kahi papa o ka holomua o ka mea liʻiliʻi e hōʻemi ai i kā lākou'āpana. Hiki i kēia kaʻina hana ke hana i nā wires ma keʻano like 0.0005 iniha.
• Tupu kiʻi kiʻi: Ua hukiʻia nā kaula keleawe ma o nā dies e hana i nā tubes o nāʻano likeʻole a me nā pā o ka nui.

Kākau

E kala mai i ka laweʻana i ke keleawe ma ka hammering a iʻole ke kaomiʻana i loko o keʻano i makemakeʻia. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia kēiaʻano hana no nā noi kiʻekiʻe:

• E hoʻopau ana i ka holoiʻana: Hoʻokomoʻia ke keleawe ma waena oʻelua mau'āpana a me ka hammered a iʻole e paʻiʻia e hoʻohālikelike.
• Ua paniʻia ka make-make: Hoʻokomoʻia ke keleawe ma kahi make me kahiʻano kiko'ī a me nā hammered a iʻole e paʻiʻia e hoʻopiha i ka wai make.

Hānehi

Hoʻohanaʻia ka exttision e hana i ka keleawe me nā'ōlelo kiko'ī kiko'ī kiko'ī. Ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ke koiʻana i ke keleawe ma ka make:

• Kū pololei: Ua kīʻia ke keleawe ma ka make ma ka hipa, Ke hana nei i keʻano makemake.
• ʻO ke kiʻi kūʻokoʻa: Ua hukiʻia ka make ma o ke keleawe, i hoʻopaʻaʻia ma kahi pahu. ʻO kēiaʻano hana maʻamau akā hiki ke hana hou i nāʻano paʻakikī.

3. ʻO nāʻano keleawe a me kā lākou mau helu

ʻO ka lole keleawe he metala ākea ākea i hoʻohana pinepineʻia i loko o nāʻano o nāʻoihana, a hiki i kona mau waiwai ke hoʻonuiʻia a hoʻololiʻia e ka alloying me nā mea'ē aʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nāʻano keleawe a he mea nui ko lākou mau hōʻailona no ke kohoʻana i nā mea kūpono no kāu noi kiko'ī.

I kēia'āpana, Eʻimi mākou i nāʻano keleawe nui o ke keleawe a me nā helu maʻamau i hoʻohanaʻia ma ka hana.

3.1. Lole keleawe (Ke kūʻaiʻoleʻia)

Lole keleawe ʻo keʻano kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke keleawe a ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia ma kahi o ka uila uila, ke alakaʻiʻana i ka thermal, aʻo ka hewaʻole nā ​​mea koʻikoʻi loa.

Aia i ia 99.9% liulaala, me nā'āpana'ē aʻe o nā mea'ē aʻe.

Nā helu maʻamau o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe:

• C11000 (Electrolytic paʻakikī): ʻO kēia ka mea maʻamau maʻamau i hoʻohana pinepineʻia.
  He mea maikaʻi loa keʻano uila (aneane 100% Iac), Ke kūpono nei i ka maikaʻi o ka uila uila, Nā mana mana, a me nā mea waiwai i nā lako uila.
  Ke kū nei ia i ka corrosion a me nā ductile maikaʻi loa, kahi e pono ai i nā noi pili likeʻole.

• C10100 (ʻO nā keleawe oxygen-manuahi): Ua hōʻoleʻiaʻo Coppergen-free Copper i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o C11000 ma o ka weheʻana i nāʻike oxygen,
  Ke kūpono nei i nā noi kiʻekiʻe e pono ai e koi i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka hydrogen embrittlement,
  e like me nā tubes brealum, nā mea hana leo kiʻekiʻe, a me nā'ōnaehana uila uila.

3.2. Nā pāpale keleawe

ʻOiai he waiwai nui ka Copper maʻemaʻe i nā noi he nui, Nā pāpale keleawe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma muli o kā lākou mau mea i hoʻonuiʻia, komo me ka ikaika ikaika, hoʻomaikaʻiʻia i ke kū'ē, aʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe.

Hana pinepineʻia nā koho balota ma ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā keleawe me nā mea e like me zinc, kū, aluminum, a beryllium.

A. Keihei (ʻO nā alloys keleawe-zinc)

Keihei he alloy o ke keleawe a me zinc. Ua kaulana ia no kona helehelena gula, ʻO ka Mancinability maikaʻi, a me ke kū'ēʻana, ka mea e pono ai i loko o ka nui o nā noi,
e like me ka plumbing, Nā'Āpana Pūnaewele, a me nā mea kani mele.

• C36000 (ʻO ke keleawe manuahi manuahi): ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui loa i loaʻaʻole, Ua kūponoʻo C36000 no ka machining a ua nui ka hoʻohanaʻia no ka hanaʻana i nā'āpana i hoʻopaʻaʻia, KahawaiOli, a me na mea paakiki.
  He papa inoa kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke maʻalahi maʻalahi i loko o nāʻano paʻakikī.
• C27000 (Nā keleawe keleawe): A puni 30% zinc, Ua emi iki kēia alloy ma mua o C360 akā hāʻawi i kahi kaulike o ka ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka maʻalahi o ke kūʻaiʻana.

Na B. Bronze (ʻO nā alloys keleawe-tin)

Bronze ʻO kekahi mea koho balota'ē aʻe, i hana mua i ke keleawe a me ka tin. I ike ia no kona paakiki, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a kau pale, Ke kūpono nei ia no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me nā wahi moana.

• C51000 (Phosphor Bronze): Piha i nā'āpana liʻiliʻi o nā phosphorus, e hoʻonui ana i kona ikaika a hoʻopaʻa i ke kū'ē. Ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ia i nā pilina uila, punawai, a ke hoike.
• C61400 (Ailunimina bronze): ʻO kēia bronze alloy i loaʻa i ka alumini a me ke keleawe, Hāʻawi i ka ikaika maikaʻi loa, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion (nui loa i loko o ke kai), a kau pale.
  Hoʻohana pinepineʻia no ka hardware holoholona, Nā Vilves, aʻo nā'āpana turbine.

C. Beyreellium Kina (ʻO nā kālā a Copper Bopper-Beryllium)

Beyreellium Kina he kumukūʻai keleawe kiʻekiʻe e loaʻa ai ka beryllium (Ka mea maʻamau 0.5-3%) me ke keleawe.
Loaʻa iā ia ka conductivity uila maikaʻi loa a ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea hao keleawe ʻē aʻe, ka mea e pono ai i nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ke ola, a me ke kū'ēʻana.

• C17200 (Beyreellium Kina): ʻO kēia ka pae i hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka beryllium copper.
  Hoʻohana maʻamau ia no nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika luhi kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā pili uila, punawai, a me nā mea hoʻohui i ka aerospace, aitompetitive, a me nā mīkiniʻoihana.
• C17000 (Beyreellium Kina, Ikaika ikaika): ʻOi aku ka ikaika o kēia māka ma mua o C17200 a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kani pololei, Nā noina koa, a me nā punawai hana kiʻekiʻe.

D. Ailunimina bronze (ʻO nā alloys copper-aluminim)

Ailunimina bronze hoʻohui i ke keleawe a me ka alumini e hana i kahi huila ʻoi aku ka ikaika a ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion ma mua o ke keleawe maʻamau.
Ua ʻike ʻia no kona ʻaʻahu maikaʻi loa a me ka pale ʻana i ka luhi, Ke kūpono nei i kūpono no nā noi kiʻekiʻe.

• C95400 (Ailunimina bronze): Aia a hiki i 11% aluminum, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano huila no nā noi kai, ʻO nā cylinders hydraulic, a ke hoike.
• C95800 (ʻO ke keleawe alumini kiʻekiʻe): ʻO kahi Bront ikaika kiʻekiʻeʻo Aluminim i hoʻohanaʻia no nāʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i nāʻoihana e like me Aerospace a me AutoMode.

3.3. ʻO nā koho balota'ē aʻe a me nā helu

A. Keleawe-nickel alloys

Uaʻikeʻia nā alloys copper-Nickel no kā lākou corrosios i ka paleʻana i ke kai a me nā wahi'ē aʻe.
Hoʻohanaʻia kēia mau makana i nā noi mare, nā mea kanu lāʻau, a me nā mea kālepa kālepa kālepa.

• C70600 (90/10 Copping-nickel): Aia kēia Alloy 90% Kālā keleawe 10% nickel. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia ma nā wahi moana no nā kālepa wela, ʻO nā kīwaha, a me ke kai.
• C71500 (70/30 Copping-nickel): Me kahi pākeke kiʻekiʻe o Nickel, Hāʻawi kēia alloy i ka ikaika a me ke kū'ēʻana ma mua o ka 90/10 alloy a hoʻohanaʻia i nā koi e koi ana i nā noi ma mua.

Na B. ʻO nā koho back-alakaʻi

ʻO kēia mau koho balota i loaʻa i nā'āpana liʻiliʻi e alakaʻi i ke alakaʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinibility. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia lākou no nā hana hana e koi ai i ka machin maʻalahi, e like me nā lāʻau, Kāhele, a me nā gears.

• C93200 (I alakaʻiʻia i ka keleawe tin): ʻO kēia alloy kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke alakaʻi a me ka tin, Ke kūpono nei ia no nā noi kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā busingings a me ka laweʻana i nā pale.

3.4. Pehea e koho ai i ka papa keleawe kūpono kūpono

Ke kohoʻana i ka papa keleawe kūpono kūpono e pili ana i kekahi mau kumu:

• Nā koi noi: E noʻonoʻo i nā mea pono e pono ai, e like me ka ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka lawe.
  No nā mea uila uila, ʻO ke keleawe kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe e like me C11000, ʻOiai no nā noi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻO Beryllium keleawe Alloys (C17200) e kūpono paha.
• 'Āpana Kūlana: E hōʻikeʻia ka'āpana i ke kai, mahana kiʻekiʻe, a iʻole nā ​​mea waiwai?
  Ailunimina bronze (C95400) a iʻole ke keleawe keleawe-nickel (C70600) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nāʻano likeʻole.
• Nā noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo: Lole keleawe (C11000) ʻoi aku paha ma mua o nā alloys, akā,ʻo konaʻano kiʻekiʻe e hoʻolilo i nā mea i makemakeʻia no nā noi uila.
  Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, E hāʻawi paha ke keleawe a iʻole Bronze Alloys i kahi koho koho hou aʻe no ka hoʻohana maʻamau no ka hoʻohana maʻamau.
• Markinpalibility: Inā makemakeʻoe i kahi mea maʻalahi e maʻalahi i ka mīkini, ʻO ke keleawe manuahi manuahi e like me C36000 he koho maikaʻi, E like me ka helu helu helu kiʻekiʻe.

4. Nā mea nui o ke keleawe

ʻO nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa o Copper e hana ai i kahi mea waiwai nui ma nāʻoihana likeʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kēia mau waiwai he mea nui no ke kohoʻana i keʻano kūpono o ke keleawe no nā noi kiko'ī.
Iiiai, Mālama mākou i loko o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kino o ke keleawe.

Kōkua Hōʻa

Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion

• Hoʻolālā Kūleʻa Paki: ʻO kekahi o nā waiwai o ka copper i hikiʻole i nā waiwai o ke kemika kona hiki ke hana i kahi patina pale.
  I ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai i ka lewa a me ka wai, Kūkuluʻia ka Coppper i kahi papa o ke aniani o ka copper carbonate a me ke keleawe culfate.
  Hana kēia patina ma keʻano he pale, pale aku i ka corrosione hou. Hiki i keʻano o ka Patina ke lawe i kekahi mau makahiki, hilinaʻi i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
• Pale aku i ka wai a me nā maʻi: ʻAʻole hana ke keleawe me ka wai, Ke kūpono nei no ka plumbing a me nā'ōnaehana wai.
  Akā naʻe,, Hiki iā ia ke hana me nā acidid ikaika e like me nitric acid a me ka sulfuric acid, a me nā kumu nui.
  Kūpaʻa maʻamau ke keleawe i ka hapa nui o nā waikawa non-oxidizing a me nā alkali, ka mea e hoʻonui ai i kona lōʻihi ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

Ke hana hou nei

• Oxiyan: Hiki ke oxidize ke keleawe ke ʻike ʻia i ka ea, ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana keleawe keleawe (CuO).
  ʻOi aku ka lohi o kēia oxidation i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā metala ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole pili nui i ka pono o ka mea.
• Kahiki Galvaniko: Ke hoʻopili ke keleawe me nā metala ʻoi aku ka ikaika e like me ke alumini a i ʻole ke kila i mua o kahi electrolyte (E.g., ka wai paʻakai), Hiki i ke corrosionic corrosionion.
  I mea e pale ai i kēia, ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale kūpono a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kūpono.

Ke kūlohelohe

• Ka Lewa a me ka Moana: ʻO ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe o Copper i ka lewa a me ka moana e lilo ia i mea makemake no nā noi waho a me ke kai..
  Hiki iā ia ke pale i ka ʻike lōʻihi i ka ea, ea, a me ka wai kai me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻole.

Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele

Huakai

• Waiwai: 8.96 g / cm³
• Mea nui: He kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ke keleawe, hiki i kahi mea maikaʻiʻole i nā noi koʻikoʻi i nā noi e like me Aerospace.
  Akā naʻe,, Hāʻawi kēia waiwai i kāna waiwai kūpono a me keʻano kūpono i nā mea'ē aʻe i nā hoʻohana'ē aʻe.

Malting Point

• Waiwai: 1,085° C (1,984° F)
• Mea nui: ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻeʻo Copper i kūpono i kūpono no nā noi kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mea hana wela a me nā kamu.
  Hiki iā ia ke mālama i konaʻano hana a me keʻano o keʻano a me keʻano o keʻano ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua

• Waiwai: 385 W / m · c · k
• Mea nui: ʻO nā colpper kekahi o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa o nā mea kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā metalas, lua wale no ke kala.
  ʻO kēia waiwai ka mea kūpono no nā noi e koi ai i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka wela wela, e like me nā'ōnaehana hoʻoluʻu, nā mea hana wela, a me kāki.
  Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau wikiwiki i ka wela, ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka hana a me ka pono o kēia mau'ōnaehana.

Mea kūʻai uila

• Waiwai: 59.6 × 10 ^ 6 s / m
• Mea nui: ʻO ke kumukūʻai uila kiʻekiʻe o Copper kahi o kāna mau mea nui loa.
  Ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ia ma ka uila uila, Nā papa helu circuit (Pcs), a me nā'āpana uila.
  Hiki i ke colpper ke hana i ka uila me ka paleʻana o ka minimal.

ʻO ka ductility a me ke kolohe

• Kumaikalua: Hiki ke hukiʻia ka keleawe i nā wili i loko me kaʻole o ka wāwahi. He mea nui kēia waiwai no ka hanaʻana o nā wili uila a me nā kaula, e pono ai ka ikaika a me ka ikaika.
• Mallepihapiha: Hiki i nā colper ke hamomed a iʻole i hoʻopiliʻia i loko o nā'āpana'āpana me ka hoʻopiliʻoleʻana.
  Hāʻawi kēia waiwai i ka hana o nā pepa keleawe, Nā papa, a me nā'āpana'āpana'ē aʻe, Ke hana nei iā ia no nāʻano hana likeʻole a me nā kaʻina hana.

Ka hoʻonuiʻana

• Waiwai: 16.5 μM / m · m · ° C (Mai 20 ° C a 100 ° C)
• Mea nui: Ua loaʻa i ka Copper i kahi kūpono o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana, ʻO keʻano e hoʻonui ai a me nā mea hana me nā loli like.
  Pono e noʻonoʻoʻia kēia waiwai i nā noi kahi e nui ai nāʻano hoʻohālikelike e pale i ke kaumaha a me ka hikiʻole.

Nā waiwai magnetic

• Non-magnetic: ʻAʻole marpletic keleawe, He mea maikaʻi ia i nā noi kahi e pono ai ke hoʻemi ʻia ka interference magnetic, e like me nā mea uila a me nā mea lapaʻau.

5. Loaʻa a loaʻa nā hemahema o ke keleawe

Loaʻa

• ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka uila a me ka wela: ʻO ka conductivity kiʻekiʻe o Copper ka mea kūpono no ka uwila uila, nā mea hana wela, a me nā'ōnaehana hōʻoluʻolu.
  Hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi o 70% o na uwea uila a pau.
• Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: ʻO ke kūpaʻa kūlohelohe o Copper i ka corrosion e hōʻoia i nā mea lōʻihi a paʻa, nui loa i loko o ka atmospheric a me nā wahi moana.
• Mallebility a me ka thictility: ʻO ka hiki ke hana maʻalahi a hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana like ʻole e hana maʻalahi ia no nā noi he nui.
• Recycability: Copper 100% recyclable me ka nalowaleʻole o ka maikaʻi, ka hanaʻana i kahi mea maikaʻiʻole.
  Hoʻopaʻa hou ke keleawe a hiki i ka 85% o ka ikehu e pono ai kaʻu a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke keleawe hou.

Loaʻa nā hemahema

• Kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe: ʻOi aku ka pipiʻi o ke keleawe ma mua o kekahi mau mea ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai o ka papahana. Hiki ke loli nui ke kumu kūʻai o ke keleawe ma muli o nā kūlana mākeke.
• Ke kaumaha: ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o ke keleawe ma mua o kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, hiki i kahi mea maikaʻiʻole i nā noi koʻikoʻi i nā noi e like me Aerospace.
• He palanikua: He palupalu nā keleawe maʻemaʻe a hiki ke hōʻole ma lalo o ke kaumaha kiʻekiʻe, koi ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana no ka ikaika ikaika.

6. Nā noi o ke keleawe

Nā koho uila a me nā uila uila

• ʻO ka maleʻana a me nā kaula: ʻO ka lole keleawe i makemakeʻia no nā mea kūʻai uila uila a me nā mana mana ma muli o kānaʻano kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohanaʻia ia ma Residential, Kālepa, a me nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho.
• Nā papa helu circuit (Pcs): He mea nui ka Copper no nāʻano hana e pili ana i nā carculits uila, e hiki ai i ka miniatization a me ka hanaʻana i nā mea uila hou.
• Nā mea pili a me nā hopena: Hāʻawi ka Copper i nā pili uila uila e pili ana i nā piliona likeʻole, mai nā mea hoʻohana uila i nā mīkini hanaʻoihana.

Kūkulu a me ka papa hana

• Kaohiʻana a me ke kāwiliʻana: ʻO ka Durability Copper a me ka hoʻopiʻi Aesthetic e hana ia i kahi koho kaulana e koho i ke keʻena a me ka hoʻopiliʻana. Hiki iā ia ke hope 100 mau makahiki me ka mālama liʻiliʻi.
• Piping a me ka plumbing: ʻO ka paleʻana o Colportance e pili ana i ka corrosion a me Bucteria e kūpono i nā'ōnaehana lako wai. Hoʻohanaʻia ia ma nā wahi noho a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
• Nā mea hoʻonaninani: Hoʻohanaʻia ka keleawe ma nā kiko'ī Architectural a me nā hoʻolālā interior no kāna noi Aesthetic, ka hoʻohuiʻana i kahi pā o ke aloha a me ka mahana i nā wahi.

Nā noiʻenehana

• Nā mea hana wela: Hanaʻiaʻo Copper i keʻano o ke kalaʻana o ke kālā no nā kālepa wela i nā'ōnaehana HVAC a me nā kaʻina hanaʻoihana.
  Hiki iā ia ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wela, hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka hana ikaika.
• Pumps a me nā valves: ʻO ka paleʻana o Copperion Coristion a me ka hana paʻa i kūpono ia no nā lako hana likeʻole, e komo pū me nā pumps a me nā valves.
• Mea Hana Marine: ʻO ka pale o Copper i ka corweter corrosition e hana ia i kahi mea i makemakeʻia no nā mea i makemakeʻia, huakai, Aʻo Marine Hardreware.
  Kōkua ia i ka paleʻana i ka biofouning a hoʻonui i ke ola o nā'āpana o nā kaʻa.

Nā huahana kūʻai

• Kuʻina: ʻO keʻano wela o ke koloʻana o ke keleawe a me ka hoʻopiʻi Aesthetic e hana ia i kahi koho kaulana loa no nā pops, ʻehā, a me nā mea kuke kuke.
  E hōʻoia ia i ka kukeʻana a hoʻohui i kahi nānā nani i ka lumi kuke.
• Kōhai: ʻO ka paleʻana o Copper a me ka hiki ke hana i nā hoʻolālā invurte e hana i kahi mea kaulana no nā lako hana.
  Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ia i hui pū me nā metala'ē aʻe e hana i nā'āpana kūʻokoʻa a me nā nani nani.
• Nā mea kani: Hoʻohanaʻia ka keleawe ma nā mea kūʻai keleawe no kāna mau waiwai a me ka nui. Hāʻawi ia i ke kani waiwai a me ka lōʻihi o nā mea kani mele.

7. Pehea e koho ai i ke keleawe kūpono no kāu papahana

Ke kohoʻana i keʻano kūpono o ke keleawe no kāu papahana he mea pono e hōʻoia i ka hana maikaʻi, durability, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono.
Eia nā manaʻo nui e alakaʻi iāʻoe i ke kohoʻana i nā mea keleawe maikaʻi loa no kāu mau pono:

E hoʻoholo i nā waiwai nui e pono ai

Nāʻano keleawe'ē aʻe ma nāʻano likeʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā waiwai pono e pono ai no kāu papahana e nānā i kāu mau koho.

• Mea kūʻai uila: No nā noi e like me ka makemake, Nā Kākoʻo, nā'ōnaehana uila,
  keleawe keleawe kiʻekiʻe (e like me c11000 etp) a iʻole nā ​​keleawe manuahi manuahi (C10100) he kūpono kūpono ma muli o kāna hana kūʻokoʻa.
• Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: Inā pili kāu papahana i ka hoʻolahaʻana i ka ulia, kinopa, a iʻole ka paʻakai,
  E noʻonoʻo i nā mea keleawe e like me alumini bronze (C95400) a iʻole keleawe-nickel (C70600) No kā lākou kū'ē kū'ē.
• Ikaika a me ka nui: No nā noi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mīkini ikaika a iʻole nā'āpana aerospace,
  Beyreellium Kina (C17200) hoʻolako i ka ikaika a me ke kāʻeiʻana, e hana ana i kahi koho paʻa.
• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua: No nā kālepa wela a iʻole nā ​​mea'ē aʻe e koi ana i ka wela wela, E koho i nā māka keleawe kiʻekiʻe-maʻemaʻe e like me C11000.

Loiloi i nā kūlana kūlohelohe

ʻO ke kaiāulu kahi e hoʻohanaʻia ai keʻano keleawe he mea koʻikoʻi:

• ʻO nā wahi kai moana: Keleawe-nickel alloys (C70600 a c71500) he mea hilinaʻi nui loa i ke kai kai,
  e hana ana iā lākou i mea kūpono no ka moku, nā mea kanu lāʻau, a me nā lako kaʻa.
• Nā noi noi kiʻekiʻe: Kekahi mau alloys, E like me aluminum bronze, Mālama i ka ikaika ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ka mea maikaʻi no ka aerospace a me nā'āpana o nāʻoihana.
• ʻO nā cherosive cherosive: No nā noi i hōʻikeʻia i nā kemika, phosphor Bronze (C51000) a me ka chnze bronze e hoʻopakele i ke kū'ē kino.

E noʻonoʻo i nā pono hana

Pono nā mea kūʻai aku i kohoʻia i kohoʻia me nā kaʻina hana i makemakeʻia:

• Markinpalibility: Inā makemake kāu papahana i ka mana nui, ʻO ke keleawe manuahi manuahi (C36000) he koho maikaʻi loa no kāna maʻalahi o ka hoʻopiliʻana a me ka hoʻoiliʻana.
• NoMame: No nā papahana e pili ana i ka kiʻi kiʻi hohonu, noho ', a iʻole ke kūlou, Koho no nā koho back me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke kolamu aluminum a iʻole phosphorr bonze.
• Ke kāheaʻana a kalaʻole paha: Inā makemakeʻiaʻo Casting, E like me c93200 (alakaʻi keleawe) a iʻole e hana maikaʻi ai nā hana aluminum ma kēia kaʻina hana a hāʻawi i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia no ka paleʻana i nā noi koʻikoʻi.

Loiloi i nā koina

Hoʻopili ke kālā i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ke kohoʻana:

• Keleawe keleawe kiʻekiʻe: ʻOiaiʻo nā coppers kiʻekiʻe (C11000, C10100) Hāʻawi i ka hana superior, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou.
  Ua hoʻohana maikaʻiʻia lākou i nā noi uila uila e hikiʻole ke hoʻohuiʻia.
• Nā mea hou no ka hana pono: Nā Kūlana Koloka, e like me c27000, Hāʻawi i ka paleʻana o ka maikaʻi a me ka ikaika ma kahi kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa,
  e hana kūpono iā lākou no ka plumbing, hana hanohano, a me nā mea waiwaiʻoleʻole.

E hoʻohālikelike me nā kūlana hana kūikawā

He nui nāʻoihana he nui nā kūlana kūikawā no nā keleawe keleawe a me ke keleawe e hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi a me ka hana.
E nānā inā loaʻa kāu papahana e hoʻokō i nā kūlana kūikawā, e like me ka astm a sae paha, E like me kēia mau alakaʻi e hōʻike pinepine i nā helu copper copper e pili ana i nā koina o kaʻoihana.

ʻO ka lōʻihi a me nā pono mālama pono

No nā māhele e koi ai i ka mālama haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe:

• E kāʻei i ke kū'ē: Beyreellium Kina (C17200) he koho nui no nā'āpana e hoʻopau ai i ka neʻe hou a me ke kaumaha, E like me nā puna a me nā mea hoʻopili, Ma muli o kona mau mea e pale aku ai i ke kū'ē.
• Pale pale: Ua koho pinepineʻia nā koho back-Nickel.

9. Hopena

Liulaala he kumuwaiwai a me nā mea pono a me ka mōʻaukala waiwai a me kahi mea e hiki mai ana.
ʻO kāna mea uila a me ke kalepa, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka hewa i kūpono kūpono ia no ka nui o nā noi.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nāʻano keleawe'ē aʻe, kā lākou mau waiwai, a me nā kaʻina hana hana, Hiki iāʻoe ke hana i nā hoʻoholo iʻikeʻia e koho i ke keleawe kūpono no kāu papahana.

Manaʻo mākou ua hāʻawi kēia alakaʻi iāʻoe me nā meaʻike waiwai nui i loko o ke keleawe a me kāna mau noi.
Inā he nīnau kāu a makemake paha e kaʻana like i kāu mauʻike, Eʻoluʻolu e waiho i kahi'ōlelo ma lalo nei.
E noho mau no nā meaʻike hou aku ma luna o ka hana deze.

 

No laila, Inā loaʻa iāʻoe kahi pono no nā huahana keleawe maʻamau, Eʻoluʻolu eʻoluʻolu kāhea iā mā˚ou.

Nā manaʻo aʻoaʻo: https://internationalcopper.org/