Metala Kobalta: Waiwai, Hoʻohana, a me ka mea nui o na hana

1. Hōʻikeʻike

Hoʻomaka ʻo Cobalt i kona mau aʻa a hiki i ke kenekulia 18, inoa mai ka German mai kobold a i ʻole “goblin,"he kunou i ka huhū o ka poʻe miners i ka hōʻole ʻana o ka ores e hāʻawi i ke keleawe akā hoʻokuʻu i nā mahu ʻona..

I kēia mau lā, He mea nui ka cobalt i ka ʻenehana hou: hoʻokūpaʻa ia i nā pākahi lithium-ion, hāʻawi i nā superalloys me ke kūpaʻa wela loa, hoʻokuke i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika nui, a hāʻawi i ka polū hohonu o nā seramika a me nā puaʻa.

2. He aha ka Cobalt?

ʻO Cobalt kahi mea kemika me ka hōʻailona Co a me ka helu atomika 27.

Aia i loko o ka Pūʻulu 9 o ka papa manawa, he mea paakiki, hina-hinahina, metala hoʻololi ferromagnetic.

Me he metala hoʻololi, Hōʻike ka cobalt i nā ʻano ʻano hoʻokahe a hoʻokumu i nā pūhui he nui, e hāʻawi ana i kāna ākea o nā noi.

Ma ke ano, ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka cobalt ma kona ʻano maʻemaʻe akā pili nui ʻia me ka nickel a me nā ores keleawe.

ʻO ke ʻano o kēia hui ʻana, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hana cobalt he hopena o ka hana nickel a me ke keleawe.

Ka Lepupalika Demokarata o Kongo (DRC) ʻO ia ka mea hana nui loa o ka honua i ka cobalt, ka helu ana ma kahi o 70% o ka hana honua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.

ʻO nā ʻāina hana kobalt nui ʻē aʻe ʻo Russia, nona nā waihona kobalt nui e pili ana me kāna mau waihona metala hui nickel-copper-platinum, a me Australia, i ʻike ʻia no kāna mau ʻaila kobalt kiʻekiʻe.

3. O ka kino & Na Waiwai Kemika o Cobalt

He paʻakikī ka Cobalt, lticrous, metala hoʻololi kala-hina me kahi hui o nā ʻano kino a me nā ʻano kemika e kākoʻo ana i kāna mau hoʻohana ʻenehana like ʻole:

4. Hana ʻia ʻo Cobalt a hoʻomaʻemaʻe

Hoʻopuka mua ʻia ʻo Cobalt ma ke ʻano he huahana mai ka copper-cobalt a me ka nickel-cobalt ores..

ʻO nā ʻano hana mining nui ʻelua i hoʻohana ʻia no nā ores-bearing cobalt ka ʻeli ʻana ma lalo o ka honua a lua hāmama.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana ma lalo o ka lepo no nā kino ʻeleʻele hohonu, hāʻawi ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai hana.

He ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mining open-pit no nā waihona kokoke i luna a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumu kūʻai no ka hana nui..

Ke lawe ʻia ka ʻai, e hana ana i ka moʻo o kaʻina hana metala e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻike cobalt:

Pyrometallurgy

Hoʻopili kēia ʻenehana wela kiʻekiʻe:

• Smelting: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka ʻaila me kahi mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa e hoʻokaʻawale i ka metala mai nā mea a puni. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia kaʻina hana no ka ʻaila sulfide.
• ʻO ka ʻala ʻana: Hoʻololi i nā sulfides metala i oxides ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i mua o ka oxygen, hiki i ka ho'ōla maʻalahi i nā hana ma hope.

Hydrometallurgy

ʻO kahi ʻano koho a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka ʻohi cobalt, mai ka laterite a me ka oxidized ores. Loaʻa nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi:

• Leʻaleʻa Sulfate: Hana ʻia ka ʻaila me ka sulfuric acid e hoʻopau i ka cobalt, me nā metala waiwai ʻē aʻe e like me ka nickel a me ke keleawe.
• Hoʻopau: Hoʻohana ʻia nā reagents kemika no ka hoʻokaʻawale koho ʻana i ka cobalt mai ka hopena leach, hana pinepine i ka cobalt hydroxide a i ʻole sulfate ma ke ʻano he waena.

E hōʻoluʻolu

Pono ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka cobalt maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i kūpono no nā noi ʻenehana a me ka ʻenehana:

• Wehewehe Wehewehe: Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organika no ka wehe ʻana i nā ion cobalt mai ka pae wai, wehe pono i na haumia e like me ka hao, mang kāne, a me ke keleawe.
• ʻO ka lanakila uila: ʻO ka hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hope, kahi e hoʻoili ʻia ai ke au uila ma o ka ʻoluʻolu i loaʻa i ka cobalt e waiho ai i ka metala kobalt maʻemaʻe (99.8%–99.99%) ma nā cathodes.

5. Nā Papa Cobalt a me nā ʻano

Loaʻa ʻia ʻo Cobalt ma nā ʻano o nā māka kālepa a me nā ʻano, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻoihana kikoʻī e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe pono, kino kino, a me ka haku mele.

Kākoʻo kēia mau ʻano ʻokoʻa i nā noi i ka hana ʻana i ka pākaukau, ʻO nā alloys kiʻekiʻe, nā leka uila, nā mea hoʻoikaika, a me nā mea magnetic.

Aia ma lalo iho kahi wehewehe o nā māka maʻamau a me nā ʻano o ka cobalt:

6. Nā Alloy Cobalt kī

Nā waiwai kūikawā o Cobalt-e like me ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, hana māke, a hoʻopaʻa i ke kūpaʻa—e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea koʻikoʻi i loko o nā huila holomua.

Nā Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana Kobalt

• ʻO ka weheweheʻana: Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana e kū i nā wela wela a me nā wahi oxidative, hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea kūpono no nā ʻenekini turbine a me nā ʻāpana aerospace.
• Nā Hana Maʻamau: Co–Cr–W, Co–Ni–Cr, a me nā huila Co–Mo–Ni.
• Waiwai:

• • Ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe (> 1000° C)
  • ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka oxidation a me ka corrosion
  • ʻO ka hana luhi wela wela maikaʻi

• Noi:

• • ʻO nā lau a me nā vane ʻenekini ʻenekini
  • ʻOihana kinoea turbines
  • ʻO nā laina ahi a me nā pale wela

• Laʻana Alloys: Haynes 188, Lealea 21, MAR-M509

ʻO nā kila māmā holo kiʻekiʻe me ka Cobalt (Hss)

• ʻO ka weheweheʻana: Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Cobalt i ka HSS no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻulaʻula paʻakikī - e ʻae i nā mea hana e mālama i ka paʻakikī i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e ʻoki ai..
• Papa maʻamau: M42 (8% CO)
• Waiwai:

• • Hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī wela a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu
  • Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka paʻa ʻana ma lalo o nā ukana kiʻekiʻe

• Noi:

• • ʻOkiʻana i nā hana hana, KA HANUI, pau nā miles, nā broaches
  • Ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana metala a me ka plastic

• Nānā: Ua lilo ʻo M42 HSS i mea maʻamau i ka mīkini pololei ma muli o kāna ʻike cobalt.

Nā Mākēneki Paʻa Ma muli o ka Cobalt

• Nāʻano:

• • Alnico (Aluminum–Nikela–Kobalt): ʻO ka ikaika magnetic kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale wela
  • Samarium Cobalt (SmCo): ʻO ka māneki cobalt rare-earth me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa a me ke kū ʻana o ka corrosion

• Waiwai:

• • High coercivity a me ka ikehu huahana
  • Maikaʻi loa (a hiki i 350–550°C no SmCo)

• Noi:

• • Nā kaʻa a me nā mea hana
  • Nā mea ʻike lewa
  • Kiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau (Mri)

• Hana: Loaʻa i nā mākēneki SmCo kahi huahana ikehu o 20-32 MGOe (ʻO Mega Gauss Oersteds)

ʻO COBALTT-Chromium Alloys (Co-Cr)

• ʻO ka weheweheʻana: ʻO nā mea hoʻohui biocompatible me ka lole kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion; hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi lapaʻau a me nā niho.
• Waiwai:

• • Non-magnetic, ikaika ikaika
  • Maikaʻi loa biocompatibility

• Noi:

• • ʻO nā mea hana ortthopedic (pūhaka, kuli)
  • ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau niho
  • Nā ʻāpana puʻuwai puʻuwai

• Laʻana Alloys: ASTM F75 (hoolei Co-Cr-Mo), ASTM F799 (hana Co-Cr-Mo)

Nā Alloy Paʻakiki (E.g., Lealea)

• ʻO ka weheweheʻana: Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana kobalt kūpaʻa ʻole e hoʻonui i ke ola o ka mea hana.
• Waiwai:

• • Kūʻē kūʻē i ka abrasion, oluation, a me ka makemake
  • E mālama i ka paʻakikī a hiki i 900 ° C

• Noi:

• • Roy noho mau noho, ʻoki ʻoki, mea hana eli
  • ʻO nā mea ʻenekini ma nā wahi ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe

Pākaukau: nā māka hoʻohui like cobalt

7. Nā Hana Hana Hana o Cobalt

He kuleana koʻikoʻi ʻo Cobalt ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻenehana ma muli o kona kino kūʻokoʻa, Kekau, a me nā waiwai magnetic.

ʻO kona hiki ke pale i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, pale aku i ka corrosion, a hoʻonui i ka hana o nā mea ʻē aʻe e pono ai ka cobalt i nā ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻoihana kuʻuna.

E mālama i ka ikehu a me nā Bateri

• Hoʻohana mua: ʻO nā pākahi Lithium-ion
• Hana: Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cobalt i loko o nā cathodes o nā pākahi lithium-ion — ʻoi loa ma Nikela Manganese Cobalt (NMC) a ʻO ka Aluminum Nikela Kobalta (NCA) kemika.
• KA MANAWA:

• • Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ka ikehu a me ke ola pākaukau
  • Hoʻonui i ka wela a me ka paʻa

• ʻIke Makeke:

• • Luna 60% ʻO ka noi cobalt e alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻāpana pākaukau.
  • Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cobalt i kēlā me kēia kaʻa uila (Ev) nā pākaukau mai 4 i 14 kg, ma muli o ke kemika.

Nā Enekinia Aerospace a me Turbine

• Hoʻohana mua: Nā superalloys hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Cobalt
• Hana: Hoʻohana ʻia nā superalloys i loko o ka cobalt i nā ʻāpana ʻenekini jet, nā wahi hau, a me nā kaʻa kaʻa pōhaku.
• KA MANAWA:

• • Mālama i ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā wela kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 1000°C)
  • Kū'ē i ka luhi oxidative a me ka wela

• Nā mea nui:

• • Nā'āpana o Turbine, MALEs, nā keʻena hui

Na Mea Paahana Oki a me na mea pale lole

• Hoʻohana mua: ʻO nā carbide sima a me nā kila kiʻekiʻe
• Hana: Hana ʻo Cobalt ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa i nā carbide cemented a hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī i ke kila kiʻekiʻe.
• KA MANAWA:

• • Hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka mea hana a me ke kū'ē i ka deformation ma lalo o ka wela
  • Hoʻonui i ke ola o ka mea hana ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻoki kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole kiʻekiʻe

• Nā hiʻohiʻona:

• • ʻO nā ʻāpana wili, pau nā miles, make ka make, mea hana eli

Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o nā ʻoihana Kemika a me ka ʻAla

• Hoʻohana mua: Catalysts no ka synthesis a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe
• Nā ʻano o nā noi Catalytic:

• • ʻO Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Hoʻopuka i nā wai hydrocarbons mai nā syngas (CO + H₂)
  • Hydrodesulfurization (HDS): Wehe ʻia ka sulfur mai ka ʻaila maʻemaʻe e hana i nā wahie maʻemaʻe

• KA MANAWA:

• • ʻO ka maikaʻi catalytic kiʻekiʻe a me ka lōʻihi ma lalo o nā wahi kemika paʻakikī

Nā Mea Lapaʻau a me Biomedical

• Hoʻohana mua: ʻO nā huila Cobalt-chromium
• Hana: Hoʻohana ʻia no nā implants, KaukaHale, a me nā mea hana ʻokiʻoki ma muli o ko lākou biocompatibility maikaʻi loa.
• Nā hiʻohiʻona:

• • Nā pūhaka a me nā kuli
  • Stent, nā leka detal

• Hihia Kūikawā:

• • Cobalt-60 (Hui-60): He isotope radioactive i hoʻohana ʻia i ka radiotherapy maʻi kanesa a me ka sterilization mea lapaʻau

Nā Mākēneki Paʻa a me nā Electronics

• Nāʻano:

• • Alnico magnets: Hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa uila, nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a me nā kīkā uila
  • Samarium Cobalt (SmCo): Nā mākēneki honua laha me ka coercivity kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa

• KA MANAWA:

• • ʻO ka hana magnetic kūpaʻa ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe
  • ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion ma nā wahi paʻakikī

• Noi:

• • Nā mea kani aerospace, Nā Pepa Machines, nā roboticles, lako leo

ʻO nā puaʻa, Aniani, a me nā Seramika

• Hoʻohana ʻia nā Hui Kobalt:

• • ʻO ka ʻokikene kobalt (Co₃O₄) a alumina cobalt (CoAl₂O₄)

• Hana:

• • Hoʻohana ʻia e hana ʻulaʻula cobalt, he halepaa, puaʻa olaola

• Noi:

• • ʻO nā seramika noʻeau, aniani kaʻa, kile kālai hale
  • ʻO nā noi aniani ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe ma muli o nā waiwai e hoʻopau i ka UV

8. Palekana, Hana mālamaʻia, a me Toxicology of Cobalt

ʻOiai he mea nui ka cobalt i nā ʻenehana hou, he nui ke ola kino, palekana, a me nā pōʻino kaiapuni inā ʻaʻole mālama pono ʻia.

Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kona ʻano toxicological, palena hōʻike, a he mea nui nā hana mālama palekana no nā ʻoihana e hoʻohana ana i ka cobalt i ka ʻeli ʻana, hana ai.uk, a me ka hoʻoiliʻana.

Nā Palena Hoʻolaha Hana

Nā kino hoʻoponopono e like me OSHA, NIOSH, a ua hoʻokumu ʻo ACGIH i nā palena hoʻolaha e hōʻoia i nā kūlana hana palekana:

Nā hopena olakino o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Cobalt

Hiki i ka Cobalt ke komo i ke kino ma o ka inhalation, ʻai ʻana, a i ʻole pili ʻili.

ʻO ka paʻakikī o nā hopena olakino e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka cobalt (Metallic, nā paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe, a i ʻole radioactive isotopes) a me ka lōʻihi o ka wehe ʻana.

Pōkole (ʻOkoʻa) Hopena:

• ʻO ka hanu hanu: ʻaʻa ʻana, hāwīwī
• ʻO nā ʻili ʻili a i ʻole dermatitis mai ka hoʻopili ʻana
• ʻO ka huhū maka

Wā lōʻihi (Kēlāʻau) Hopena:

• ʻĀmaʻa Cobalt: ka maʻi māmā interstitial mai ka inha ʻana i ka lepo kobalt/huhū
• Cardiomyopathy (pōʻino ʻiʻo puʻuwai) me ka hoʻolaha pūnaewele kiʻekiʻe
• Nā pane maʻi a me ka hānō
• Hiki i nā hopena neurotoxic me ka hoʻolāʻihi lōʻihi

Carcinogenicity:

• ʻO ka International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) hoʻokaʻawale i nā pūhui cobalt a me ka cobalt Hui 2B: "hiki i ka carcinogenic i ke kanaka" ma muli o nā hōʻike kanaka liʻiliʻi a me nā haʻawina holoholona kūpono.

ʻO ke koʻi radioactive (Cobalt-60)

Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) he isotope radioactive synthetic i hoʻohana ʻia ma:

• ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau (lapaʻau maʻi maʻi)
• ʻO ka sterilization o nā mea lapaʻau
• Radiography ʻoihana

Nā pōʻino:

• Hoʻopuka i nā kukuna gamma kiʻekiʻe
• Hiki ke hana i ke kuni radiation, pōʻino DNA, a piʻi aʻe ka pilikia maʻi ʻaʻai inā hana hewa ʻia
• Pono e mālama a lawe ʻia ma lalo o nā alakaʻi hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi (E.g., pale alakaʻi, mau ipu paa)

Nā hana maikaʻi loa no ka palekana Cobalt

9. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea pili

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Cobalt i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona me nā mea pili i ka papaʻaina, ʻoi aku ka hao (Lia), nickel (I), A manganese (Mn).

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka cobalt me ​​kēia mau mea e kōkua i ka hōʻike ʻana i kāna mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa a me nā pono i nā noi ʻoihana like ʻole.

10. Hopena

ʻO Cobalt kahi metala koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia no kona wahi hoʻoheheʻe kiʻekiʻe, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me nā waiwai magnetic.

He kuleana nui ia i nā superalloys, magnet mau, a me nā pākahi lithium-ion, he mea nui ia no ka aerospace, ikehu maemae, a me nāʻoihana uila uila.