1. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana
ʻO CE3MN ka mea i hoʻolei ʻia i nā alloys super-duplex i hana ʻia (E.g., Us s32750): ua hui chromium kiʻekiʻe loa (≈24–26 %), molybdenum nui (≈3–4 %), nickel kiʻekiʻe (≈6–8 %), ke keleawe a me ka nitrogen
e hana i ka microstructure ʻelua-phase me ka ikaika hua kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻino ʻana i ka lua/crevice a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka chloride-induced stress-corrosion pohā e pili ana i ka austenitics maʻamau..
Hāʻawi kona ʻano hoʻolei i nā ʻāpana geometry paʻakikī no nā kaiapuni paʻakikī (nā kino valve, Nā kāpili pump, MatifalD), akā, pono ke kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi (hoʻomālamalama, Kūpuia, Hoʻoholo i Airnaal) e hoʻokō i ka hana i manaʻo ʻia a pale aku i ka embrittling intermetallic phases.
2. He aha ka CE3MN Cast Duplex Stainless Steel?
CE3MN hoʻolei pālua kila kohu ʻole he hana kiʻekiʻe, ʻāpana ʻelua (ferritic-austenitic) ʻeleu kuhiliʻole i hana ʻia no koi ʻia i nā kaiapuni corrosive a me ka mechanically stressed kahi austenitic maʻamau a ferritic ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i ka lōʻihi kūpono.
No ka ʻohana kila kuhili ʻole super-duplex, ʻike ʻia e ka chromium kiʻekiʻe (Cr), Mybrideum (Mo), nitrogen (N) a me nickel (I) nā maʻiʻo e hāʻawi i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o ikaika, kū'ē i ka corrosion kūloko a me ka māwae.
Ma ka nomenclature maʻamau, ʻO CE3MN ka mea maʻamau i ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā kikoʻī e like me ASTM A995 / ASME SA351 & SA995 Nā Kaumaka (ʻo kahi laʻana CD3MWCuN, kūʻai ʻia ʻo "6A"). Ia ʻO ka inoa UNS ʻo J93404.
Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ia e like me ka hoʻolei ʻana e like me nā kila kila kila super-duplex Us s32750 / ASTM A F55, a hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā māmā, pono nā geometries paʻakikī a i ʻole nā ʻāpana ʻāpana hoʻokahi o ke kūpaʻa corrosion kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka pahuhopu manaʻo ma hope o CE3MN e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena nā kila kuhiliʻole duplex maʻamau (E.g., 2205) a nickel-base alloys
ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion (ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka lua a me ka ʻāʻī i loko o nā kaiapuni chloride) ʻoiai e mālama ana i ka hana mechanical maikaʻi, ka weldability a me ke kumu kūʻai kūpono no nā ʻāpana hoʻolei nui a paʻakikī paha.
Ua koho pinepine ia no nā kino valve, Nā kāpili pump, manifolds a me nā mea o lalo o ke kai i ka pono & aila, petrochemimical, Marine, desalination a me nā ʻoihana mana.
3. Hoʻohui Kimia o CE3MN Cast Duplex Stainless Steel
| Mua | Kaonaʻeha (wt%) | Hana / ʻōlelo ʻōlelo |
| Cr (Chromium) | 24.0 - 26.0 | ʻElemu kumu no ka passivity a me ka pale corrosion maʻamau; mea kōkua nui iā PREN. |
| I (Nickel) | 6.0 - 8.0 | Mea hoʻokūpaʻa Austenite; hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaulike duplex phase. |
| Mo (Mybrideum) | 3.0 - 4.0 | Hoʻonui ikaika i ka pale ʻana i ka lua a me ka crevice corrosion; mea kōkua nui PREN. |
| N (Nitrogen) | 0.14 - 0.30 | He mea hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka lua a me ka ikaika (hoonui i ka PREN formula); koʻikoʻi no ka hana duplex. |
| Cu (Liulaala) | 0.3 - 1.5 | Hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mau māka hoʻolei e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūʻē ʻana i kekahi mau kaiapuni hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hoʻololi i ke ʻano hoʻoikaika paʻa. |
C (KālekaʻAʻI) |
≤ 0.03 | Mālama ʻia ka haʻahaʻa e kaupalena i ka ua carbide a me ka embrittlement intergranular. |
| Mn (Mang kāne) | ≤ 2.0 | Mea hoʻoheheʻe / hapa austenite mua; mālama ʻia e pale i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. |
| A (Silikino) | ≤ 1.0 | Mea hoʻoheheʻe; i kaupalena 'ia i ka ho'omalu 'ana i ka oxidation a me ka ho'okomo 'ana. |
| P (Phoshorus) | ≤ 0.03 | Ka hoʻomalu haumia - mālama haʻahaʻa e mālama i ka paʻakikī. |
| S (Sulfur) | ≤ 0.01 | ʻO ka haumia - hoʻemi ʻia e pale aku i ka pohā wela a me ka nalowale o ka ductility. |
| Lia ('Eron) | Kaulike (≈ 40–50%) | Ke koena o ka huila - ferrite + austenite matrix. |
4. Microstructure a me ka pae kaulike
- Hoʻolālā ʻelua ʻāpana: ʻO CE3MN kahi duplex i manaʻo ʻia - ferrite (d) + austentes (c).
ʻO nā mea mechanical a me ka corrosion kahi hana pololei o ka māhele māhele, hoʻokaʻawale kemika a microstructural homogenety. - ʻO ke koena o ka pae pahuhopu: ʻO ka pahuhopu maʻamau no ~ 40-60% ferrite; ʻO ka nui o ka ferrite e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka paʻakikī a me ka weldability; ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka ferrite e hōʻemi i ka ikaika a me ke kū'ē i ka chloride stress-corrosion māhā.
- Pilikia Intermetallics: Lohi mālie, nā pōʻai wela kūpono ʻole (a i ʻole ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka wahi) paipai p (sigma), h, a me nā intermetallic waiwai nui o ka chromium henia, ʻO Cr/Mo-waiwai a me Ni-ʻilihune; ʻO kēia mau mea e hoʻemi nui i ka paʻakikī a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
5. Ke kino maʻamau & nā waiwai mīkini - CE3MN (hoʻolei ʻia ke kila kila kila super-duplex)
Schepe & Cavats: nā waiwai ma lalo nei nā pae ʻenehana maʻamau no ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka CE3MN/J93404 i kahi kūlana hoʻonā-annealed kūpono.
KAHOu (ʻo nā ʻāpana nui/mānoanoa) hōʻike ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lūlū ma mua o nā huahana i hana ʻia a pili i ka nui o ka ʻāpana, ʻO ka mālama wela, a me ke kaulike pae maoli (d/c).
No ka hana hoʻolālā a me ka hana koʻikoʻi palekana e hoʻohana mau i ka ʻikepili hōʻoia i hōʻoia ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku no ka wela a me ka hōʻoia me nā hoʻāʻo ʻāpana pae..
Nā waiwai kino (MAKAINA WAU)
| Waiwai | Waiwai maʻamau (hoolei CE3MN, solution-annealed) | Nu |
| Huakai | ≈ 7.8 - 8.0 g · cad | E like me nā mea ʻala ʻē aʻe; hoʻohana 7.85 g/cm³ no ka helu nui. |
| Hoʻomālamalama / laulā paʻa | ≈ 1,375 - 1,425 ° C | Laulā paʻa paʻa ma muli o ka hoʻohuihui kiʻekiʻe; pili i ka hānai ʻana a me ka emi ʻana. |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua (20 ° C) | ≈ 12 - 18 W · m⁻¹ · ke⁻¹ | Haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kila kalapona; pili i nā ʻoluʻolu wela i ka wā o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka wili. |
| wela kūikawā (20 ° C) | ≈ 420 - 500 J · kg⁻¹ · ke Kg | E hoʻohana i ka ~460 J·kg⁻¹·K⁻¹ no ka helu wela. |
Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka (20-300 ° C) |
≈ 12.5 - 14.5 ×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹ | Haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā māka austenitic he nui; mea nui i ka hui ʻana i nā metala ʻē aʻe. |
| Modulus'ōpiopio (lumi lumi) | ≈ 190 - 210 GPA | No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻolālā elastic 200 GPa me ka mālama ʻole. |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila (20 ° C) | ≈ 0.6 - 0.9 μΩ·m | Laulā kuhiliʻole maʻamau; ʻokoʻa me ka haku mele pololei. |
| Magnesism | Ferritic iki; hiki ke hōʻike i ka pane magnetic nāwaliwali | ʻO nā ʻāina austenitic piha ʻaʻole magnetic; hōʻike ka duplex i ka magnetism ma muli o ka ferrite. |
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies (MAKAINA WAU, solution-annealed cast form)
| Waiwai | Kaonaʻeha | Nā moʻolelo |
| Ka ikaika (RP0.2) | ≈ 400 - 550 Mpa | ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 300-series stainless steels; pili i ka pauku, ka hana wela a me ka hakina ferrite. |
| Ikaika ikaika (Rm) | ≈ 750 - 900 Mpa | E hoʻohana i ka ʻikepili hailona hōʻoia no nā koʻikoʻi ʻae ʻia. |
| Ewangantion (A, % i 50 mm) | ≈ 10 - 25 % | Ke hele nei nā ʻāpana hoʻolei i ka hopena haʻahaʻa; nā ʻāpana mānoanoa a me ke koena σ/χ e hoʻemi i ka ductility. |
Hālulu (HB) |
≈ 220 - 360 HB | ʻOkoʻa nā waiwai super-duplex me ka microstructure a me nā intermetallics; pili ka paakiki me ka ikaika a me ka embrittlement. |
| ʻO Charpy V-notch hopena | ≈ 30 - 120 J (lumi lumi) | Laulā laula: kiola, ʻO ka nui o ka ʻāpana a me nā precipitates e alakaʻi i ka lūlū-ana no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi. |
ʻOoleʻa haʻihaʻi (K_IC, pili) |
≈ 50 - 120 Mka · √m | Pili loa i ka microstructure, ka nui notch a me ke ʻano hoʻāʻo; e hoʻohana i nā mechanics fracture part-specific inā pono. |
| Kaluhi (kawili ʻana / hoomanawanui) | Hōʻike hoʻomanawanui ≈ 250 - 400 Mpa | Paulapua, ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koena a me ka porosity ma luna o ke ola luhi—e hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻokolohua. |
| Kūleʻa kolo | Loli (ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe-mehana creep alloy) | He kūpono no ka ʻike ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe; ʻAʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea kolo kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ~350–400 °C me ka ʻole o ka hōʻoia.. |
Hana wela kiʻekiʻe & alakaʻi lawelawe
- ʻO ka wela lawelawe mau loa: maki ≤ ~300 °C no nā mea pili i ka corrosion; E hāʻule mālie ka ikaika mechanical me ka mahana.
- Hōʻike wā pōkole: Mālama ka mea i ka ikaika kūpono i ~400-500 °C akā hiki i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi ke hiki i ka ua o nā intermetallics (a, h) ka mea e hoʻoheheʻe ai i ka mea hao.
- kolo & uhae pilikia: Hāʻawi ʻo CE3MN i ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā austenitics akā ʻo ia ʻaʻole he mea pani no ka nickel-base alloys kahi e pono ai ke kolo lōʻihi.
No ka hoʻokau paʻa ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe e koho i nā mea kolo kūpono a hana i ka hoʻāʻo kolo.
6. Nā pilikia o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana
ʻO ka hoʻolālā o CE3MN ma ke ʻano he hoʻoheheʻe ʻia hiki i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana hoʻokahi me nā paukū kūloko paʻakikī, nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā hui - nā mea maikaʻi i ka hana ʻana, ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka pono o ka ʻāpana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hana mai nā forgings a i ʻole weldments.
Kauhi Hoʻokomo ʻo CE3MN i nā pilikia kikoʻī o ke kaʻina:
- ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻole a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana: Hoʻonui ʻia ka wai koena interdendritic ma Cr, ʻO wau a me Ni (a i ʻole e hoʻopau ʻia ma muli o nā coefficients partition element),
ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole kemika kūloko e hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i waena (s/h) i ke kūlana as-cast. - Laulā hau nui: maʻiʻo huila kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i ka wā paʻa, e hoʻonui ana i ka pilikia o ka emi ʻana a me ka paʻakikī o ka hānai ʻana—e koi ana i ka hoʻolālā noʻonoʻo, ke anu a me ka hoʻolālā hānai.
- Haehae wela a pohā wela: Hiki ke maʻalahi nā mea hoʻoheheʻe duplex i ka weluwelu wela inā ʻaʻole mālama ʻia ke kaohi a me nā gradients thermal.; ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka palaoa a me ke kōkua ʻana i ka optimization gating.
- Nā hemahema o ka ʻili a me loko: Potiwale (kinoea a me ka emi), He mea maʻamau ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka oxide a me nā inclusions inā ʻaʻole lawa ka mana heheʻe a me ka kānana.
Miomi: pololei hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kemika, kānana ʻeleʻele-foam, Keila, ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia e ka simulation solidification, a ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana he mea nui.
7. ʻO ka hana wela, Welding, a me nā mana hana
Hoʻoholo i Airnaal & Quetch
- Kumu: e hoʻoheheʻe i nā intermetallic e like me ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka homogenize kemika e hoʻokō i ke koena duplex i makemake ʻia.
- Hana maʻamau: solution anneal in the range 1,050-1,1,100 ° C (pili pono ka laulā ma ka ʻāpana ʻāpana) a ukali ʻia me ka hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻana e pale i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka intermetallic.
- Hōʻike: Pono nā hoʻolei nui/mānoanoa i nā manawa paʻa a me nā hoʻolālā kinai i kūpono i ka nui o ka ʻāpana; lawa ʻole ka hoʻonā ʻana i nā lau koena σ/χ a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana.
Welding & ʻoki wela
- Weld metallurgy: Pono e koho ʻia nā mea hoʻohana e hoʻohālikelike a hoʻohālikelike iki paha i nā kemika alloy a e hoʻoikaika i ka ratio pae kaulike ma HAZ/weld metala.
- Mana hoʻokomo wela: ʻo ka hoʻokomo wela a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻole ʻia e hoʻololi i ke koena o ka pae a hiki ke hoʻokahe i ka σ/χ..
- Lapaʻau post-weld: no nā hui koʻikoʻi, ʻO ka hoʻonā hope-weld anneal a i ʻole ka mālama wela kūloko e koi ʻia e hoʻihoʻi i ka microstructure.
- ʻOki ʻoki wela: e like me ka nānā ʻana ma ka hana, hoʻomāhana mua + ʻoki wela kūloko (E.g., oxy-fuel) ukali ʻia e ka hoʻolili mālie hiki ke hana i ka ua a me ka embrittlement ma ka lihi oki;
ʻo ka hana maikaʻi loa hoʻonā-mālama ma mua o kekahi ʻoki wela a i ʻole e hoʻohana i ka ʻoki anu (ʻili ʻili) ukali ʻia e ka solution anneal.
8. Nā hemahema maʻamau a me nā ʻano hemahema (ka nānā pono)
- a / χ ka ua waena: hana i loko o nā pilina interdendritic a me α/γ i ka hoʻoluʻu lohi a i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela; ke kumu o ka embrittlement a me ka corrosion susceptibility.
- Lihao (Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Ni/Cr/Mo): alakaʻi i ke kaumaha PREN kūloko a me ka hoʻouka koho.
- Ke kinoea a me ka shrinkage porosity: e hoemi i ka pauku ukana a me ke ola luhi.
- 'Āʻia wela: mai ka paʻa paʻa ʻana i nā ʻāpana mānoanoa.
- ʻO ka embrittlement i ʻoki ʻia i ka wela: ʻoki ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ma nā ʻāpana like-cast me ka ʻole o ka anneal hoʻonā mua hiki ke hoʻokahe σ/χ ma ke aʻa ʻoki a hoʻomaka i ka pohā. (lapaau pono: solution anneal ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka wela a i ʻole ka ʻili anu a laila hoʻonā).
9. Nā noi maʻamau o CE3MN Cast Duplex Stainless Steel
Ua koho ʻia ʻo CE3MN cast duplex stainless steel no nā noi ma kahi ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kūʻē maikaʻi loa i ka corrosion localized, a me ka hilinaʻi hale ma lalo o nā kūlana lawelawe koʻikoʻi koi ʻia i ka manawa like.
Ma ke ʻano he papa super-duplex hoʻolei, kūpono loa ia i ka paʻakikī, pā mānoanoa, nā ʻāpana paʻakikī a paʻakikī paha e hana mai nā huahana i hana ʻia.
Pono & ʻoihana kinoea a me ka petrochemical
- ʻO nā kino valve a me nā ʻāpana valve (Nā Kūlana Pihi, Nā Valoko, E nānā i nā Valves) no ka lawelawe ʻawaʻawa a me nā kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe-chloride
- Pum casings and impellers ka lawelawe ʻana i ka wai kai, hana wai, a i ʻole nā hui hydrocarbon ikaika
- Manifolds a me nā mea hoʻomalu kahe ʻike ʻia i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, oluation, a me nā wai ʻino
ʻEnekinia waho a me ka moana
- ʻōnaehana lawelawe wai kai (Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, Trainars, nā poloka valve)
- ʻO nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kahua papa waho pili i ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka wai kai
- Nā mea kanu desalination ʻo ia hoʻi nā pāpaʻi brine a me nā kino valve
Nā ʻoihana kemika a me ka hana
- ʻO loko o ka reactor a me nā pahu ʻike ʻia i nā ʻakika hui ʻia, chrlodes, a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe
- Nā mea hoʻololi wela e like me nā poʻo kanal a me nā pahu wai
- ʻO nā hale hoʻouluulu a me nā mea pauma i loko o ka lawelawe kemika ikaika
ʻO ka hana mana a me nā ʻōnaehana ikehu
- Pūnaehana wai hoʻoluʻu i nā mea kanu wela a me ka nuklea
- ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ke kinoea (FGD) ʻāpana ʻōnaehana
- ʻO nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai kiʻekiʻe i nā keʻena ikehu hou
Pulp, Pepana, a me ka 'enekinia kaiapuni
- ʻO nā mea ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe a me ka bleaching
- Pumps, Momoterl, a me nā kino lāʻau ʻike ʻia i ka pāpaʻi waiwai chloride a alkaline
- ʻO ka wai ʻōpala a me nā lako hoʻomaʻemaʻe effluent
Mining, ka hoʻoheheʻe mineral, a me ka lawelawe ʻana i ka slurry
- ʻO nā pahu slurry pump a me nā impellers
- ʻAʻa- a me nā hale kū i ka corrosion no nā ʻōnaehana lawe mineral
ʻO nā mea paʻi paʻa kiʻekiʻe
- Nā'āpana hehi
- Nā hale hoolei mānoanoa a me nā uhi
- Nā ʻāpana hoʻolei i hana ʻia me na pauku kuloko paakiki
10. Hoʻohālikelike me nā mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe
Ua koho pinepine ʻia ʻo CE3MN cast duplex stainless steel ma luna o nā kila kila ʻē aʻe, nā huila super-austenitic, a me ka nickel-based alloys no kona hui kū hoʻokahi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ka ikaika ikaika, a me ka uku-pono ma ke ano hoolei.
Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike aʻe i kāna hana pili a me ke kūpono o ka noi.
| Waiwai / Loko | CE3MN (Who duplex, 25Cr-7Ni-Mo-N) | 316L / 1.4404 (Austenitic SS) | 904L / 1.4539 (Super-Austenitic SS) | ʻO Nickel-e pili ana i nā alloys (E.g., Hastelloy C-22) |
| Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion | Kūʻē maikaʻi i ka lua, Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni, a me ka ʻinoʻino i loko o nā kaiapuni chloride; Laau ≈ 40 | Loli; ʻoluʻolu i ka lua/kupapau i loko o ka media kiʻekiʻe-chloride | Kiʻekiʻe loa; like PREN (≈ 40–42), kūpaʻa ʻakika ikaika | Kūlana i ka oxidizing a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā waikawa |
| Ka ikaika ikaika | Ikaika ikaika (Rp0.2 ≈ 450–550 MPa, Rm ≈ 750–900 MPa); maikaʻi maikaʻi | Loli (Rp0.2 ≈ 200–250 MPa, Rm ≈ 500–600 MPa) | ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe; haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka duplex i ka hua | High, akā pinepine ke kumu kūʻai i ka hana |
Hānō / Moloka |
Duplex (ferrite + austentes) no ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika-corrosion koena | Austenitic piha | Austenitic piha | Austenitic piha a paʻakikī paha |
| Whola | Maikaʻi no ka paʻakikī, ʻāpana pā mānoanoa; haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka high-alloy austenitics | Maikaʻi loa, aka, haahaa ka ikaika ma na pauku manoanoa | Ilihune; pipiʻi no ka hoʻolei ʻana nui | Paʻakikī; kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, hoʻoheheʻe paʻakikī |
Hana Kiekie-Mahana |
Loli; kūpono ≤ 300–350 °C; kolo palena ʻole | Loli; Ua palupalu ka austenite ma ke kiʻekiʻe T | Loli; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o 316L | Kūpono; hiki ke mālama i ka 400-600 °C i loko o nā pāpaho koʻikoʻi |
| Kālā & Loaʻaʻia | Loli; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o 904L a me nā nickel alloys | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa; loaʻa ākea | High; nā mea hoʻolako hoʻolei palena | Kiʻekiʻe loa; huila kūikawā |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā Vilves, Pumps, nā hale kaomi i loko o ka chloride-waiwai, ikaika nui, Kauka lawelawe | Lako kemika maʻamau, meaʻai, lawelawe wai | Nā pahu wai-kūʻai, nā mea hana wela | ʻO nā kaʻina hana kemika ikaika loa, wela loa a i ʻole ʻino |
Nā Kūleʻa Kil:
- CE3MN vs 316L: Hāʻawi ʻo CE3MN i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka chloride a me nā wahi kemika koʻikoʻi, me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, hana ia i mea kūpono no nā ʻāpana paʻa kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā mea pā mānoanoa.
- CE3MN vs 904L: Hāʻawi ʻo CE3MN i ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe a me ka castability, pinepine ma ke kumukuai haahaa, ʻoiai ʻo 904L ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā paia lahilahi, nā ʻāpana kūʻokoʻa waika.
- ʻO CE3MN kūʻē i nā mea hoʻohui i ka Nickel: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā alloys Nickel i nā kūlana corrosive a me ka wela kiʻekiʻe,
akā hāʻawi ʻo CE3MN i kahi kaulike waiwai o ka ikaika, Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, a me ka hana ʻana no ka hapa nui o nā noi ʻoihana.
11. Hopena
ʻO ka CE3MN cast duplex stainless steel he mea i hana ʻia no ke koi ʻana i nā ʻāina corrosive a me ka mīkini i hoʻouka ʻia kahi e koi ʻia ai nā geometries cast paʻakikī..
Ia kemika super-duplex Hāʻawi i kahi hui maikaʻi o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa kūloko-corrosion maikaʻi loa - akā ʻike wale kēia mau mea maikaʻi i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ai., Kauhi, Hoʻokō ʻia ka annealing solution a me ka hana ʻana me ke aʻo ʻana e pale aku i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka brittle intermetallic precipitation..
No nā mea ʻenehana koʻikoʻi a i ʻole nā mea o lalo o ke kai, ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o CE3MN mai nā mea hoʻolako i hōʻoia ʻia me ka hōʻoia koʻikoʻi a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e loaʻa i ka lōʻihi, kiʻekiʻe-hana hoʻolei ʻia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka waiwai a me ka uku hoʻoili.
