ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku e nā mea hana e like me nā kaʻina hana likeʻole

A kāhea aku E wehewehe ana i kaʻaeʻaeʻia ma waena o kahi koho no kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi hiʻohiʻona a me ka nui maoli.

ʻo kahi laʻana, A ± 0.5 mm tonlerance on a 100 mm dimension keʻano o ka'āpana i hiki ke ana i nā wahi ma waena 99.5 MM O 100.5 mm.

ʻO nā hopena pololei kūpono kūpono, ʻO ka hana mechanication, a ka hilinaʻiʻana.

I ka manawa like, ʻO nāʻumi o ka hapaʻumi o ka millimeter shaved E hoʻonui i nā kumukūʻai mold e 10-20%, e ho'āla i nā kumukūʻai scrap e 15%, a hoʻohui iʻelua aʻehā mau pule o ka mea hana alakaʻi.

Hōʻike kēiaʻatikala i kahiʻano o nā kaʻina hana Green-Sane i make buring-ʻO ka heluʻana i kā lākou hikiʻana i nā pono kūpono.

E nānā mākou Iso 8062 a me nā papa hana'ē aʻe, pono e pono ai nā hiʻohiʻona a me nāʻaelike match,

A e'ōlelo nānā a statistical-conder-control ʻO nāʻano e kōkua ai iāʻoe e hahau i ke kaulike kūpono ma waena o ke kumukūʻai a me ka pololei.

1. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā mea i loko o ka hoʻoleiʻana

Ma mua o ke kohoʻana i kahi kaʻina hana, e wehewehe i kēia mau manaʻo i loaʻa:

• TOLECE ʻo ia ka huina kūponoʻole e like me keʻano o ka dimension.
• ʻAeʻia ke nānā aku nei i ka hoʻopiliʻana a iʻole ka hoʻopiliʻana i kūkuluʻia no ka laweʻana i ka shrik, draft, a iʻole ma ke aoʻana.
• Huahuwale E wehewehe i nā'āpanaʻeluaʻelua mau'āpana, mai Hoʻomaʻemaʻe (Kau) i Nā Kūlana Kūʻai (āpū).

Eia hou, Hiki paha i nā mea kūʻai aku Lauloa (E.g., ± 0.5 mm) Oole ka geometric (E.g., kūlohelohe, perpendicularity), ho'ākāka me ka hoʻohanaʻana Gd&T nā hōʻailona.

Hoʻomanaʻo: ʻO kēlā me kēia papa o ka Tolerance Hiki iāʻoe ke kuhikuhi i ka unuhiʻana i nā kumukūʻai a me nā hopena hoʻolālā.

NOEHUI, ʻO ka hoʻolālāʻana i ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā mea hana a me kāu mau hana hana e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā hana a nā hoa hana e hoʻokaʻawale i ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o ke kālā.

2. Nā kūlana a me nā nohesclare

Ma mua o ka hoʻolahaʻana i nā mea hana, Ponoʻoe i kahi'ōlelo maʻamau. Nā Kūlana Kūʻai a me nā Kūlana Kūlana huahuai a ka geometric ʻO ka hoʻoleiʻana i nā kūlou, No laila, hiki i nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā meaʻike ke'ōlelo me ka pololei.

Iso 8062 Kāhea aku (Ct) a me ka heleʻana o geometric (Gct)

Iso 8062-3 E wehewehe ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka heleʻana (') Nā helu mai Ct1 ʻAi Ct16, kahi e pili ana i nā helu ct i lalo e pili ana i ka nui o nā delerances. I ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa:

• Ct1-ct4 (± 0.05-0.3 % o ka dimension) ʻO ka hana kiʻekiʻe-ʻelua-papa hana a me nā'āpana mau-mau.
• Ct5-ct9 (± 0.1-0.8 %) E noi i ka loaʻa kālā a me nā pale pale.
• Ct10-ct14 (± 0.4-2.0 %) E uhi i nāʻano o nā mea kūʻai aku.
• Ct15-ct16 (± 2.5-3.5 %) E mālama i nā hale kūʻai nui a iʻole paha.

ʻo kahi laʻana, a i 200 mm hiʻohiʻona:

• A Ke CT4 'āpana paha ± 0.6 mm,
• Oiai a Ct12 E hiki paha i ka Sand ± 4 mm.

Hoʻopili i nā helu CT, Iso 8062-2 E wehewehe Geometrical e hoʻolei ana i nā mea hana (Gct)-ʻO ka palapala (flackness, kūlohelohe), Kaniona (perpendicularity, 'ĀpanaLealisam), a noho (kūlana kūpono).

ʻO kēlā me kēia papa GTT (G1-g8) E kau ana i ka hoʻokele geometric ma ka helu helu nominal ct.

Haewa & Nā Koiring

ʻOiaiʻo ISO e hāʻawi i kahiʻano honua honua, Nui nā papa hana i nā kūlana pili:

Nadca (ʻEliʻAmelikaʻAmelikaʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa):

• Maʻamau TOLECE: ± 0.25 mm per 100 mm (Koho Koho. Iso ct3-ct4).
• 'Clelo pololei TOLECE: ± 0.10 mm per 100 mm (Koho Koho. Iso ct1-ct2).
• E wehewehe pūʻo Nadca i nā papaʻokoʻa no Ke kiʻekiʻe, hole, a flackness nā mea hana i nā mea i hanaʻia e nā mea make e like me zinc, aluminum, a me ka magnesium.

Sfsa 2000 (ʻO nā mea lawe aku i nā mea loaʻa oʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa):

• Hāʻawi i ka Sand-Canding Tolerances ± 0.4-1.6 mm no ka 100 mm, Ma muli o keʻano mold (Green-Sand vs. resin-boned).
• Kona mau papa e pili ana i Iso ct11-ct13.

Bs 6615 (ʻO ke kūlana Pelekane no ka loaʻa)

• Uhiʻehā Sand, Shell, a waiwai kūʻai nā kaʻina hana.
• Nā mea maʻamau:

• • Sand Canding ± 0.5-2.0 mm / 100 mm (Ct11-ct14)
  • Shell canging ± 0.2-0.8 mm / 100 mm (Ct8-ct12)
  • Ke kūʻai aku nei i ka waiwai kūʻai ma ka ± 0.1-0.5 mm / 100 mm (Ct5-ct9)

3. ʻO ka hoʻoleiʻana i ka papaʻaina (Kōho: mm)

ʻO ka papa inoa o ka papa e pili ana i ka nui o nā waiwai e pono ai no nā helu ctʻokoʻa (Ke kūʻai aku nei i ka Tolerance helu CT1-CT16) I loko o nāʻano like likeʻole.

4. Kaʻikeʻana i nā kaʻina hana kūʻai nui

Ua hāʻule nā ​​kaʻina hana iʻekolu mau'āpana ākea-ʻO ka lōʻihi-mold, mau-moll-moll / snight-driven, a ʻO nā hanaʻenehana kūikawā-E i hāʻawiʻia e hāʻawi i nā hiki i nā manawa kūpono, Lalau kikowaena, a me nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai.

Nā Kūlana Kūʻai-Mooldable

Green-Sean

ʻO ke kī o Green-Sanding e waiho nei i ke koena a me keʻano kūpono no ka nui a iʻole nā'āpana maʻalahi a maʻalahi paha.

Loaʻa i nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi silica, pāanikino, a me ka wai e hana i nā molds e hāʻawi i ka maʻamau maʻamau Iso ct11-ct14 tolerances-e pili ana ± 0.5-2.0% o kekahi dimension i hāʻawiʻia (I.e., ± 0.5-2.0 mm ma 100 mm).

E hoʻopau i nā papa maʻamau Ra 6-12 μm, a ke kali haʻahaʻa nei nā kumukūʻai (pinepine <$500 no kēlā me kēia kumu).

Chemically-bed & ʻAʻohe Keiki

Hōʻano hou i nā resin-beended a iʻole-boke sur gurnd e hoʻonaninani ai i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia Ct9-ct12 (± 0.3-1.2%), hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika, a hōʻemi i ka holoi holoi.

Ua hāʻule nā ​​mea paʻa i ka Ra 3-6 μm, Ke hana pono nei i kēia mau hana no nā'āpana paʻakikī a me nā wahi ākea e hiki ai i ke aniani.

Waiwai kūʻai (Nalowale-wax) Kauhi

Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai, ʻikeʻia e like me ka nalowale-wax, hana i nāʻano likeʻole a me nā paiaʻili me Ct5-ct9 tolerances-kokoke ± 0.1-0.5% (± 0.1-0.5 mm per 100 mm).

Ia Hoʻopau maikaʻi loa (RA 0.8-2.0 μM) a me ka hiki ke mālama i nā kiko'ī maikaʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe (pinepine $ 2,000- $ 10,000 no kēlā me kēia kumu) I Aerospace, olakino, a me nā noi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

Nalowale-wāwae

Nalowale-wāwae E hoʻohui pū i nā hiʻohiʻona i makemakeʻia me ke oneʻole, hāʻawi Ct10-ct13 hiki (± 0.4-1.5%).

Oiai ka pau ana (Ra 4-8 μm) a me ka hāʻuleʻana o ka nohoʻana ma waena o ka'ōmaʻomaʻo ma waena o Green-Sand a me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, ʻO kēiaʻano hana ma ka hanaʻana i ka paʻakikī, nā hui hoʻokahi.

Hui mau-mau & Nā Kūlana Kūlana

Make buring (Wela & ʻO ke keʻena anuanu)

Make buring E hāʻawi i ka mea paʻa e like me nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻiaCt1-ct4, Oole ± 0.05-0.3% o ka dimension (± 0.05-0.3 mm per 100 mm).

E hoʻopau i ka hana maʻamau Ra 0.5-1.5 μm. ʻO nā kumukūʻai kūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (pinepine $ 10,000- $ 200,000 ma kēlā me kēia make) uku i loko ʻO nā manawa wikiwiki e like me ka wikiwiki e like me 15-60 kekona a maikaʻi loa no ka alumini, zinc, a me nā'āpana magnesium.

Ua makeʻo Gravity & ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa

ʻO ka gravity a me keʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea hao hou, hoʻokō Ct2-ct6 aiko (± 0.1-0.5%) me Ra 1-4 μm pau ai.

No ka mea, lawe lākou i nā wikiwiki i nā wikiwiki, ʻO kēia mau hana i hōʻemi i nā pososity a hoʻoikaika i nā mea hana a me nā mea i hanaʻia ma ka hele kaʻa kaʻa a me nā noi noi.

ʻO nā hanaʻenehana kūikawā

ʻO Centricugual kāhea

E nā chinning molds ma 200-2,000 rpm, centrifugal e kahu ana i luna no ka mea i waho, ka hanaʻana i nā pā pie a me nā apo. Ua hāʻuleʻo Radial Tolerance i loko Ct3- ct8 (± 0.1-0.5%).

E hoʻopau pinepineʻia ka lani ma Ra 3-8 μm, a me ke kuhikuhiʻana i nā mea e hoʻonui ai i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā waiwai koʻikoʻi i nā hana kaumaha a me ka piping.

Pōʻai Pūnaewele & Cemic mold canding

Plaster a me ka cerramic chelds-nui i hoʻohana nuiʻia no ka kiʻi, Kōhai, a me nā'āpana liʻiliʻi a me nā'āpana aerospace liʻiliʻi Ct6-ct9 aiko (± 0.2-0.8%) a Ra 2-5 μm pau ai.

ʻOiai ka lohi aʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumu ma mua o ke one, ʻO kēia mau kaʻina hana e hoʻokō pono ai i nā kiko'ī maikaʻi a me nā alloys kūikawā.

5. ʻO ka hikiʻana i nā mea e hiki ai i ke kaʻina hana

I kēia'āpana, Ke hōʻike nei mākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona i hoʻohuiʻia i kēlā me kēia kaʻina hana Iso 8062 Papa ct,

ʻO kāna mau pono linear tolearance (Ma kahi hapa o ka hapai o ka dimension a me nā milimita ma luna 100 mm), a he Lunamakaainana paulapua.

6. ʻO nā kumu e pili ana i ka mālamaʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku

ʻAʻole paʻa nā mea kūʻai aku i nā waiwai o kahi kaʻina hana-hiki iā lākou mai kahi wehewehe paʻakikī, mea hoʻolālā, kaʻina hana, a'āpana'āpana geometry.

Waiwai waiwai

Keʻano o ka metala a iʻole alloy e pili pololei ana i ka shlanction, kūlāhi, a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe.

• Nā helu hoʻohālikelike Thermal: Ua emi nā metals ma ka hōʻoluʻolu. ʻo kahi laʻana:

• • Iron Roil: ~ 1.0%
  • Aluminum alloys: ~ 1.3%
  • ZINC Alloys: ~ 0.7%
  • Kukui Kekuhi: ~ 2.0% (Hoʻololi me nāʻike i ka carbon)

ʻO nā hualoaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa i nā hopenaʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana ma keʻano he mea e ukuʻia e nā mea hana.

• ʻO keʻano kūpono a me keʻano kūpono:

• • Metals me ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (E.g., aluminum, bronze) hoʻopiha piha.
  • ʻO ka hoʻoponopono wikiwiki Ma nā'āpana'āpana a iʻole nā ​​metala haʻahaʻa e hiki ai ke kumu i nā mea hana a me nā paleʻole.

• Nā hopena'ē aʻe:

• • Silikino I ka makeʻana o ka mea hao e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wai akā hoʻonui hou i ka hoʻonuiʻana.
  • Nickel a Chromium hoʻonui i ka paʻaʻana i nā kiki.

Molld a me nā mea hana likeʻole

ʻO ka'ōnaehana mold ka pinepine o ka mea nui loa i hāʻawiʻia i keʻano o ka likeʻole o ka dimesional.

• ʻO ka pololei kūpono:

• • CNC-Machined Loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona i nā mea maikaʻi loa ma mua o ka lima lima lima.
  • E hoʻohana i ka manawa kūpono i ka manawa kūpono-kūikawā i ka nui o ke kauʻana.

• Nā kihiʻihi:

• • Koiʻia e hoʻokuʻu i ka hukiʻana mai ka'ōpū, nā kihi maʻamau:

• • • 1° -3 ° No nā papahele waho
    • 5° -8 ° No nā lua kūloko

• • ʻO ka hoʻolālā nui e hoʻohui i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka dimensional i hoʻololiʻia a pono e heluʻia no.

• ʻO ka piʻiʻana a me ka hoʻonuiʻana:

• • Nā Mold e hoʻopili a hoʻonui i lalo o ka wela, e pili ana i nā mea hana.
  • ʻAi puʻe (I ka makeʻana) uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, Kākoʻo kākoʻoʻana i nā mea kanu.

• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua:

• • ʻO ka haukaleʻa wikiwiki (E.g., ʻO nā Kaula keleawe) minoʻali.
  • Lohi mālie (E.g., ʻO nā cemic a iʻole plaster paha) hiki i nā manawa hou aku no ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana a me ka deformation.

Kaʻina hana

Pehea e nininiʻia ai ka mea hao, ua paʻa, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa nuiʻana i nā dimensional hope loa.

• Ka nininiʻana:

• • Hoʻonui i ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā mold estion a me nā mea hou aku.
  • Ke alakaʻi nei i nā alakaʻi i lalo o ka hoʻopiha pihaʻana i ka pale.

• Gating a me ka hoʻolālāʻana:

• • Hiki i ke aloha maikaʻi ke hōʻeha i ka turbulence a me ka komoʻana o ka ea, e alakaʻi ana i ka poosity a me ka distorthition.
  • ʻAʻole lawa i nā hopena o nā ala i hala ma nā chevik i nā chevik e hōʻemi i ka kūpaʻa geometric.

• ʻO ka hoʻokele wikiwiki a me ka mana paʻa:

• • Nāʻenehana e like me lihuli, kūhewaʻi, a E kāohi i nā wahiʻoluʻolu kōkua iā refine damensional pololei.
  • I nā'āpana kiko'ī, Hiki i ke ala kūpono ke kumu ʻO ka shrinkageʻokoʻa a Kākoʻo.

• 'Āpana'āpana a me ka paʻakikī:

• • Nā'āpana likeʻole, hopena i ka nui o ka nui o ka palaoa a me ka nui o ka mana dimensional.
  • ʻO nā geometx paʻakikī me nā pale o nā pā pōhaku nā wahi wela a nā kaumaha kūloko, e pili ana i keʻano hope.

Hapa'āpana a me ka geometry

Hoʻonui nui i nā wahi nui i nāʻano he nui a me nā mechanical, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui nuiʻana:

• A 1000 mm cetel bream Hiki iā Vary ± 3-5 mm, oiai a 100 Mahele Mum Anulinim hiki ke mālama i ka ± 0.1 mm me ka hoʻopukapuka kālā.
• ʻO nā'āpana Asymmetrical e hoʻomaha pinepine ai ma muli o ke kaheʻana o ka ulia a me ke kaheʻole.
• Hoʻohui 'ana ʻO ka papa lole lole Uniform, nā iwi iʻa, a Nā Palapala Kūlana Hoʻonui i ka wānana dimensional.

ʻO ka papaʻaina (nā mea nui & Nā hopena maʻamau

Hānō	ʻO ka hopena maʻamau ma keʻano
Shrhin shleching o nā mea	+0.7% i +2.5% ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana mai ka mold dimension
ʻO ka pololei kūpono (Ma manual ma cnc)	± 0.5 mm i ±-0 mm loli
ʻO ka koi koi	Hoʻohui 0.1-1 mm per 100 mm o ka hohonu
Ka nininiʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana (± 50 ° C)	A hiki i ± 0.2 mm dimensional shift
Nā Kūlana Kahiwa	Hiki ke kumu i ± 0.3-0.6 mm uttortion
Hoʻolaha hoʻonō (ʻO ke Kalepa Mīkini)	± 0.1 mm i ± 1.0 mm e hilinaʻi ana ma luna o nāʻano mod

7. ʻAeʻia i loko o keʻano o ka hoʻolālā a me nā hoʻolālā mold

E hoʻokō i nā hana hope, Kūkuluʻia nā mea hoʻolālā i nāʻokoʻa kiko'ī:

• ʻAeʻia: E hoʻohui i 1.0-1.3 mm per 100 MM no aluminim, 1.0 mm / 100 mm no ka hao.
• Draftʻae: 1° -3 ° ka helu ma ka maka.
• Machinaʻaeʻia: 1-3 mm (hilinaʻi i ke kaʻina hana a me nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi).
• Kauhai & Haole: ʻO nā 0.5-1.0 mm i nā paia i nā paia i nā paia e pale ai i ka paleʻana i ka pale a me ka distortion.

Ma meticulolyly Ke noi nei i kēia mau waiwai, hōʻoia ka mīkini i nā mea e like me ka mea e pili ana i nā mea e pili ana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i loko o ka puka aniani i makemakeʻia.

8. Hoʻolālā no ke kāohiʻana

Hoʻolālā kūpono ho'ēmi i ka gap ma waena o nā mea e like me ka wā e hele ai a hoʻopau i nā dimensional:

• Kokoke i kahi kokoke: Manaʻo e hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona i loko o ± 10% o ka nui o ka nui, hoʻemi i ka mīkini ma 70%.
• Gd&T pilis: E hoʻopili i nā pale paʻa wale nō i nā interfaces koʻikoʻi; Eʻae i nā mea kūʻai aku CT-papa inoa ma nā wahi ākeaʻole.
• Nā Kūlana Goetethe: E hoʻohana i nā hehena maikaʻi (>1 MM Radius), ʻO ka papa lole lole Uniform (≤10 mm loli), a me nā'āpana paʻa i kauʻia e kaupalenaʻia.

Pela Hoʻolālā hoʻolālā hoʻolālā kōkua i nā mea kūʻai aku e hele mai ana i kā lākou helu geometry, ka mālamaʻana i ke kumukūʻai a me keʻano.

9. Ka nānāʻana a me ka hōʻoia maikaʻi

Cmms, Nā Scanner Laser, a me nā'ōnaehana ct e hiki ai i ka rapid, Ke ana nui-density:

• Vernier & Micunetike: ʻO nā loiloi wikiwiki "i nā loiloi" no ka hōʻoia mua.
• Cmm / chonic scanning: Piha piha i nā hiʻohiʻona cad; ʻO ka maopopoʻole: ± 0.005 mm.
• Ct scanning: Hōʻoia i nā geometries kūloko, ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana, a me nā lole ākea ākea.

Pono nā hoʻolālā maikaʻi Hōʻike mua (Holo), PPAP No ka automotive, Oole Aql Kauhane (E.g., Aql 1.0) No ka holoʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

Root-sente loiloi nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā greenivers-inā paha ma muli o ka shift, kūlike kalewa kala, a iʻole keʻano.

10. ʻO ke kaʻina hana Statistical

E helu i ka hikiʻana o kāu hana e hui ai:

• Ke helu nei Kepana (kaʻina hana) a Cpk (Ke kaʻina hana) Nā waiwai waiwai; Manaʻo no CP ≥1.33 a CPK ≥1.0 No ka hoʻokeleʻana o Robust.
• Hoʻohana Spc nā hiʻohiʻona e nānā ai i nā pale pale pale: ʻO ka paʻakikīʻo Mold, ka nininiʻana, a me nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻekiʻe.
• Hana Doe (Hoʻolālā o nā hoʻokolohua) e hoʻomaopopo i nā mea nui a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke alohaʻana, Palapala Moho, a me nā uku hōʻoluʻolu.

11. Hopena

ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku i nā tolerances e hōʻike ai koʻikoʻi Niness o ka hoʻolālāʻana, ke kaʻina hana, a me kaʻoiaʻiʻo maoli.

E nā hoʻoholo i loko Iso 8062 Nā Manaʻo CT, e ae ana me Nadca Oole Sfsa koi, a hui kūpono Nā Kūlana Kūʻai, Hiki i nā mīkini a me nā hanana ke hāʻawi i nā'āpana e hālāwai me nā pahuhopu a me nā pahuhopu kālā.

Eia hou, ikaika nānā, Ka Hōʻulu kikowaena, a Ke kū nei i nāʻenehanaʻenehana-From 3d-props i paʻiʻia i ka simulation i ka manawa maikaʻi loa-manawa e like me nā mea e like me nā mea e hoʻopili ai i ka manika.

Lākahi, ʻO ka hoʻolālā Tolerance kūpono e hōʻoia i nā mea i hoʻopauʻia e nā mea i kauʻia mai ka hale kūʻai ma mua, i ka manawa, ma ke kālā, a i loko o kahi kiko'ī.