Astm A352 mau mea kūʻai aku

1. Hōʻikeʻike

In engineering environments where sub-zero performance is critical, ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hilinaʻi waiwai.

ASTM A352 is a widely recognized specification developed by ASTM International that addresses this very concern—covering hoolei kalapona a me na kila haahaa manaoia no ka nui o nā'āpana e hana ana ma kūlana lawelawe haʻahaʻa wela.

Pono kēia mau kila i nā ʻoihana e like me LNG, CRERETRACESS, aila aila, a me ka mana, kahi i hiki ʻole ai ke kūʻai aku i ka pono mechanical ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi anuanu.

Hāʻawi kēia ʻatikala i kahi loiloi piha o ASTM A352, e ʻimi ana i kāna mau loina metallurgical, nā koina mechanical, noi, a me nā hopena hana

e kākoʻo i nā ʻenekinia, Nā'Ilei, a me nā ʻoihana kūʻai ma ka hana ʻana i nā koho mea ʻike.

2. Ka laulā a me ke kumu o ka ASTM A352

ASTM A352 uhi nā mea hoʻolei no nā ʻāpana paʻa paʻa i hoʻolālā ʻia e hana ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa iho a hiki i -50°F (-46° C) a haʻahaʻa paha, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka papa.

Hoʻopaʻa ia i ka mālama ʻana o ke kila kila i ka ductility, paʻakikī, a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ka haʻihaʻi haʻihaʻi i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai kēia mau kaiapuni koi.

ʻAʻole like me ASTM A216 (no na kila kalapona i hooleiia) a i ʻole A351 (no nā hoʻolei kuhili austenitic kūpaʻa i ka corrosion), Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo A352 i nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia ʻelua me ASME SA352, kūpono ia no ka moku kaomi a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā code paipu.

3. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā helu ASTM A352

Loaʻa i ka ASTM A352 kahi laulā o hoʻolei kalapona a me haʻahaʻa-alloy kila māka i hana pono ia no lawelawe haʻahaʻa wela i nā ʻāpana paʻi.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma luna o kinohi, ʻO ka hana mechanication, a kūlana lawelawe.

Hoʻohui nui ʻia kēia mau māka i loko Nā Kahu Pūnaewele, nā puʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a Martesetitic Stainlele, ua hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia e hoʻokō i nā koi hana kikoʻī.

Aia ma lalo kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā helu ASTM A352 maʻamau:

Palapala Helu UNS

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia papa ASTM A352 kahi mea like Pūnaehana helu hui (Kā mākou) ka inoa no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka traceability a me ka standardization alloy:

• Lca – UNS J03000
• Lcb – UNS J03001
• Lcc – UNS J03002
• Ca6nm – US J91540

Hoʻohālikelike i nā Kaulike Wrought

ʻOiai ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ASTM A352 kiola Nā huahana, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o kāna mau māka nā kikoʻī kila kila hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi like. ʻo kahi laʻana:

• A352LCC pili like ASTM A350 LF2 (hao kalapona forged)
• Ca6nm ua like me ka hana ʻana i ka metallurgically 13-4 kila kohu ʻole (AISI 410 me Ni)

4. Koi Kemika

Hōʻuluʻulu ka papaʻaina i nā pae haku mele maʻamau:

Ka Hoʻoikaika o nā ʻElemu Alloying i ka ʻOʻoleʻa Haʻahaʻa Haʻahaʻa

• KālekaʻAʻI (0.24–0.32%): ʻO ke kaulike ma waena o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī; kalapona nui loa (> 0.32%) hiki ke hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī a hoʻemi i ka ikehu Charpy ma −50 °F a ma lalo.
• Mang kāne (0.60-1.10%): Hoʻoikaika i ka deoxidation i ka wā e hoʻoheheʻe ai a kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika paʻa.
  Kōkua pū ʻo Mn i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hui ʻana o ka pearlite/pearlitic-ferrite i ka wā mālama wela, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī.
• Nickel (1.00-2.00%) (LCB-CR wale nō): Hoʻonui nui ka Nickel ka hoʻololi ʻana (NDT hoʻololi) ma ka māhele hoʻololi o Charpy, ʻae i nā kila e mālama i ka hana ductile i nā mahana haʻahaʻa.
• Chromium (0.25–0.50%) ʻo Mybdelum (0.25–0.50%): Hoʻohui kēia mau mea i ka hana kaʻauhuiʻo Carkedes (Cr₇C₃, Mo₂C) e hoʻopaneʻe i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa i ka wā mālama wela a hoʻomaikaʻi Kālā paʻakikī,
  ma laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikaika tensile a me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• Vanadium (0.05–0.15%): Hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe palaoa ikaika ma o ka hana ʻana i nā wai VC maikaʻi, ʻO ia ka mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i nā palena o ka palaoa austenite i ka wā o ka hoʻolei ʻana a me ka mālama wela.
  ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa (ASTM 6–8) pili pololei me ka ikehu Charpy V-notch kiʻekiʻe ma nā mahana cryogenic.

5. Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele

ʻO ka Density a me ka Thermal Conductivity

• Huakai: Aneane 7.80 g / cm³ (0.283 lb / in³) no nā papa A352 a pau, mai ka hoʻohui ʻana (Mo, I, Cr, V) he mea liilii (≤ 3% huina).
• Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua:

• • E like me-lawe: ~ 30 W / m · c · k a 20 ° C.
  • Hana maʻamau: Hoemi iki (~ 28 W / m · c · k) ma muli o ke ʻano o ka palaoa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me nā carbide maʻemaʻe.
  • Ka hopena Cryogenic: Ma −100 °C, piʻi haʻahaʻa ka conductivity (i ~ 35 W / m · c · k) no ka mea, e emi ana ka phonon scattering,
    hiki ke lilo i mea pono no nā noi e koi ana i ka hoʻoili wela wikiwiki (E.g., nā kīwī cryogenic).

Ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka (Cte) ma Cryogenic Temperatures

• Cte (20 °C a i −100 °C): ~ 12 × 10-° C
• Cte (−100 °C a i −196 °C): ~ 11 × 10-° C

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kila kuhili ʻole austenitic (≈ 16 × 10-° C), Hōʻike ke kila kila A352 i ka hoʻonui wela haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha me nā mea me nā CTE like (E.g., Nā Kahu Pūnaewele).

Pono nā mea hoʻolālā e noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻonui ʻokoʻa i ka wā e male ai me aluminum Oole liulaala alloys, ʻoi loa i nā noi cryogenic.

6. Na Mea Mechanical o ka ASTM A352 Steel Steels

ʻO nā kila kila ASTM A352 i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia no nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a i ʻole cryogenic.. ʻOkoʻa iki nā ʻano mekini ma waena o nā māka e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kemika a me nā kaʻina hana wela. Aia ma lalo kahi hoʻohālikelike o kekahi mau māka A352 maʻamau.

Nā Pono Mechanical maʻamau ma ka papa

Nā memo no nā papa kūikawā

• Ca6nm: Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā turbines hydroelectric, nā kino valve, a me na pahu pahu no kona maikaʻi cavitation kū'ē, wawahua, a hopena paʻakikī i nā mahana subzero.
• CA15: Hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hopena ma mua o CA6NM, e hana ana i kahi kūpono no nā kaiapuni haʻahaʻa.
• Cf8m (316 kaulike): ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia he ʻāpana maʻamau o A352, ua hoolei pinepine ia malalo ASTM A743 a hoʻohana ʻia ma corrosive akā ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa ka wela Kūlike.
• Cd4mcun: ʻO kahi papa stainless duplex me ke koena ikaika o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, ikaika, a me ka hana hopena; kūpono no nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi e like me nā hāʻina chloride.

7. Nā Kaʻina Hoʻolei a me ka hana ʻana o nā kila kila ASTM A352

Ka Manawa Hoolei

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kila kila ASTM A352 me ka hoʻohana ʻana Sand cread Oole Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai, me ke koho ma muli o ka paʻakikī, nui, a me ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka ʻāpana.

• Sand cread: ʻO kēia ke ala maʻamau no ka hana ʻana i nā kino valve nui, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, a me nā flanges i kuhikuhi ʻia ma lalo o ASTM A352.
  Hāʻawi ia i ka maʻalahi no nā ʻano paʻakikī a me nā ʻāpana mānoanoa.
  Akā naʻe,, pono ia i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā mea mold a me ka ninini ʻana i nā ʻāpana e hōʻemi i nā hemahema e like me ka porosity a me ka shrinkage.
• Kāhaka kūʻai kūʻai: No ka liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā ʻāpana e koi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka pololei, Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻolei kālā i kekahi manawa.
  Hāʻawi kēia ʻano hana i ka liʻiliʻi o nā hemahema o ka hoʻolei ʻana a e hōʻemi ana i nā haʻawina machining, ʻoiai ma nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka mālama wela

Ma hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana, ʻO nā kila ASTM A352 e hoʻopaʻa ʻia hana maʻamau a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana No ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā waiwai o ka mīkini:

• Hana maʻamau: Hana maʻamau ma 900-950 ° C, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke ʻano o ka palaoa, E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha kūloko, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī.
• Huhū: Hoʻokō ʻia ma 600-700 ° C, ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kaupaona ʻana i ka ikaika a me ka ductility ʻoiai e hōʻemi ana i ka brittleness.
• Hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia nā pōʻai mālama wela a hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kikoʻī ASTM a no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical like ʻole i ka hoʻolei ʻana..

Ka matching a me ka pauʻana

Ma muli o nā geometries paʻakikī, e hoʻolei i nā ʻāpana ASTM A352 e koi pinepine Machimen e hoʻokō i nā ana hope a me nā hoʻomanawanui. Hoʻopili kēia:

• Cnc iching no na noho kiwi, flanges, a me nā ili hoʻopaʻa koʻikoʻi.
• Nā mea kino kino e like me ka wili ʻana a me ka polishing e hoʻoikaika i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka hana sila.
• Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻāpana mīkini ma muli o ke kila kila a me ka paʻakikī e hōʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu o ka mea hana a me nā hemahema o ka ʻili.

8. Pōmaikaʻi a me nā palena o ka ASTM A352 Cast Steels

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kila kila ASTM A352 i nā noi koʻikoʻi kahi ikaika, paʻakikī, a he mea nui ke kū'ē i ka embrittlement haʻahaʻa wela.

ʻO nā pono o ka ASTM A352 Cast Steels

ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka ʻinoʻino haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa

Nā māka ASTM A352—ʻoi aku ka LCA, Lcb, a me LCC—ua hoʻolālā ʻia no ka lawelawe cryogenic a me ka sub-zero.

Me ka liʻiliʻi Charpy V-notch hopena ikehu koi o 27 J ma −46°C, ʻO kēia mau mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka paʻa o ke kūkulu ʻana a hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka haki ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi.

Paʻa Paʻi maikaʻi loa

Ma muli o ko lākou ikaika mechanical a me ka ductility, Ua kūpono nā kila hoʻolei A352 no ka nui o nā'āpana, e like me nā valves, Pumps, a me nā flanges.

Hāʻawi pū nā papa e like me CA6NM i ka ikaika hoʻonui (>550 Mpa), kākoʻo i nā hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana kiʻekiʻe.

Maikaʻi Castability

Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī A352 kiola mea kila, e ʻae ana i nā geometries paʻakikī a me ka hana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻupena.

ʻO kēia maʻalahi e hōʻemi i ka pono no ka mīkini nui a hiki i ka hana ʻana i nā ala i loko a i ʻole nā ​​hale i hiki ʻole ke hana i ka mīkini..

Intertility ma waena o nāʻoihana

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻoheheʻe A352 i nā ʻāpana like ʻole-me ka aila & aila, petrochemimical, mana pā'āʻu,

a me nā cryogenics-no ko lākou hilinaʻi mechanical, dimensional pololei, a me ka hana ma nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha.

Corrosion a kau i ke kū'ē (i nā Papa Alloyed)

E like me nā helu Alloy Ca6nm hāʻawi i kahi hui o Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion a ʻoʻoleʻa haʻahaʻa (200–260 HBW),

hana ia lakou i kupono no ka lawelawe ana ma pāū, ACIDIC, a iʻole nā ​​mea paʻakai, e like me nā mea hana ma lalo o ke kai a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kanu kemika.

Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana

Ke alakaʻi ʻia nei e Nā kūlana ASTM, Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau hoʻolei ʻana i nā mana koʻikoʻi - e uhi ana i ka mālama wela, kinohi, a me ka ho'āʻo mechanical-e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ka hilinaʻi honua a me ka traceability.

Ka palena o ka ASTM A352 Cast Steels

Nā hemahema a me nā ʻano like ʻole

E like me kekahi hana hoolei, Nāʻuala, Potiwale, Oole Nā Hoʻohui hiki mai paha. ʻO kēia mau hemahema, inā ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hana mechanical.

ʻO nā ʻano nānā kiʻekiʻe e like me lekiō a me ka hoʻāʻo ultrasonic koi pinepine ʻia no nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi.

'O'ole'a ha'aha'a i ho'ohālikelike 'ia me nā mea i ho'opalekia

ʻOiai ka ductility maikaʻi, hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā kila kila ʻoʻoleʻa haʻihaʻi haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea like i kālai ʻia a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha ma muli o ke ʻano o ka palaoa a me nā hemahema hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia.

Hiki i kēia ke kaupalena i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā wahi luhi luhi koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ka nānāʻana i ka wela wela

Pono hana maʻamau a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana pono e hoʻokō i nā pono mechanical pono.

Hiki ke alakaʻi i ka mālama wela kūpono ʻole a i ʻole like ʻole ʻO ke kaumaha noho, Kauhai, a iʻole microcracking-ʻoi aku i ka mānoanoa a paʻakikī paha.

Nā hopohopo WELD

Kekahi mau helu, ʻoi aku nā kila i hoʻohui ʻia (E.g., Ca6nm), pono nā kaʻina hana wiliwili paʻa, me ka hoʻomāhana mua, ʻO ka hana wela wela (Pwht),

a koho metala piha e pale aku i ka embrittlement a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.

Limited Corrosion Resistance in Carbon Grades

Nā papa e like me LCA, Lcb, a ua kaupalena ʻia ke kū ʻana o ka corrosion i loko o ka LCC.

Pono pinepine lākou Nā pāpale, lioni, Oole pale waho ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi a i ʻole no ka lawelawe lōʻihi.

Cost Considerations in Alloyed Versions

Loaʻa nā māka kiʻekiʻe e like me CA6NM a i ʻole LC3 hoʻonui kālā ma muli o nā mea hoʻohuihui (Cr, I, Mo) a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻolei a me ka wela.

9. Nā noi a me nā hihia hihia

Cryogenic Vessels and LNG Storage

• LCB a me LCC Nā Kino Valve:

• • Lng koi 'ia nā kiwikā e noho ductile ma −162 °C (−260 °F).
    ʻOiai ʻaʻole hōʻoia ka helu CVN −100 °F o LCC i ka ductility piha ma −260 °F, Hāʻawi ia i kahi palena palekana ma luna o ka hoʻololi brittle-ductile.
  • Kālā Kū'ē Manaʻo: Ua pani kahi pahu LNG ma ʻEulopa ʻĀkau i nā kino valve A216 WCB (i haki ʻia i ka wā hoʻāʻo cooldown) me A352 LCC hoolei.
    Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia nā māwae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma hope 500 nā pōʻai wela.

Pono & Aila: Nā Vilves, Flanges, and Couplings

• OHUA OUKA (H₂S Kaiapuni):

• • LCB-CR hoolei ana me 1.5% I, 0.35% Cr, a 0.30% Hōʻike ʻo Mo i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻūhā koʻikoʻi sulfide (SSC).
  • Kālā Kū'ē Manaʻo: Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā hui poʻo wai ma waho o ke Kai ʻĀkau 13% Cr kila kila i ka LCB-CR no kekahi mau mea haʻahaʻa,
    e hoemi ana i ke kumu kuai waiwai e 20% me ka kaumaha ʻole i ka hoʻokō kinoea ʻawaʻawa (Nace Mr0175).

Mana pā'āʻu: Steam and Boiler Components

• Na Hale Pum Wai Hanai:

• • Ke hana nei ma −20 °C a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, Ua pani ka LCB i nā hale flanged A216 WCB kahiko.
    Ua hopena i ka 30% HE KAHAI HAim ANA a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola luhi ma muli o ka microstructure maikaʻi.
  • Kālā Kū'ē Manaʻo: Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi mea hoʻomohala hui pū ʻana ma Iapana i nā ʻāpana ʻāʻī ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​hemahema o ka neʻe ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hauʻoli no nā kino pahu koko turbine A352 LCB..

Petrochemical Reactors and Pressure Vessels

• Nā Pumps Liquid Ethylene Pumps:

• • Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea kanu Ethylene a pākī i ka ethylene ma −104 °C.
    Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā pahu pahū LCC i ka palena kūpono ma luna o ka −73 °C palapala hōʻoia, mālama i ka ikehu Charpy o 20 J a −104 °C i ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu.
  • Kālā Kū'ē Manaʻo: A U.S. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka paʻakikī ethylene o Gulf Coast i nā nozzles reactor LCC.
    Luna 150,000 hola o ka lawelawe ʻana me ka haki ʻole, ʻoiai i ka wā i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻia a hiki i −50 °C i koi ʻia i ka wā mālama.

10. Comparison to Other Standards

Ke koho ʻana i nā mea no nā noi koʻikoʻi, ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā kila kila ASTM A352 i nā kūlana kūpono ʻē aʻe.

11. Emerging Trends and Future Developments

Advanced Metallurgy: Cleaner Steelmaking and Grain Refinement

• Microalloying me Niobium (Nb) a me ka Titanium (No):

• • Nb a me Ti puka (Nb,No)C ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka V wale nō, e alakaʻi ana ASTM 9–10 ka nui o ka palaoa i loko o ka hoolei ʻana i ka ʻāpana nui.
  • Hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī cryogenic (CVN ≥ 30 J ma −100 °F no LCC) hōʻike ʻia i nā hoʻokolohua prototype.

• Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Vacuum Arc (ʻO kā mākou):

• • No nā hoʻolei nukili koʻikoʻi a hohonu-cryogenic, Hoʻopau ka VAR i nā kinoea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻemi i ka ʻike i hoʻokomo ʻia i < 1 ppm- ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻāpana kokoke-impervious me CVN > 45 J at −150 °F (−100 °C).

Mea hoʻohuiʻaha (AmU) for Low-Temperature Steel Components

• Electron-Beam hehee (Ebm) a ʻO ke kohoʻana i ke kohoʻana (Slm) o nā pauka Nickel–Iron–Chromium e ʻae i ka hana ʻano liʻiliʻi,
  nā mea hoʻohālikelike (E.g., nā hale ʻike cryogenic) hana maʻamau mai ka hoʻoheheʻe A352.
• Hoʻolei ʻia ʻo Hybrid–AM: Me ka hoʻohanaʻana AM e hana i na poni me ka conformal cooling channels e hoʻolalelale i nā manawa pōʻaiapili a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka homogeneity microstructural i nā castings.
  Hōʻike nā hoʻāʻo ʻo Foundry i ka emi ʻana o ka porosity a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka CVN e 15 %.

Digital Casting: Simulation and Quality Control

• Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūʻai (Cfd):

• • ʻO ka hoʻolālā gating virtual e hoʻonui i ke kahe metala, e hoemi ana i na hemahema pili kupikipikio.
  • wanana o Mālama a Potiwale me ka hoʻohanaʻana ʻānai ʻeleʻele palena (Fea).

• Nānā Manawa maoli:

• • Hoʻopololei nei thermocouple a nā transducers kaomi i nā molds hāʻawi koke i ka manaʻo no ka ninini ʻana i ka mahana a me ke kaomi, e ʻae ana i ka mana pani pani e hoʻoponopono i nā anomalies ma ka lele.

• Aʻo Mīkini (ML) no ka wanana defect:

• • ʻO nā algorithms ML i aʻo ʻia ma ka ʻikepili hoʻolei mōʻaukala e wānana i nā hoʻolei hewa (> 90% pololei) ma muli o nā hoʻokomo sensor manawa maoli (gradient mahana, kaomi pāpaʻi, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka umu).

Novel Coatings and Surface Treatments for Extreme Environments

• Nanocomposite nā uhi:

• • Ti-Al-N a Crn Hoʻohana ʻia nā uhi PVD i nā ʻaoʻao kūloko o ka hoʻolei ʻana o A352 300 % ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻino ʻana i nā kahe kinoea cryogenic i loko o nā mea ʻāpana.

• Na Laina Epoxy Hoola Ponoi:

• • Hoʻohui ʻia o mea ho'ōla microencapsulated e hoʻokuʻu i nā polymers ma luna o ka hana micro-crack, ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pinhole ma ka paipu cryogenic me ka mālama ʻole ʻana i ka lima.

• ʻO ka carbon-like carbom (Dlc):

• • ʻO ka uhi ʻana o DLC ma nā ʻaoʻao impeller pump e hōʻemi i ka friction a me ka cavitation i nā pamu LNG, e hooloihi ana i ka MTBF e 40%.

12. Hopena

ʻO ka ASTM A352 kahi kikoʻī waiwai koʻikoʻi no nā ʻenekini e hoʻolālā ana i nā ʻāpana i hōʻike ʻia i ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe..

Inā paha i loko o kahi pahu cryogenic LNG a i ʻole kahi kahua ma waho o Arctic, Nā māka A352 e like me LCC, Lcb, a CA6NM hāʻawi i ka ikaika, paʻakikī, a me ka hilinaʻi i koi ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana hou.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāna mau nuances metallurgical, Pono nā koi, a me ka pili pili, Hiki i nā poʻe ʻoihana ʻoihana ke koho me ka hilinaʻi a kuhikuhi i ka papa hoʻolei kūpono no ka palekana, ʻO ka hana lōʻihi.

 

FaqS

What is ASTM A352 used for?

Hoʻohana mua ʻia ʻo ASTM A352 no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kila kila e like me nā valves, Pumps, a me nā moku kaomi i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka lawelawe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a cryogenic paha.

ʻO kona paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika e kūpono ia no ka koi ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻoihana e like me ka hoʻoili kemika a me ka hana mana.

Can ASTM A352 castings be welded?

ʻAe, Hiki ke wili ʻia nā kila kila ASTM A352.

ʻO ka hoʻomehana mua kūpono, ka hoʻomalu mahana inter-pass, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela ma hope o ka weld e mālama i nā waiwai mechanical a pale i ka haki ʻana.

Are ASTM A352 cast steels corrosion resistant?

Hāʻawi nā kila ASTM A352 i ke kūpaʻa corrosion haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili a i ʻole ka uhi ʻana, ma muli o ke kaiapuni lawelawe.