1. Hōʻikeʻike
Nalowale-wax (waiwai kūʻai) Ua kohoʻiaʻo Casting i kahi ʻO ka geometry paʻakikī, ʻO ka hoʻopau maikaʻi, ʻO ka mana paʻa paʻa, a hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻolei i nā alaloa kiʻekiʻe nā koi nui.
ʻO nā noi noi mai nā mea nani a me nā kiʻi a iʻole i ka aerospace Turbine, NA KEKI ANA, nā hua'ōlelo a me nā'āpana pākuʻi, a me nā meaʻokoʻa a me nā'āpanaʻona.
ʻO nāʻano o ka chemistry (Silica-Sol, wai-aniani, Hohu), nā mea hoʻohālike (ʻO nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa / medium / kiʻekiʻe / kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe a me nā pale kaua), a me ka lewa (Haua / inert) ʻAe i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā koi no ka pono o ka fidelity, ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana, a me ka hui pūʻana.
ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku i ka hoʻokele waiwai ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me kekahi mau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-nui-Voluum kahi i koho ai (Kākau, Maching mai ka billet, make buring) ʻaʻole hiki ke hālāwai me nā pono geometry a me nā pono.
2. No ke aha e koho ai i nā mea kūʻai aku-wax?
ʻO nā ikaika ikaika e lilo ai i nalowale i ka wana:
- ʻO ka hopena kokoke loa - nā pale kūloko, nā iwi'ōpala, ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohui e hōʻemi ai i kaʻaha a me ka machining.
- ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi loa a me nā kiko'ī - maʻamau e like me kaʻili: Silluca-Sol Hos Walls ≈ 06-3 μM R; nā wai aniani-wai ≈ 2.5-8 μm ra.
- Dimensional pololei - nā mea hana maʻamau ± 0.1-0.3% o nā koho no nā'āpana he nui; ʻO nā'āpana koʻikoʻi nā mea nui.
- Loaʻa ka waiwai - Kākau, meaʻole, Duplex, Nā kiki, Nickel-base superaralloys, Alloys Kekahi, Titanium, ʻO nā koho balota a koho a koho i nā alloys aluminum.
- ʻO ka pā o ka pā - ka liʻiliʻi o ka pākuʻiʻana i nā pā ākea ākea mai ~ 0.3-0.5 mm (Kōhai) a i 1.0-1.5 mm No ka hoʻolahaʻana i nāʻenehana; ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa nā'āpana thiker.
- Hiki i ka hiki ke hele i nā alloys paʻakikī - Me nā silica-Sol Sillica, ʻO ka hakahaka / i loko a me ka hanaʻana a me nā kāmela a ke kāwele, ʻO nā alloys hou (Titanium, Ni mau anal) hiki ke kūpono.
- E hana hou a me nāʻoihana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi -ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka mea hana (make wax) a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e ka pōkole pōkole a me ka rapid npi i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā hiʻohiʻona paʻi.
3. ʻOihana-e-ʻoihana - nā haʻawina o ka nalowale i nalowale-wax
Nalowale-wax casting hoʻohanaʻia ma kahi o nā geometry paʻakikī, ʻO ka hoʻopau maikaʻi, ʻO ka Alloy Flexibility a me nā mea paʻa i hāʻawiʻia i ka hana a iʻole ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai.
AerERPPACE & ʻO ka hau hau
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
nāʻili o nā turbine a me nā vale (liʻiliʻi & Mid-nui), Nā Kūlana No'ōlelo, nā hui hoʻohui, Nā Hale Hana Huakaʻi, Nā pale liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
No ke aha e kūʻai aku nei:
hiki ke hana i nāʻano Aerofoil me nā paia a me nā paka i loko, ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me nā mea hoʻonani nicokel a me keʻano o ke alaloa-sendidification / crystal variants, a me nā mana maikaʻi loa (nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka hoʻopiliʻana i keʻano grain).
Nā Kūlana maʻamau & Nā Kūleʻa Kūlike:
Nā mea ola e pili ana (Actoel, Nā'āpana René) - silica-sol shells me ka pā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe; ʻO nā kaʻina hana hoʻokahi-crystal e hoʻohana i nā code ceremic kūikawā a me nā mea kākau.
ʻO ka hanaʻana i ka hakahaka / e ninini ana a me ka pana lima.
Ka hana nui & aiko:
nā helu he nui mai nā haneli i nā tausani he nui i kēlā me kēia hapa; ʻO nā pā'ālua nui o ka post; ʻO nā mea i hana pinepineʻiaʻo Dimensional ± 0.05-0.15% No nā helehelena arodynamic. E hoʻopau i nā hopena: ≈0.6-2 μm ra (Silica-Sol).
Qa / Hoʻokaʻaʻike No nā Kuhi:
Ct / x-ray, Pūnaewele Mekolupa, Ke ho'āʻo neiʻo Mechanical Coupon, ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana o Creep / Rupture, a me ka manawa pinepine no nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe a iʻole nā'āpana koʻikoʻi.
Pono ka hoʻolālā no ka shrik, Wahi a kahi, a post-e hoʻolei ana i ka hana wela wela.
Mana pā'āʻu & Turbochinery (Kahahana)
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
Nā pale Turbine Steam, Nāila liʻiliʻi, nā'āpana nozzle, ʻO nā mea nui, nā kumu no nā lawelawe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
No ke aha e nalowale ana:
pono no nā ala kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā ala ākea ākea; ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku i ka waiwai kūʻai aku e hiki ai i nā mea e pili ana i ka Aerodynamics a me kaʻaha hoʻemiʻana.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
Ni a co ceperalys, ʻO kekahi mau mea waiwai a me ka cobort alloys - Silica-Sol makemakeʻia no ke kūpaʻaʻana; Ua hoʻohanaʻo Hybrid.
Hoʻohana & Qa:
medium i nā helu kiʻekiʻe i kēlā me kēia papahana OEM, He hilinaʻi koʻikoʻi ma Ndt (hoʻoili pūnaewele), ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hana i hoʻopiliʻia (solution / makahiki). Kahe wai / cfd-driven geometry ceometry maʻamau.
Pono & Aila / Petrochemimical / Subesa
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
ʻO nā kino valve a me nā trim, nā honu, Nā Pūnaewele Subseea, Pūnaewele SticTingts, Nā noho kūʻai Valve, Nā'āpana pā.
No ke aha mai:
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion, ʻO ka paʻakikī o ke kaheʻana i loko, E holo ana nā hana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi-i-medium, a me ka pono no nā mea hou no ka lawelaweʻana i ka lawelawe.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
ʻO Duplex / Super-Duplex Stiint Weal, Makemakeia hell mau, Cu-ni a me Nickel alumides; wai-aniani hoʻohana pinepineʻia no nā hale kūʻai nui, Silica-Sol a iʻole nā luna hybrid no ka paleʻana, Nā papahele kiko'ī. Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo Vacuum no nā'āpana Nickel koʻikoʻi.
Nā hopohopo maikaʻi:
Nā lawelawe waiwai / Nace pono, ʻO ka ho'āʻoʻana o ka hydrostatic, Pmi, radiography / ultrasissic depection, a me ka hoʻolaha pinepineʻana i ka hana wela wela a me ka ho'āʻoʻana.
No ka subea, ʻO ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū a me ka ho'āʻoʻana (Ke kaomiʻana, Nā Hoʻolālā Hōʻailona) noi.
Hoʻolālā Hōʻailona:
E hōʻoia i ka hopena kūpono kūpono no nā wahi wela, E wehewehe i ka hōʻailonaʻana i nā ala machining, a hoʻoholo i nā mea kōkua pososity i mua o ka mua (pinepine <0.5 Vol% no nā'āpana koʻikoʻi).
Olakino & Kāke (Nā manaʻo & Nā Hana Kūlana)
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
nā lāʻau ortthopedic, Nā Kākoʻo, nā lei niho / nā alanui (Kahiki), ʻO nā mea hana e pili ana i nā mea hana, ʻO nā mea maʻi kūpono.
No ke aha mai:
NA WOLLOSSHLATIONSLATIONS (Ti-6al-4v, Co-Cr) koi pono i nā kūlana kūmole, ʻO ka hoʻopau maikaʻi, a i kekahi manawa a iʻole nā papa heʻehā mau no ka osseointegratic.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
Silica-Sol ʻO nā Shells me Zircon / Alnuina mua nā Coats mua no Titanium a me nā mea hou hou; ʻO ka hakahaka a iʻole ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i ka hanaʻana / e ninini ana i ka mandatory no ka titanium.
Regulatory & Qa:
Iso / FDA / E pili ana nā kūlana lapaʻau me ka hoʻokūkū piha - piha piha, ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana, Ke hōʻike nuiʻana a me ka ho'āʻoʻana, a hoʻopauʻia kaʻaoʻao.
Ua hoʻohana pinepineʻiaʻo Hip e hoʻopau i nā hemahema o loko no nā mea kūʻai.
Ka hana nui:
mai kahi'āpana maʻamau benpoke (mea hoʻomanawanui) i mau tausani no nā mea kūʻai maʻamau; ʻO nā mea hana a me ka hoʻopauʻana i ka hoʻopauʻana (ʻO nā maka machined sealing ma kahi e pono ai).
Marine & Shopbuilding
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
hanakai, Paneʻo Streiner, Nā Kūlana Kūʻai, Nā'āpana'āpana, ʻO nā kiʻi kai kai a me nā kino o ke kai.
No ke aha mai:
Nā Kūlana Copop-Base (bronze, Nab, Me ka mai ia makou) a me nā mea alohaʻole e mālama ai i ka corrosioter kai; Hoʻokomo ka mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā papa hana palupalu a me nā geometries integral e hōʻemi i ka cavitation a me nā kauʻana.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
bronze, Me ka mai ia makou, ʻO nā IRCLENT a me DUCCLE IRT; wai-aniani He mea maʻamau nā'āpana no nā'āpana nui, me nā lole mua (Zircon) No nā wahi maloʻo i ka wā e pono ai.
O ka kūlana & Manaʻo:
ʻO ke kaulike e ho'āʻo ana no nā'āpana'āpana, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana a me ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā leʻaleʻa no nā houssings, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana o ka corrosio no ka lawelawe lōʻihi.
Hoʻopau ka lani a me ke kaulike kiʻekiʻe (nā mea hoʻokele holo) he mea koʻikoʻi no nā mea hana.
Pumps, Nā Vilves & Nā lako hana uila
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
Nāwīpū, hanakai, ʻO nā kino valve a me nā trim, bespoke pump stages.
No ke aha mai:
ʻO nā channel o loko, ʻO nā papa hōʻailona paʻa, a me ka corrosioni / erosion-resistant alloys no nā wai ulu. Hoʻololi ka hoʻolimalimaʻana i ka heluʻana i nā'āpana'āpana e ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
nā mea kanu lāʻau (316/317), Duplex, bronze, ke aahu; wai-aniani a iʻole nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia e nā mea i koiʻia ma luna o ka maka.
Hoʻohana & Qa:
ʻO ke kaʻa uila Routine a iʻole Dye-Penetant, nā loiloi dimensional no nā maka hōʻailona, hōʻike paʻakikī, a ke kaheʻana o ka ho'āʻoʻana ma kahi e pili ai. Hoʻolālā no nā mea hana machining a me ka gating he mea pono ia.
Aitompetitive (Huahua palale & Nā hana hana)
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
ʻO nā hale heʻe, ʻO nā leʻaleʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, nā mea hoʻopiʻi, nā brackets kūikawā a me nā'āpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-haʻahaʻa.
No ke aha mai:
aeʻae i nāʻano paʻakikī paʻakikī i nā metala i kūponoʻole no ka make-casting a iʻole kahi e hoʻopili ai i nā maching a me ka paʻaʻana i nā geomet.
Hoʻohana pūʻia no nāʻano liʻiliʻi a me ka prototyping ma o nā hiʻohiʻona paʻi.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
alumini alloys no nā housghs (ka wai-wai a iʻole silica-sop e hilinaʻi i ka kiko'ī), ʻO nā mea aloha a iʻole nā mea e makemake ai no ka hopena a me nā'āpana hana.
Hoʻohana & Nā Makana:
haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kaʻina hana o nā kaʻa; Hoʻohanaʻiaʻo ka mea kūʻai aku i kahi wahi / hana i hana ai. Hoʻohana i nā huliʻana o nā mea wikiwiki wikiwiki.
Nā leka uila, Lako uila & Nā Kūlana RF
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
ʻO RF Wavegude nā mea, nā holoi holoi, Nā Kākoʻo, Nā Kūlana Kūʻai Kūʻai.
No ke aha mai:
kokoke i nā mea hou e pili ana i nā uʻi me nā fins i hoʻohuiʻia, ʻO nā geomet kiʻekiʻe loa no ka hana RF a iʻole ka hōʻoluʻolu. Ua hoʻohana pinepineʻiaʻo Alumini a me ke keleawe maʻamau maʻamau.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
liulaala, aluminum; wai-aniani Nā'āpana no nā'āpana nui, Silica-Sol no nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi.
Hoʻolālā Kūlana:
kaohiʻana o ka dimensional e pili ana i nā mea RF, E hoʻolālā i nā palapala palapala no nā mea pili a me nā papahele e hana ana i nā'āpana'ē aʻe.
Kōhai, Hoʻokikola & Nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni liʻiliʻi
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
apo, nā poʻe Pendants, Nā kīwaha, nā mea hoʻonani liʻiliʻi.
No ke aha mai:
nalowale-wax i hoʻokumuʻia maʻaneʻi - hikiʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā palapala maikaʻi a me nāʻano paʻakikī; ʻO ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no ka hana no ka hana.
Mea waiwai & Nā Lole:
gula, dala, bronze; nā kala haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a Silica-Sol a iʻole nā pale maikaʻi e hopu ai i nā kiko'ī kiko'ī.
O ka kūlana & hoʻopau:
Hiki koke ke hoʻopau ma hope o ka shakeout (aniani); Hoʻopau i ka hana (Pōlani, Wehe) waiho i kahi'āpana o ke kumukūʻai. Hiki i nā pā liʻiliʻi ke hiki <0.5 mm no ka mea nani.
Noiʻi, Pūnaehana & Hoʻohui hoʻohuiʻia
Nā'āpana maʻamau:
Hopoi, ʻO nā koho waiwai / paʻa i hoʻopaʻaʻia, Hoʻokahi-OFFT DESPOKE GRESPWARE.
No ke aha mai:
3Nā pale a nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia a paʻiʻia i nā koho cemic cemic e wehe ana i nā kumukūʻai hana a eʻae i ka hana wikiwiki; ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku i ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i nā unuhi unuhi i paʻiʻia i loko o ka metala.
Alloys & Nā Lole:
ʻO nā alloy kūpono e pili ana i ka noi; Ua hoʻohana maʻamauʻo Hybrid.
Haunaele & kūkaku:
kūpono no ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
Ke alakaʻi alakaʻiʻana i ke alakaʻi
- Koho balota: hoʻohana Silica-Sol no ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana a me ka reactive / reactive / kiʻekiʻe-temp (AerERPPACE, olakino, hualaola);
hoʻohana wai-aniani No ka hoʻokele waiwai, Nā meaʻalaʻo Robust i nā noi kila / hao / mariine;
abopt Hohu Nā Lole (Silica-Sol / RIRCON FAIG + Nā kikowaena wai-wai) Ke makemakeʻoe i kahi maka maikaʻi maikaʻi akā makemake i ka uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā mea ikaika ikaika. - Ke kāohi neiʻo Poosity: E wehewehe i nā mea i koho muaʻia.
No ka momona a iʻole ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā'āpana e koi ai i nā pou recouum, kāʻei, a iʻole kup a wehewehe paha i nā pae ct / x-ray i loaʻa; Kaukai <0.5 vol% No nā'āpana koʻikoʻi ma kahi e hiki ai. - ʻO nā pūnāwai koʻikoʻi & Machimen: E wehewehe mau i nā'āpana kūpono a me nā papa hana ma nā bfq i ka rfq no laila e pale aku ai i nā wahi koʻikoʻi.
E manaʻo i nā mea kanu likeʻole o ± 0.1-0.3% a me ka machining no nā maka hōʻailona a iʻole nā mea i loaʻa. - Hoʻopau i nā manaʻo i nā manaʻo: Silica-Sol ~ 0.6-3 μm ra; wai-aniani ~ 2.5-8 μm ra -ʻO ka hoʻoiliʻana (Machimen, Kāleka, kūhā) hoʻohanaʻia ma kahi e pono ai.
- Māhele nui & Mamano: ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku i ka paleʻana i nā pale maʻamau (Kōhai) E piʻi i nā poʻo o nā kilograms (ʻO nā mea hana waiwai / valves); ʻO nā'āpana nui loa e hiki ai i nā'āpana wai ke aloha a me nā mea i kūkuluʻia i nā wahi.
- Hoʻohui: Ke komo muaʻana me ka loaʻa (No ka gating, Hoʻolālā no ka mālamaʻana, ʻO ka koho koho a me ka hoʻolālā QA) Hoʻemi i nā mea i loaʻa a me kaʻaeʻana.
4. E puka mai ana nā hiʻohiʻona e hoʻonui a hoʻololi i ka wahi noi
- Ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā kumu: Palapala kūʻai / DLP i paʻiʻia i nā pale i paʻiʻia a me nā cinder-jet cemic cores e hoʻopau i nā mea hana no nā holo he nui (ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana, intricate int ins).
Ua hoʻonuiʻia kēia i ka hoʻopukapuka kālā i loko o ka rapid-huli i ka prototyping a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. - ʻO nā'ōnaehanaʻo Hybrid Shell & redicties: nā lole kūloko kūloko (Zircon, Nā Alluna) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana me nā mea hou e hoʻihoʻiʻia i ka wā e hōʻemi ai nā coats i waho.
- Hoʻohui me ka simulation & digital qa: simoice simoice (Magma, KUPONO), ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana o ka Posts Posterity ma ke aʻoʻana a me ka aʻoʻana i ka mīkini no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i nā hana hoʻokolokolo a hoʻonui i ka hua mua.
- Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā melt a me ka degosing tech: ʻO ka hoʻomehanaʻana i keʻano, Hoʻokomoʻiaʻo Argon Degon Degon i nā helu a me nā noi hou i nā noi hou.
- Nā hana hoʻokō: ʻO nā uku hoʻihoʻi muaʻo Wax, recycling recurry, ka hoʻihoʻiʻana o ka ikaika i Burnout, a me ka hoʻohana nuiʻana i nā metala recycled i nā alloys kūpono.
5. Hopena
Nalowale ka mea kūʻai aku-wax i kahi ala hana kūikawā aʻoi aku ka hana maʻamau no ka mea e hoʻohui i ke kūʻokoʻa Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric Geometric, 'lelo nui a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me keʻano nui.
ʻO kāna mau noi e pili ana i kahi e hoʻohui ai kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona i ka waiwai nui loa: ʻO Aerospace a me nā'āpana o ka ikehu o Turbine, NA KEKI ANA, Nā alaloa a me nā pimps, ʻO Marine lāuaʻo Subsea Admreware, mea nani a me nā kiʻi, a me nā mea hoʻohālike o nā automotive.
ʻO New Technologies-nui loa hoʻohui hoʻohui i nā'ōnaehana hana a me nā'ōnaehana holomua, ʻO nā hana hana pōkole a me ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ke kūpaʻa.
No kekahi noi koʻikoʻi e loaʻa ana i ka lanakilaʻana i nā hinges i nā mea e loaʻa ana i keʻano hana, ʻO ke kaʻina hana kūpono, a me kahi kūlike o ka alloy, Shell a me Qa i nā koi o ka lawelawe o nā'āpana.
FaqS
Hiki ke hoʻolilo i ka hoʻopukaʻana i nā'āpana nui loa?
ʻAe - me nā mea hoʻokūkū kūpono a me ka hana lima, Nā Hale Kūʻai Nui Nui (>20-30 kg) hiki ke kūpono, ʻOiai nā wai wai-wai a me nā hale kūkulu hale i hoʻohana pinepineʻia.
No ka nui, ʻO nā'āpana likeʻole o ke kauʻana a iʻole nā molū mau loa e hiki ai i kaʻoihana.
He aha ka nui o ka helu nui e kūpono i ka nalowale-wax?
ʻO ka mea kūʻai aku i ka hoʻokele waiwaiʻana mai nā prototypes mai nā prototypes a hiki i nā helu medium (haneri haneli → he mau tausani tausani).
No nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe o nāʻano maʻalahi, make buring, ʻO ka hoʻopaʻaʻana a iʻole ke kalaʻana i lanakila.
Inā makemake wau e hip?
E wehewehe i ka hip no ka momona-koʻikoʻi, ʻO ka hoʻoikaikaʻana a iʻole nā'āpana aerospace i kahi e liʻiliʻi aiʻo ia. Hoʻomaikaʻi nuiʻia ka hip i ke ola momona a me ka paʻakikī paʻakikī e pani i nā mea paʻa i loko.
ʻO wai ka'ōnaehana makemake e koho ai no Titanium?
Hoʻohana Silica-Sol (cilica Silica) nā lole komo a me nā hakahaka / inert mering / ninini; ʻO nā'āpana wai-wai eʻikeʻoleʻia no ka titanium me kaʻole o nā hana paʻaʻole.
Pehea e hiki ai i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā hiʻohiʻona?
Me nā silica-sol silita-sol a me nā mea hana a nā wax / resin hiki iāʻoe ke loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona <0.5 mm, Akā no ka mea hoʻokele i ka mea i hana i kahi mea e conservate ~ 1.0 mm maʻamau ke kumuʻole nā hōʻike mai nā prototyps i kākoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi.
