1. Hōʻikeʻike
Ui, kaulana pū kekahi e like me keʻano o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, he mea hao hao i kaulana no kona maikaʻi ikaika, kumaikalua, a ʻO ka paleʻana o ka momona, ʻO ka laweʻana i kāna mau kiʻi kiʻi.
I loko o ka Astm A536 Standard, 65-45-12 e hōʻike ana i kahi papa me 65 ka ikaika o ksi tensile, 45 ksi yi yield, a ≥12 % elongation-kahi kaulike kūpono no nā noi he nui.
Hoʻohana nuiʻia kēia mau mea i loko Nā Kūlana Kūlana, Pūnaehana Pūnaewele, Pumps, a mea hana hana Ma muli o kāna hana mechanical hana a me ke kumukūʻai.
2. He aha la 65-45-12 Ui?
65-45-12 Ui he ʻO Ferritic-Sign Nodular ir hao ho'ākākaʻia e ka Astm A536 Kaoaohai.
ʻO nā helu i ka hoʻolālā e pili ana i kāna mea liʻiliʻi loa ikaika ikaika (65 Ksi or 448 Mpa), ka ikaika (45 Ksi or 310 Mpa), a ewangantion (12%), e hōʻike ana i kahi hui kūlike o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka machindability.
ʻAʻole like me ka hina hina, ʻO ka mea e kiʻi ai i ka flake e nāwaliwali i keʻano o keʻano, 65-45-12 Nā hiʻohiʻona hao hao froanceral (Noodular) mooki hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kahi manawa ʻO Ferritic Matrix.
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi kēia microstructure hopena kū'ē, paʻakikī, a ʻO ka pilikia momona, e kūpono ana i nā mea pono e pono ai e hoʻomau i nā mea hana mechanical a me ka haunaele.
Ui 65-45-12 ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ma nāʻoihana e like me aitompetitive, Hinddreinolle, mahiai, a municipal infrastructure, kahi o kahi kaulike o ʻO ka Durabilical a me ka mālamaʻana koiʻia.
Ua makemake pinepineʻiaʻo ia ma luna o ka hao hina no ka palekana palekana a iʻole nā mea i kauʻia, a lawelawe ia e like me ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūpono-kūpono e mālama i ka kila I nā noi ikaika nui-ikaika.
3. Chempion cempition o 65-45-12 Ui
Ka huiʻana o nā 65-45-12 Ui e hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻia e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻokumuʻana o kiʻi kiʻi i loko o kahi mea ʻO Ferritic Matrix, Hāʻawi ka mea i kēia mea i kānaʻano likeʻole o ka ikaika o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka machindability.
ʻO keʻano maʻamau
| Mua | Kaonaʻeha (%) | Hana |
| KālekaʻAʻI (C) | 3.40 - 3.80 | Hoʻopau i ka hana kiʻi kiʻi a me nā mana i ka ikaika a me ka mancinability |
| Silikino (A) | 2.20 - 2.80 | Hoʻonui i ka paʻaʻana o Ferrite, Kākoʻo i ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi |
| Mang kāne (Mn) | ≤ 0.50 | E hoʻoikaika i nā ferrite akā hiki i ka mn ke hōʻemi i ka ductility |
| Magnesum (Mg) | 0.03 - 0.06 | ʻO ke kino no ka spiterization kiʻi kiʻi (hana nodular) |
| Phoshorus (P) | ≤ 0.05 | Poino; hoʻemi i ka nui o ka denticsity a paʻakikī |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.02 | Poino; ʻO ka helu no ka Magnesium no ka hopena no ke kiʻekiʻe |
| Liulaala (Cu)(Koho koho) | 0.1 - 0.5 | I kekahi manawa hoʻohuiʻia e hoʻonui i ka ikaika a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka machinibility |
4. Nā mea like o 65-45-12 Ui
Astm A536 papa 65-45-12 Ui ua weheweheʻia e kona kaulike o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka.
ʻO kēia mau waiwai e hana ia i kahi meaʻenehanaʻenehana VERSIETER MOBIET no nā noiʻelua a me nā noi e hāʻawi nei i nā noi.
ʻO nā waiwai maʻamau
| Waiwai | Waiwai | Nā'āpana |
| Ikaika ikaika (Us) | ≥ 65 ksi (maʻamau 450-550) | ksi (Mpa) |
| Ka ikaika (0.2% Kahiki) | ≥ 45 ksi (maʻamau 310-360) | ksi (Mpa) |
| Ewangantion (I 2 ") | ≥ 12 (hiki iā 15-18%) | % |
| Paʻakikī paʻakikī | 170 - 210 | Hbw |
| Modulus olasticity | ~ 24 × 10³ | ksi (165 GPA) |
| Ka ikaika momona ('ōwili i ka beam, 10⁷ nā kupu) | ~ 30 Ksi | ksi (207 Mpa) |
5. Nā lako kino o 65-45-12 Ui
'Ōlelo Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele o Astm A536 papa 65-45-12 Hāʻawiʻo Duticle hao i kahi kumu ikaika no kona hana me keʻano hana me ka USEBILITION i nā noi hana.
ʻO nā waiwai pilikino maʻamau
| Waiwai | Waiwai maʻamau & Nā'āpana | ʻO nā mea hoʻohālikelike |
| Huakai | 7.0-7.3 g / cm³ | ʻO ka pae kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe; ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka carbon cheel no nā'āpana koʻikoʻi. |
| Malting Point | ~ 1150-124 ° C | He kūpono no ka mālamaʻana me nā koi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. |
| Modulus olasticity (E) | 160-170 gpa | Hāʻawi i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe no ka hōʻoiaʻana o ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā noi e lawe ana i nā noi. |
| ʻO ka laulā o Poisson | 0.27-0.30 | Nā Kūlana Kūʻai no nā mea metallic; hopena i ka hana kaumaha-strain. |
| Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua | 36-46 w / m · k | Kākoʻo i ka wehe wela i nā poloka mīkini, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, a me nā'āpana'āpana. |
| ʻO ka hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike | 10.8-12.0 μm / m · ° C | ʻO ka ulu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻoia i ka paʻaʻana ma lalo o ka cycling cycling. |
| ʻO keʻano o ka uila | ~ 0.7-0.8 μω · m | Lawa no nā'āpana hoʻonohonoho; ʻAʻole kūpono no ka hana uila uila. |
| ʻO ka mana wela | ~ 460 j / kg · K | Hāʻawi i nā mea kanu thermal i loko o keʻano mahana. |
6. Missstructure a me nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi
65-45-12 ʻO ka hanaʻo Ductile i nā mea hao hao i loko o kāna microstructure:
- Manoi: 90+% ferrite (pepeki, dricle) me <10% Puʻuʻupuʻu (hāwana, Lamellar), ʻO ka hōʻoiaʻana i ka nui o Elongeation.
- ʻO nā nodule kiʻi: Nā mea spherical (10-30 μm diameter) me >80% 'aʻoleiai (persm a536).
Helu nodulale i nā manawa mai 100-200 no nā nodules / mm²²-kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī. - 'Aʻoleiai: Koʻikoʻi no ka maʻamau: 80-99% nodularity e hōʻoia 12+% ewangantion; <70% hoʻemiʻia ka nodularity e elongation e <8%.
Nā koho kōkua wela
- Annalile: 800-850 ° C no 2 Nā hola hola, lohi a hoʻolōʻihi i ka 600 ° C, A laila he hau. Hoʻemi i ka mimeite i <5%, ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka elongation i 16-18% akā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ikaika densile e 5-10%.
- Hana maʻamau: 900-950 ° C no 1 hola, haunaele. Hoʻonui i ka Milita i 15-20%, Ke hoʻoikaika nei i ka ikaika densile 75 ksi akā e hōʻemi ana i ka elongation i 10-12%.
7. Nā hiʻohiʻona kiʻi o 65-45-12 Ui
65-45-12 Manaʻo nui ʻia ka hao ductile i ka ʻoihana foundry no kāna ʻano hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi loa, hāʻawi i kahi kaulike hilinaʻi ma waena kaulikeia, kū ponoʻole, a me ka haʻahaʻa hemahema.
Hoʻonui kona ʻano nodule graphite i ka hana hoʻolei ʻana me ka mālama ʻana i ka pono mechanical.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona helu kī
| Thancecture | ʻO ka weheweheʻana |
| Whola | Kūpono; kahe maikaʻi ka huila i loko o nā moʻo paʻakikī, e kākoʻo ana i nā geometries paʻakikī a me nā ʻāpana pā lahilahi. |
| ʻO ka helu shrink | Hoʻohaʻahaʻa; hōʻemi i nā koʻikoʻi kūloko a me nā ʻano like ʻole i ka wā paʻa. |
| Kaulikeia | Maikaʻi loa; hoʻokomo i nā ʻano poʻi like ʻole e like me ke one, Shell, a nalowale ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka huʻa me nā hopena kūlike. |
| ʻO ke kū'ē wela | High; ʻO ka matrix ferritic a me nā nodules graphite poepoe e hoʻemi ana i ke kaumaha o loko a me nā manaʻo maʻa wela. |
| Malama Tendency Tendency | Haʻahaʻa ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka hana; ʻO ka lāʻau magnesium a me ka degassing kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hemahema pili kinoea. |
| ʻoluʻolu ʻoluʻolu | Loli; Hiki i ka hoʻomaha nui ke alakaʻi i ke alakaʻiʻana i keʻano o ka laweʻana i ka hana a iʻole nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i ka hana. |
| Ka hopena nui | Hiki i nā mea pena ke ala i keʻano o ka pā nui; Ua hoʻolōʻihiʻia nā'āpana, ʻO nā hana Ferritic Ferritic, ʻOiai he paʻakikī paha nā wahi o nā wahi. |
| Kū ponoʻole | Maikaʻi loa. Mālama i ka pololei i nā'āpana nui ma muli o keʻano kūlike a me ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. |
| Nā hana kīwī | Pili pū me Sand cread, Nā wili lei, nalowale shop, nalowale ka hae hae, a me ka hoʻomau mauʻana. |
8. Machinability a me nā mea hana
65-45-12 ʻO ka hana uila o ka manika o ka hao hao i ka pono a me ke ola hana:
- Ka helu matchinbility: 70-80% (vsa. 100% no ke keleawe manuahi manuahi), ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kila (50-60%).
- Nā koho e: Nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia (Tialn-coated) ʻO 20-30% ma mua o ke kila, Me kaʻokiʻana i nā wikiwiki o 150-200 m / min no ka huliʻana.
- NA HUI NUI:
-
- Huli ana / milling: Hoʻokō i ka RA 1.6-3.2 μm hoʻopau, He kūpono no nā'āpana hydraulic.
- Ka drilling / tapping: Nā kaula maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻeʻole me kaʻole o ka chup ulding, Mea koʻikoʻi no nā pitetingspatings.
- Wawahua: Palena akā hiki me ka preheat (200-300 ° C) a me nā mea uila haʻahaʻa-hydrogen.
Mālamaʻo Welded i nā hana ~ 70% o ka ikaika i ka ikaika o ke kino akāʻaʻole i makemakeʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana.
9. ʻO ka paleʻana o ka corrosion a me ka mālama kino o 65-45-12 Ui
ʻOiai naʻe 65-45-12 Hāʻawi i nā mea haoʻo Duticle i nā mea maikaʻi loa a me nā mea kūʻai aku, ʻAʻole ia he mau corrosion-resistant.
ʻAʻole like me nā kila kila a iʻole nā iron, ʻO kona mau maka he prone i ka oxidation a me ke kūlohelohe o ke kaiāulu, ACIDIC, a iʻole nā wahi paʻakai.
Ma ka hopena, Pono nā hana kūpono a me nā lole e pono ai e hoʻonui i ke ola lawelawe a hōʻoia i ka hana ma ke noiʻana i nā noi noi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona kū'ē kū'ē
| Kālā | Hana o ka 65-45-12 |
| I nā kūlana Atmosphec | Ke kū'ē kino; hoʻomohala i kahi'āpana o ka ordide paʻa i nā wahi maloʻo |
| I ka wai a lepo paha | Paʻa; e hoʻopiliʻia me ka paleʻole, nui loa i ka acidic a iʻole nā kūlana i hanaʻia |
| I nā wahi o Marine / Chloride | Pale hewaʻole me keʻanoʻole; RAPID PUTTING a me keʻano maʻamau |
| Hōʻea Galnical Corrosioni | Kiʻekiʻe ke kamaʻilioʻana me nā metala dissimilar i nā wahi i nā wahi hana |
Nā hana maʻamau
| ʻAno hana | Kumu | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Kāleka / ʻO ka paleʻana | Pale aku i ka paleʻana i ka mistiture a me nā mea kanu | Nā mīkini mīkini kōkua, nā wahi kūkulu |
| Epoxy coating | ʻO keʻano kūlohelohe a me nā pale | Nā Vilves, Piping, ʻO ka wai wai |
| Galvaniration (Wela-dip zinc) | ʻO ka papa'āina no ka pale kū'ēʻana, nui loa ma waho a iʻole nā wahi moana | Municipal infrastructure, nā mea hoʻohui paʻakikī |
| ʻO ka papa inoaʻo Phosphate | Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea pena pena, Hāʻawi i keʻano o ke kukui kukui | ʻO nā'āpana Autoomotive a me Hydraulic |
| Hoʻolauna ('Ōula) | Hoʻokuʻu i nā mea haumia, ʻOiai ke kaupalenaʻana i ka hana ma ka hao ductile | I kekahi manawa i hoʻohana muaʻia ma mua o ka uhiʻana |
| Inden / nitriding (Eha hanona) | Hoʻonui i nā lole a me ka paʻakikī; Loaʻa iā Corrosit Corrosit | Kauluhi, Bussings, komo i nā papa |
10. Nā noi o 65-45-12 Ui
Ma muli o kāna hana maikaʻi loa o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, paʻakikī, whola, a me ke kumukūʻai-kūpono, 65-45-12 Ui (E like me ka weheweheʻia e ASTM A536) ua hoʻohana nuiʻia ma waena o nā'āpanaʻoihana lehulehu.
ʻO nā noiʻenehana nui e ka hana
| ʻOihana hana | Nā noi maʻamau |
| Aitompetitive | Nā mea hoʻopiʻi suspension, ʻO nā lima lima, ʻO nā alakaʻi alakaʻi, hums, nā leʻaleʻa'ē aʻe |
| Muniani & ʻO ka wai wai | Pipet complees, Nā Vilves, nā kino hydrant, Nā kāpili pump, uhi kuikahi |
| Mahiai & Huaʻala | Nā leʻaleʻa o nā kāne, Hoʻopau i nā brackets, ʻO nā hubs, Nā Kūlana Tillage |
| Mea hana hana | Nā kino kūpono, Nā'āpana Hydraulic, Nā Mālama Poole, Kākoʻo kākoʻo |
| Nā mīkini hana | Mau mea pale, Nā Frame, nā brackets, Nā papa'āpana, Nā lima paʻalū |
| Ikaika & Mana | ʻO nā makani turbi, Nā Houlforko Luna, Nā'āpana kūpono |
| Rail & Transit | Nā'āpana pale, Nā Koho Pūnaewele, Nā'āpana i hoʻokuʻuʻia |
| Nā mīkini mīkini | Clack, Nā LeviKo, Gear Blanks, Kauhi, Kākau paʻa nā lima |
11. Pono ana o 65-45-12 Ui
- Ikaika kiʻekiʻe: Hāʻawi i kahi kūpono kūpono i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā mea kanu he nui (65 ksi / 448 Mpa).
- Maikaʻi maikaʻi: Ka emi o ka lihi o 12% E hōʻoia i kaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka hoʻopunipuni ma mua o ka hao hina.
- ʻO ke kū'ēʻana i nā pale: He kūpono no ka cyclic a me ka hopena i nā noi.
- Kumukūʻai-maikaʻi: ʻO nā hana haʻahaʻa a me nā kumukūʻai waiwai i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ke kila, ʻOiai e hāʻawi ana i ka hana mechanical like.
- ʻO ka Candior Carbility: Aeʻae i nāʻano paʻakikī a me nā'āpana likeʻole-like-like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā hemahema.
- Markinpalibility: ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi ma ka mīkini ma mua o nā mea kanu he nui, hoʻemiʻana i ka hana hana e hoʻohana ai a me ka hana hana.
- E kāʻei i ke kū'ē: He kūpono no nā'āpana e koi ana i ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana i keʻano o ka mālamaʻoleʻana.
- ʻO ka papaʻaina: Kōkua nā pūnaewele nodules e kōkua iā ia, ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hoʻololiʻana a me ka ho'ēmiʻana.
- Kūmole: Kūpono me nā hana e kau ana i nā hana a me nā hana wela i nā waiwai e pono ai.
- 'Āpana Hoʻohanohano: Hōʻano hou a hana pinepineʻia me ka ikaika o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ke kila.
12. Nā palena o 65-45-12 Ui
- ʻO ka corrosionion maʻamau: Koi i ka uhiʻana no waho / Marine hoʻohana - hoʻohui i 10-15% i nā kumukūʻai.
- KOHANOHOLOHNA PAP: Haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā peʻa palaoa (E.g., 80-55-06 a 80 ksi) a iʻole ke kila ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
- ʻO keʻanoʻo Geometry: Nā'āpana ākea (>50 mm) Hiki i nā helu nodule haʻahaʻa, hoʻemi i ka furctility i <10%.
- Nā Weld: ʻO nā koina mua / post-post-wela e hana i ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai e makemake ai.
13. Hoʻohālikelike me nā helu hao o Ductile
| Waiwai / Kumu | 65-45-12 | 80-55-06 | 60-40-18 | 65-40-12 | 70-50-05 |
| Ikaika ikaika (ksi / Mpa) | 65 / 448 | 80 / 552 | 60 / 414 | 65 / 448 | 70 / 483 |
| Ewangantion (%) | ≥ 12 | ≥ 6 | ≥ 18 | ≥ 12 | ≥ 5 |
| Hālulu (HB) | 170-210 | 230-280 | 160-200 | 170-210 | 210-250 |
| Nā noi maʻamau | Nā'āpana automothetive, Nā Hale Hōʻikeʻike, Nā Vilves | Nā mea kaumaha-hana, nā'āpana kiʻekiʻe | Nā noi e pono ai nā noi kiʻekiʻe | Peopleʻoihana Pūnaewele, Nā'āpana hoʻonohonoho | Nā lole-resistant a me nā hopena hopena |
| Nāʻokoʻa kī | Ikaika ikaika a me ka pono, kūhula | ʻOi nui ka ikaika, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī | Nui loa, ikaika ikaika | Ikaika like, ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa | Paʻakikī paʻakikī, hōʻemiʻia i ka elongation |
14. Nā Kūlana a me nā kiko'ī
- Astm A536: E wehewehe i nā palena mechanical a me nā palena microstrutuster no ka papa 65-45-12.
- Iso 1083 - 400-12: ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike honua.
- SAE J434C D50006: ʻO kahi'āpana kaʻa maʻamau.
- Loaʻa pinepine nāʻike 'aʻoleiai, hālulu, a kinohi kūlike.
15. Hopena
65-45-12 ʻO nā mea hao duticle i kū i kahi meaʻenehanaʻenehana, Hāʻawi i kahi hui nui o ka ulia, ikaika, a me ka pā.
Ua hiki i kāna mau keleponaʻo Ferritic-SPHerroll, Ma kahi o ka deformation ma mua o ka hikiʻole a me ka uku-kumukūʻai he koʻikoʻi.
ʻOiai e kaupalenaʻia e Corrosion Bulnerability, ʻO nā mea pono e komo pū ana me nā mea hōʻeha maikaʻi loa a me nā uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-e hōʻoia ana i kona hoʻomauʻana i keʻano o keʻanoʻoihanaʻoihana.
FaqS
Oe 65-45-12 welita hao hao?
ʻAe, akā,ʻaʻole i maʻamau maʻamau. Pono ia e hoʻomākaukau i ka 200-300 ° C a me Post, Ke hana nei i ka uku uku.
Pehea? 65-45-12 hoʻohālikelike i ke kila?
65-45-12 Loaʻa i ka ikaika o ke kāʻei o ke kākela haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 30% ʻO ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa akā he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka elongation. Ua makemakeʻo Steel no nā noi kiʻekiʻe a iʻole nā haʻawina kūpono.
Hiki 65-45-12 e hoʻohanaʻia no nā noi hoʻoikaika?
ʻAe, a i 1000 Psi (69 Bar) Ma ka wai e hana ana (E.g., nā pips wai) i ka manawa kūpono me ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻaʻana o ka atme b16.42.
ʻO ka mālama wela e pono ai no 65-45-12?
ʻAʻole--ʻo ia e like me nā mea e like me nā mea e like me nā mea i huiʻia e hui ai i nā koi a536. Hiki i ka hoʻonāukiuki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka fuctility, ʻOiai e hana ana i ka ikaika ikaika, Akā e hoʻohui pūʻelua.
