1. Hoʻonohonoho kumu & waiwai ʻoihana
'Ōlelo 400 Nā mo'ānō kila kohu ʻole ʻO ke alahaka kūpono ma waena o nā kila kalapona kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me nā kila kila austenitic kiʻekiʻe.
Ua wehewehe ʻia e AISI/ASTM a me nā kūlana kūloko (Apono a240, I 10088, Gb / t 1220), ʻo ia ka hapa nui o ke kila kila kila honua no ka mea e hui pū ana:
- ʻO ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻole paha Ni) → hoʻokele waiwai hoihoi;
- ʻO ke ʻano mākēneki (ferritic/martensitic) koi ʻia e nā noi electromechanical he nui;
- Hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka wela (martensitic a me ka ua-paʻakikī subtypes) hiki i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa;
- ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wela a me ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hoʻohālikelike me austenitics, pono no na mea i ikeia i ka wela.
ʻO nā ʻoihana e pōmaikaʻi nui ai ka automotive (Nā meakino, ʻōnaehana wahie), Nā hana hana (nā poponals, liners), ʻO nā mīkini (Nā papahele, Nā Vilves), hoao (Kāhele, Nā Wili) a me kekahi aerospace/nukelea niches kahi i koena o ke kumukuai, ʻae ʻia ka ikaika a me ka pale corrosion maʻalahi.
2. Ka Heluhelu, Ka Hoʻolālā & Mechanism Microstructural
Nā ʻokoʻa hana o ka 400 ʻO ke kila kuhili ʻole pūʻali i hoʻoholo pono ʻia e ko lākou haku mele ʻana a me nā microstructure e pili ana.
Aia ma lalo iho kahi ʻano loiloi hohonu o ʻekolu mau subtypes:
Ferritic 400 Nā mo'ānō (Papa Koko: 409, 430, 439, 444)
ʻO nā kila kila Ferritic ka subtype i hoʻohana nui ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kahi microstructure ferrite hoʻokahi-phase ma ka lumi wela, ʻaʻohe hoʻololi ʻāpana i ka wā hoʻomehana / hoʻomaha, a me ka maʻiʻo C ultra-haʻahaʻa (maʻamau ≤0.12 wt.%).
ʻO kā lākou haku mele i hoʻomalu ʻia e Cr (10.5–19.5 wt.%), me nā mea kōkua e like me Ti, Nb, a me Mo e hoʻoikaika i ke kūpaʻa a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
- 409: Cr (10.5–11.75 wt.%), C (≤0.08 wt.%), No (0.15–0.50 wt.%).
Hoʻokumu ʻo Ti i nā ʻeke TiC e hoʻoponopono iā C, ka pale ʻana i ka ʻinoʻino ma waena o ka Cr carbide precipitation.
Hāʻawi ka ʻōnaehana ferrite coarse-grained i ke kūpaʻa ʻino o ka lewa, kūpono ia no nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa kūʻai haʻahaʻa. - 430: Cr (16.0–18.0 wt.%), C (≤0.12 wt.%). ʻO ka hoʻolālā ferrite maikaʻi me ke kumukūʻai kaulike a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion, ʻo ia ka papa ferritic kumu kūʻai nui no nā mea pono home.
- 439: Cr (17.0–19.0 wt.%), C (≤0.03 wt.%), Ina/Nb (0.10–0.60 wt.%).
ʻO Ultra-low C a me Ti/Nb composite stabilization e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka weldability a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 430. - 444: Cr (17.5–19.5 wt.%), Mo (1.75–2.50 wt.%), C (≤0.025 wt.%).
Hoʻonui ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pitting corrosion resistance (PREN≈25), ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano ferrite mānoanoa kūpono no nā kaiapuni i loko o ka chloride.
Martesestic 400 Nā mo'ānō (Papa Koko: 410, 420, 440A/B/C)
He kiʻekiʻe ka C maʻiʻo o nā kila kuhili martensitic (0.15–0.75 wt.%) a me ka maʻiʻo Cr haʻahaʻa (11.5–18.0 wt.%).
I nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hana lakou i austenite, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻololi ai i martensite paʻakikī i ka wā e hoʻopiʻi ai - e lilo ana iā lākou ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hoʻoikaika ikaika i ka wela i ka 400 moʻo kila kila.
- 410: C (≤0.15 wt.%), Cr (11.5–13.5 wt.%).
He ferrite ka hale hoolei + Martissite; ma hope o ke kinai ʻana, hiki i ka tensile ikaika ke 515-690 MPa, kūpono no nā ʻāpana hana maʻamau. - 420: C (0.15–0.40 wt.%), Cr (12.0–14.0 wt.%).
Hoʻonui ka maʻiʻo C kiʻekiʻe i ka paʻakikī (HRC≥50 ma hope o ka mālama wela), hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka cutlery a me nā kiwi. - 440A/B/C: C maʻiʻo gradient (0.60–0.75 wt.%), Cr (16.0–18.0 wt.%).
440Loaʻa iā C ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe (HRC≥58) a kau pale, kūpono no nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā bearings.
Hoʻopau-paʻakikī (Ph) 400 Nā mo'ānō (Kumu: 17-4 Ph, AISI 630)
He ʻano hana kiʻekiʻe kūikawā me ka haʻahaʻa C (≤0.07 wt.%), Cr (15.5–17.5 wt.%), I (3.0–5.0 wt.%), a me Cu (3.0–5.0 wt.).
Hoʻokumu ia i ka austenite i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, hoʻololi i martensite i ka wā hoʻolili, a loaʻa ka hoʻoikaika ʻana ma o Cu-rich precipitate formation i ka wā ʻelemakule.
Hiki ke hiki i ka ikaika tensile 1380 MPa ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela, ke kaulike ʻana i ka ikaika ultra-kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
3. Na Waiwai Kokoo
Nā Pīkuhi Propertinies
Mechanical waiwai o 400 ʻokoʻa nui ka moʻo kila kila ma ke ʻano subtype, me ka okoa maopopo o ka ikaika, kumaikalua, a me ka pane lapaʻau wela (Ua pili ka ʻikepili me ASTM A240/A480):
- ʻAno Ferritic (430, solution-annealed): Ka ikaika uʻi 415–515 MPa, ikaika hua 205–275 MPa, elongation 20–25%, paakiki ≤183 HBW.
ʻAʻohe hoʻololi pae, ʻO ka annealing wale nō no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe palaoa. - ʻO nā ʻano martensitic (420, ua hala & wahine maila): Ka ikaika uʻi 725–930 MPa, ikaika hua 515–690 MPa, elongation 10–15%, paakiki ≥50 HRC.
Queech + ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī. - ʻAno PH (17-4 Ph, H900 elemakule): Ka ikaika tensile ≥1170 MPa, ikaika hua ≥1035 MPa, elongation ≥10%, paakiki ≥38 HRC.
ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ua e hoʻokō i ka ikaika ultra-kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ductility.
Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion
Hoʻoholo nui ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion e ka ʻike Cr, me Mo a me C haʻahaʻa i mea hoʻonui kōkua. 'Ulina, he haahaa iho 300 moʻo akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila kalapona:
- ʻAno Ferritic: 409 loaʻa i ke kūpaʻa ʻino o ka lewa (≤0.03 mm ka nui o ka corrosion makahiki ma na kuaaina); 444 kū'ē i nā waikawa dilute a me nā chlorides, me kahi mahana pitting koʻikoʻi ≥30 ℃.
- ʻO nā ʻano martensitic: Ua kaupalena ʻia e ka maʻiʻo C kiʻekiʻe; 410 hiki i ka ʻōpala ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻo 440C ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa corrosion ma muli o ka Cr kiʻekiʻe akā ʻaʻole kūpono ia no ka media moana / acidic..
- 17-4 Ph: ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion e like me 304 i loko o ka lewa a me ka mālie corrosive kaiapuni, akā hiki i ka lua i loko o ka media kiʻekiʻe-chloride.
Nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
ʻO ka magnetism inherent kahi hiʻohiʻona pūlima o 400 moʻo kila kila, me nā waiwai kino ʻē aʻe i kūlike i nā ʻano subtypes:
- Huakai: 7.7–7.8 g/cm³ (haʻahaʻa ma mua o 304 8.0 g/cm³ ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻole o Ni).
- Ka HōʻaʻO Kokua: 25–30 W/(m · ALOHA Kina) @ 20℃ (kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 304 16 W /(m · ALOHA Kina), maikaʻi no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka wela).
- Koefficient hoʻonui wela: 10–12×10⁻⁶/K (20–400 ℃), haʻahaʻa ma mua o 300 Nā mo'ānō, e hoemi ana i ka wela.
- Mākēneki permeability: μ=100–1000 (ferritic/martensitic), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kila kuhili ʻole austenitic (m<1.02).
4. Ka hoʻoiliʻana, huahuai & hana lapaʻau wela
Hana & Machimen
- ʻO Ferritics: kūpono formability anu; ʻōlelo ʻia ka anneal waena no ka hana kaumaha. Hiki i ka mīkini like me nā kila haʻahaʻa.
- Martensitics: maikaʻi ʻole ke ʻano anuanu ma ke kūlana paʻakikī; ʻano ma ke kūlana annealed a ma luna paha (wela wela). Pili ka mīkini i ka huhū a me ka paʻakikī - pono nā māka C kiʻekiʻe i ka mea hana ikaika a me ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki.
Welding
- ʻO Ferritics: hiki ke weld akā hiki ke ulu i ka palaoa a me ka HAZ embrittlement inā hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻokomo wela kiʻekiʻe; nā māka paʻa (Ina/Nb) a me ka hookomo wela haahaa (<10 kJ/cm no kekahi) hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokō; koho i nā metala hoʻopiha ferritic.
- Martensitics: paʻakikī - preheat (200-300 ° C), ʻO nā mea hoʻohana haʻahaʻa hydrogen haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma hope o ka weld i ʻōlelo ʻia e pale i ka haki ʻana a hoʻihoʻi i ka paʻakikī.
- Ph 17-4: hiki ke weld me ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana a me ka mālama wela ma hope o ka weld / ʻelemakule e hoʻihoʻi i nā waiwai.
ʻO ka hana wela
- ʻO Ferritics: solution anneal a me ka ea anuanu e hoʻomaha i ke kaumaha a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka palaoa; ʻaʻohe paʻakikī kinai.
- Martensitics: austenitize (950-1,050 ° C), Quetch (aila/wai ma muli o ka papa), alaila huhu (150-650 ° C) e hiki i ka paakiki i makemakeia. 440C maʻamau maʻamau ma 200–300 °C no ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe.
- Ph 17-4: hana pono (~1,040–1,060 °C), ka wai wai, a laila makahiki (482–621 °C) e hoʻohua i nā wai waiwai Cu a hoʻokō i ka ikaika pahuhopu (H900 etc.).
5. Nā Hana Hana Hana maʻamau o 400-Series Stainless Steel
Hāʻawi ka ʻohana 400-series i kahi ākea o nā ʻoihana no ka mea maʻemaʻe kāna mau subtypes i nā pono ʻenehana like ʻole.:
Kālā + ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana (ferritics), paakiki kiʻekiʻe/ʻaʻahu (martensitics), a ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa me ke kūpaʻa corrosion kūpono (ʻO nā huila PH).
Ka Hoʻolālā Wīwī
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Nā'ōnaehana exhaust, nā ʻāpana puʻupuʻu, paipu hopena - 409, I kekahi manawa 439 no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka weldability.
- Trim, nā paneli hoʻonani - 430.
- ʻEnekinia a me nā kumu hoʻoili, Nā noho kūʻai Valve / ʻāpana lole liʻiliʻi - 410 / 420 kahi e pono ai ka hana wela.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- Hāʻawi ka maʻiʻo nickel haʻahaʻa i ke kumu kūʻai ikaika no nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe loa.
Kū'ē nā māka Ferritic i ka oxidation cyclic ma nā wahi wela wela a loaʻa iā ia ka conductivity wela a me ka hoʻonui. Hāʻawi nā māka Martensitic i nā ʻili paʻakikī no nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi koʻikoʻi.
Nā manaʻo nui
- No ka welded exhaust system, hoʻohana i nā ferritics i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Ti/Nb (409Ti/439) a i ʻole e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻokomo wela no ka pale ʻana i ka HAZ embrittlement.
- Pale pale (nāwaimaka, aluminika) hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola ma nā wahi paʻakai alanui.
Nā mea hana hale a me nā mea kūʻai aku
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Puka pahu hau, nā laina umu, hale holoi ipu loko, nā panela hoʻomalu - 430 a i kekahi manawa 439/444 no ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
- Nā pahi ʻoki a me ka lumi kuke - 420 / 440C (Martesestic), i poniia a me ka huhu.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- Hoʻopau ʻili maikaʻi, maikaʻi no ka formability (ferritics), pane magnetic inā pono (E.g., hōʻailona kuke hoʻokomo), a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka austenitics e hana i ka ferritic 4xx ka mea paʻamau no nā ʻāpana mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mea hana kūloko.
Nā manaʻo nui
- Hōʻalo i ka 4xx i loko o ka paʻakai paʻakai a i ʻole nā hōʻike kahakai ke ʻole i uhi ʻia a i ʻole kahi ʻano ʻano Mo-bearing. (444).
No ka mea ʻokiʻoki, koho i nā martensitics kiʻekiʻe-C a e hoʻomalu i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana e kaulike i ka paʻa ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Hoʻololi wela, HVAC a me nā ʻōnaehana wela
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Heat-exchange fins, ducting, nā'āpana furnace, hoʻopaʻa paila - 409, 430, 444.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- Hoʻohui nā Ferritics i ka conductivity thermal maikaʻi, ʻO ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa ma mua o 300-series, e kūpono ana ia mau mea i nā lako hoʻoili wela a me ka hoʻokele wela wela.
Nā manaʻo nui
- No ka pulu, nā kahawai i loko o ka chloride a i ʻole ka pitting kiʻekiʻe, makemake i nā ferritics lawe Mo (444) a i ʻole e piʻi i ka duplex/300-series inā pono.
Kekau, kaʻina hana a me nā ʻoihana mālama wai
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Nā pahu hana kūwaena, paipu paipu, nā mea hoʻololi wela no nā kemika non-extreme - 444 (kahi mea nui ke kū'ē chloride), 439 no na pahu wiliwili.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- Ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ka lawelawe ʻana akā ʻaʻole kūpono ʻia nā alloys austenitic piha a duplex paha, Hāʻawi ʻo Mo-stabilized ferritics i kahi waena waena.
Nā manaʻo nui
- E wehewehe i nā palapala wili a me ka hoʻāʻo corrosion. No ka hoʻolaha mau ʻana i ka chloride (kaʻina brines, hoʻolili wai kai) e hōʻoia i ke koho papa e kūʻē i ka chloride ana, ka mahana a me nā kūlana crevice.
Pono & aila, petrochemimical (nā mea i koho ʻia)
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Nā mea paʻa, ʻāpana valve koʻikoʻi ʻole, nā lāʻau paila - 410, 431 (martensitic kiʻekiʻe-ikaika), 17-4 Ph no ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻO nā'āpana o Corrosionion-resistant (kahi e hiki ai ke kahiko ma hope o ka weld).
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- Hāʻawi nā māka Martensitic a me PH i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa no ke kaomi a me nā ukana mīkini; 17-4 Koho pinepine ʻia ʻo PH kahi e koi ʻia ai ka ikaika a me ke kūpaʻa corrosion kūpono a hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia nā pōʻaiapili / ʻelemakule.
Nā manaʻo nui
- ʻO nā ʻāpana martensitic i ka ʻawaʻawa a i ʻole ka chloride kaiapuni pono e kūpono no ka hydrogen embrittlement a me ka pilikia SSC. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma hope o ka weld / ʻelemakule koi pinepine.
Marine, desalination a me nā lako wai kai (hoʻohana palena ʻole)
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Nā kānana wai kai, nā hale koʻikoʻi ʻole - 444 i ka ʻike ʻana i ka chloride haʻahaʻa; a i ʻole, makemake ka poʻe hoʻolālā i nā alloys duplex a i ʻole PREN kiʻekiʻe.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx (koho)
- Hiki i nā mo-bearing ferritics ke mālama i kekahi mau hana wai kai ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, akā, ʻo ka lua lōʻihi a me ka pōʻino o ka lua e hoʻopau pinepine iā lākou no nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Nā manaʻo nui
- Ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 4xx i nā pōʻaia kai, hui me ka pale cathodic, Nā pāpale, a me kahi hoʻoponopono nānā koʻikoʻi. E hōʻalo i nā wahi i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka wela a i ʻole nā maʻa.
Mana pā'āʻu & Nā'ōnaehanaʻoihana
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- Nā mea hoʻololi wela, nā ʻauwaʻa kinoea, huila huila - 409, 444.
- ʻO ka bolting ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka shafting - 17-4 Ph a i ʻole martensitics inā pili.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- Hoʻomanawanui maikaʻi nā māka Ferritic i ka oxidation cyclic a me ke kaumaha wela; Hoʻohana ʻia nā māka PH no nā mea hoʻopaʻa koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻāpana kahi e kūʻai ʻole ʻia ai nā alloy austenitic..
Nā manaʻo nui
- E nānā no ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka māhele sigma i kekahi mau ʻāpana Cr kiʻekiʻe ma nā wela waena; e kuhikuhi i nā palena wela o ka hana a me nā wā nānā.
Olakino, mea paahana a me ka pololei (koho ʻia)
ʻāpana maʻamau & Nā Kaumaka
- ʻO nā lāʻau mea hana ʻokiʻoki - 420 / 440C (Martesestic, polani kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻa paʻa).
- ʻO nā mea hoʻokomo pono a me nā mea hana lole kiʻekiʻe - 440C.
No ke aha i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo 4xx
- ʻO ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka lihi e hoʻonani i ka martensitics, ʻoiai ua hoʻomalu ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ka corrosion a maikaʻi loa ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili / passivation.
Nā manaʻo nui
- No nā implants a i ʻole ka ʻike kino lōʻihi, 300-ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huila moʻo a i ʻole ka lāʻau lapaʻau; 4xx no nā mea kani wale nō ke ʻae ʻia ka sterilization a me ka passivation a hahai ʻia nā kūlana olakino.
6. Loaʻa & PAHUI
Loaʻa nā 400-series stainless steels i kahi kūlana kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kila kalapona a me nā kila kila austenitic-bearing nickel..
Nā Pōmaikaʻi Nui o 400-Series Stainless Steel
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai a me ke kūpaʻa kumukūʻai
400-ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe nickel nā moʻo kila kila, hilinaʻi nui i ka chromium no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.
Hoʻemi nui kēia i ke kumukūʻai maka a pale i ke kūʻai ʻana mai ka volatility kumu kūʻai nickel, e hoʻonanea i kēia mau māka no nā noi nui.
ʻO nā waiwai magnetic paʻa
ʻO nā māka Ferritic a me martensitic 400-series he magnetic maoli, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā mea electromagnetic, nā poʻe hoʻopaʻapaʻa, Aia, a me nā ʻāpana e koi ana i ka pane magnetic—nā noi kahi i kūpono ʻole ai nā kila kulika austenitic.
Ka ikaika hiki ke wela (martensitic a me ka helu PH)
ʻAʻole e like me nā mea hele austenitic, martensitic a me ka ua-hoʻopaʻapaʻa 400-series alloys hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ma o ke kinai ʻana., huhū, a ʻelemakule.
Hāʻawi kēia i nā ikaika tensile mai nā pae haʻahaʻa a i luna 1000 Mpa, kākoʻo ʻaʻahu-pale, lawena-lawe, a me nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka conductivity wela maikaʻi a me ka hoʻonui haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa
Hōʻike nā kila Ferritic 400-series i ka hoʻoili wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā koena haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻonui wela ma mua o 300-series stainless steels..
Hoʻonui kēia i ka pale ʻana i ka luhi wela a me ka distortion, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana exhaust, nā mea hana wela, a me nā kaiapuni kaʻa kaʻa wela.
ʻO ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion kūpono no nā kaiapuni haʻahaʻa
Me nā mea chromium maʻamau ma luna 10.5 wt.%, 400-hāʻawi nā kila moʻo i ke kūpaʻa kūpaʻa i ka corrosion o ka lewa, nā mea hoʻowalewale, a me ka oxidation wela kiʻekiʻe - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kila kalapona a lawa no ka nui o nā noi ʻoihana a me nā mea kūʻai aku.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā alloy maʻalahi a me ka hana hou
ʻO ka paʻakikī paʻakikī haʻahaʻa e hoʻoheheʻe, hōʻano hou, a hoʻohana hou i loko o nā kahawai kila kuhiliʻole, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka hoʻokele waiwai a me nā pahuhopu hoʻomau i ka hana nui.
Nā palena kī o 400-Series Stainless Steel
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka corrosion i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māka austenitic
ʻO ka hapa nui o 400-series steels nele i ka nickel a, I nā hihia he nui, lawa ka molybdenum e pono ai no ke kū'ē ikaika i ka lua, Kāleʻa Crenice Corrosioni, a me ke koʻikoʻi i ka pohā ʻana i ka chloride-waiwai a i ʻole ka waikawa ikaika.
ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke pani maʻamau 304 Oole 316 i loko o ke kemika koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka lawelawe kai.
Hiki ke weldability palena
Hiki i nā māka Ferritic ke hoʻomāhuahua i ka palaoa a me ka nalo ʻana o ka paʻakikī i ka ʻāpana wela, ʻoiai ua maʻalahi nā māka martensitic i ka pohā anu a me ka hoʻoheheʻe hydrogen.
Pono pinepine ka ho'ohehe'e 'ana i ka mana ho'okomo wela, mea hoʻopaʻa (No, Nb), hoʻomāhana mua, a me ka hana wela wela.
Hoʻemi haʻahaʻa-mehana paʻakikī
Hōʻike nā kila kuhili ʻole Ferritic 400-series i kahi mahana hoʻololi ductile-to-brittle, maʻamau a puni ka sub-zero a ma luna iki o nā kūlana hau.
Hoʻopili kēia i ko lākou kūpono no nā noi hoʻolālā cryogenic a i ʻole ke anuanu.
ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā kila stainless austenitic
Loaʻa i nā māka Ferritic ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ke anu akā ua kaupalena ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻopololei, ʻoiai paʻakikī nā māka martensitic i ke ʻano anu ma muli o ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻāpana huki hohonu paʻakikī i nā kila kila kila 300-series.
ʻO ka noʻonoʻo i ka mālama wela kūpono ʻole a me ka ʻike lawelawe
Pono nā māka Martensitic a me PH i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā pōʻai wela.
Ka hoʻohaunaele kūpono ʻole, ʻike lōʻihi i nā mahana waena, a i ʻole nā hana kuʻihewa kūpono ʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i ka embrittlement, lilo o ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion, a i ʻole ka hāʻule mua ʻana.
ʻO ka puka aniani noi haiki no nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi
I ka corrosive loa, kiʻekiʻe-chloride, a i ʻole nā kaʻina hana maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, palena ka palena hana o 400-series steels, pono pinepine i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka austenitic, Duplex, a i ʻole nā kila kila kila.
7. Hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike vs 300-series & nā mea ʻē aʻe
- Ke kū'ē neiʻo Corrosionion: 300-Nā mo'ānō (304/316) >> 400-moʻo i loko o nā kaiapuni chloride/ʻakika koʻikoʻi.
- Ikaika (mālama ʻia ka wela): Martensitic/PH 400 >> 300-Nā mo'ānō (hiki ke oi loa aku 1,000 Mpa).
- Kālā: 400-ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 30-50% ma mua o 304 no ka haʻahaʻa Ni.
- Wawahua & NoMame: 300-series superior; 400-Pono ka moʻo e mālama pono.
- Magnesism: 400-series magnetic - he mea maikaʻi inā pono ka pane magnetic.
- Hana wela kiʻekiʻe (oxiyan): ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ferritic 4xx ma mua o ka austenitics no ka cyclic oxidation a me nā noi conductivity thermal.
Ka lula koho: koho 400-series ke kumu kūʻai, ʻO ka pane magnetic a i ʻole ka paʻakikī/ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa e koi ʻia a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a i ʻole ka mālama ʻia ʻana me nā uhi; e koho i 300-series/duplex/nickel alloys i ka wā mua ke kū'ē i ka corrosion.
8. Hopena
'Ōlelo 400 series stainless steels he versatile a hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻohana e hāʻawi i kahi kaulike pragmatic o Kālā, Nā waiwai magnetic, ka hana wela a me ka ikaika hiki ke loaʻa. ʻO kā lākou kuleana e pili ana i nā mea hana i kēlā me kēia lā i ke koi ʻana i nā ʻāpana mechanical.
Pono ka hoʻohana kūleʻa i ke koho ʻana i ka papa me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wili a me ka mālama wela i ka hana hope.
Ma kahi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka corrosion he haʻahaʻa a me ke kumu kūʻai a i ʻole ka pane magnetic, ʻo ka 400-series e hōʻike pinepine i ka koho ʻenehana maikaʻi loa.
Ma kahi e pono ai ke kū'ē i ka corrosion a i ʻole ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, pono e loiloi ʻia nā ʻohana kiʻekiʻe-alloy.
FaqS
He 400-series steels "stainless"?
ʻAe - hana lākou i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni passive chromium oxide a pale i ka corrosion ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kila kalapona, akā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka corrosion ma mua o 300-series alloys i ka nui o nā media hoʻopaʻapaʻa.
Hiki iā 400-series ke pani 304 i nā mea kūʻai aku?
ʻAe pinepine no nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā mea hana he nui (E.g., 430), aka, e pale aku i ka ike pinepine i na chlorides, hiki mai nā mea holoi ʻakika a i ʻole nā lewa moana.
No ke aha he 400-series magnetic a ʻaʻole kekahi?
ʻO nā microstructure Ferritic a me martensitic he magnetic; austenitic microstructures (maʻamau o 300-series) ʻaʻohe mea magnetik. 400-Hoʻolālā ʻia nā moʻo i ka ferritic/martensitic.
Pehea e welo ai 17-4 PH palekana?
E hoʻohana i nā kaʻina hana kūpono, Hoʻoponopono i ka hoʻokomo wela, a hoʻohana i ka hopena post-weld / mau makahiki a i ʻole ka ʻelemakule kūloko i kēlā me kēia ʻōlelo a ka mea hoʻolako e hoʻihoʻi i ka ikaika a me ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion..
He 440C kūpono no nā bearings moana?
ʻAʻole - ʻoiai hāʻawi ʻo 440C i ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻaʻahu, ua kaupalena kona pale ʻana i ka corrosion i nā kaiapuni chloride moana; e noʻonoʻo i nā bearings kuhiliʻole me ka PREN kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka uhi.
