Electropolishing Precision Cast Parts

Zavedenie

In the world of high-performance engineering, surface quality can determine the success or failure of a component.

Take aerospace turbine blades, for example—any surface imperfection can disrupt airflow, reducing efficiency and lifespan.

Podobne, in the medical field, orthopedic implants require ultra-smooth surfaces to prevent bacterial adhesion and ensure patient safety.

Electropolishing has become an essential finishing process for precision cast parts, refining surfaces to achieve superior functionality, trvanlivosť, a estetickú príťažlivosť.

Unlike traditional mechanical polishing, electropolishing eliminates microburrs and submicron defects without introducing mechanical stress.

This article explores how electropolishing enhances precision cast parts across various industries, detailing its process, výhod, and future innovations.

1. Čo je elektroleštenie?

Electropolishing is a controlled electrochemical process in which material is removed from the surface of a metal part using a current passed through an electrolyte bath.

This process effectively smooths the surface and improves the mechanical properties of the part without causing mechanical damage.

Unlike traditional polishing methods, electropolishing uses anodic dissolution to remove surface irregularities and contaminants, leaving behind a clean, smooth finish.

• Key Principle: The part is immersed in an electrolyte solution (usually a mixture of acids like sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid).
  As current flows through the solution, metal ions are released from the part’s surface, polishing it to a bright, smooth finish.
  This process reduces surface roughness, eliminates embedded contaminants, and improves corrosion resistance.
• Prečo na tom záleží: Electropolishing is distinct from mechanical polishing as it avoids the creation of mechanical stresses
  that can result in microcracking, which may negatively affect the part’s structural integrity.
  Navyše, electropolishing reaches deeper into tiny surface imperfections,
  such as microburrs and crevices, offering a level of surface refinement that cannot be achieved through traditional polishing methods.

2. Why Precision Cast Parts Need Electropolishing

Precision cast parts, by their very nature, are designed to meet the stringent demands of industries where accuracy and functionality are paramount.

Však, the casting process itself can introduce a series of imperfections that compromise the performance, trvanlivosť, and aesthetic appeal of these components.

Electropolishing addresses these challenges by offering a refined solution that improves the surface quality of precision cast parts.

Nižšie, we’ll explore the key challenges faced during casting and why electropolishing is essential for overcoming them.

Challenges in Casting

Surface Defects

Precision casting involves pouring molten metal into molds to form intricate shapes, but this process often results in surface defects such as pórovitosť, oxide inclusions, a troska.

These imperfections are inherent in the casting process and can affect the performance and aesthetics of the final product. Napríklad:

• Pórovitosť: Tiny air pockets can form within the metal, which might not be visible to the naked eye but can weaken the structure.
• Oxide Inclusions: These are non-metallic particles trapped within the metal during the casting process that can lead to corrosion or failure under stress.

Electropolishing provides an effective solution by removing these defects, smoothing out the surface and reducing the risk of contamination.

The process dissolves these imperfections, leaving behind a more uniform and cleaner surface.

Roughness of the Surface

The typical surface roughness (Rana) of cast parts ranges between 3–6 µm, which is relatively high compared to the ultra-smooth finishes required in many applications.

This roughness is not just an aesthetic issue; it can directly impact the performance of the part. Napríklad:

• Friction and Wear: Rough surfaces contribute to higher friction between moving parts, accelerating wear and reducing component life.
• Odpor: The more irregular the surface, the more susceptible it is to corrosion, especially in harsh environments like marine or chemical processing applications.

Electropolishing can smooth the surface by up to 70–90%, reducing roughness to below 0.5 µm (Rana), which significantly enhances the functional properties of the cast parts.

This smoother surface reduces friction, improving efficiency, extending the life of the part, and improving its resistance to corrosion.

Industry-Specific Demands

Precision cast parts serve critical roles in various industries, each with its unique set of requirements. Let’s explore how electropolishing plays a crucial role in meeting these demands:

Lekársky priemysel

V lekársky field, precision cast parts like implantáty, chirurgické nástroje, a protetika must meet strict regulatory standards.

Surfaces of these components must be smooth and free from defects to avoid complications such as bacterial contamination or inflammatory reactions.

Electropolishing is essential in ensuring that cast medical components meet ASTM F86 štandardy, which focus on the biocompatibility of metallic implants.

The smooth, non-porous surface created by electropolishing helps to reduce bacterial adhesion and improves the ability to sterilize components, ultimately ensuring safety and functionality.

Letecký priemysel

Letectvo applications require components that not only need to meet precise tolerances

but must also withstand extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, oxidácia, and mechanical stresses.

For parts like čepele turbíny, fuel nozzles, a airframe components, even the smallest surface imperfection can lead to performance degradation.

Electropolishing improves the aerodynamic properties of these components by smoothing the surface, which enhances airflow efficiency and reduces drag.

This is particularly important for components like fuel nozzles, where smoother surfaces can lead to better fuel atomization and increased engine performance.

Automobilový priemysel

V automobilový sector, cast parts such as vstrekovače paliva, turbocharger housings, a ventily are exposed to high-pressure, prostredia s vysokou teplotou.

The harsh conditions can lead to corrosion and wear over time.

Electropolishing these parts not only enhances their corrosion resistance but also reduces friction, thereby improving the part’s longevity and performance.

A smoother surface finish ensures that moving parts work more efficiently, reducing fuel consumption and increasing engine power.

Navyše, the aesthetic appeal of the components is enhanced, making them more attractive for high-end or performance vehicles.

Food Processing Industry

In food processing equipment, cast parts such as potrubia, mixers, a tanky must meet high sanitary standards.

Surface irregularities can trap food particles, making the equipment difficult to clean and posing a risk to food safety.

Electropolishing provides a smooth, contaminant-free surface that prevents food buildup a improves the ease of cleaning, which is essential in maintaining hygiene standards.

Electropolishing also enhances the odpor of the parts, ensuring the longevity and safety of the equipment.

Chemické spracovanie & Energy Industries

Components in these industries—such as ventily, čerpadlá, a výmenník tepla—are exposed to harsh chemicals, extrémne teploty, and high pressures.

The surface smoothness and odpor provided by electropolishing are vital for ensuring that these parts remain durable and functional.

Electropolishing removes nečistota that may otherwise lead to failure or korózia when the components are exposed to aggressive environments.

Kľúčové informácie

Electropolishing is not just about aesthetics; je to a crucial process for improving the výkon a dlhovekosť of precision cast parts.

By addressing surface defects, reducing roughness, and enhancing the overall material properties,

electropolishing makes cast parts more reliable, efektívny, and resistant to wear and corrosion.

Industries like lekársky, letectvo, automobilový, a spracovanie potravín benefit

from electropolishing by meeting stringent standards while improving the functionality and durability of their components.

The demand for electropolishing will only continue to grow as industries strive for higher precision and performance in their cast parts.

3. The Electropolishing Process: Step-by-Step

The electropolishing process is both a science and an art, requiring precision and careful control at each step.

It is a vital process for obtaining smooth, uniform surfaces on precision cast parts. Below is a detailed breakdown of the electropolishing process, highlighting each crucial step.

Pre-Cleaning

Before the electropolishing process can begin, the part must be thoroughly cleaned.

This ensures that no contaminants remain on the surface, which could interfere with the electrochemical reaction. Pre-cleaning typically involves the following steps:

• Degreasing: Cast parts often come with oils or greases from manufacturing or handling. Alkaline solutions, typically heated, are used to effectively remove these oils.
  This step is critical because any oil or grease left on the part can create uneven results during the electropolishing process.
• Descaling: In the casting process, oxide scales often form on the part due to the high temperatures involved.
  These scales need to be removed to ensure that the surface is clean and uniform. Acid pickling solutions (often a diluted acid mixture) are used for this purpose.
  This step prepares the surface for the electrolyte bath and ensures that no residual material will cause defects during electropolishing.

Electropolishing Setup

Once the part is clean and dry, it is time to immerse it in an electrolyte bath. The setup involves precise control of the electrolyte composition, electrical parameters, and part positioning.

• Zloženie elektrolytu: The choice of electrolyte depends on the material being polished. Pre nehrdzavejúca oceľ, a mixture of kyselina sírová a phosphoric acid is typically used.
  For other materials like titán alebo zliatiny niklu, different electrolytes may be employed.
  The exact formulation ensures that the part will be polished effectively while preventing damage or unwanted chemical reactions.
• Voltage and Current: Electropolishing requires the application of direct current (DC) through the electrolyte bath.
  The part is connected to the anode (positively charged), and a cathode (negatively charged) is also immersed in the bath.
  Voltage typically ranges from 10–20 V, and the current density is maintained at 20–40 A/dm².
  These parameters are carefully adjusted to balance the material removal rate with the desired surface finish.
• Regulácia teploty: The electrolyte temperature is another important variable.
  Zvyčajne, the bath is maintained at a temperature range between 50–70°C to ensure proper dissolution and polishing.
  Temperature control is critical because if the bath is too hot, the process may become aggressive and result in excessive material removal.

Material Removal

The primary purpose of electropolishing is to remove material from the part’s surface in a controlled manner.

The electrochemical process begins once the part is immersed in the electrolyte bath and current is applied:

• Anodic Dissolution: When current is applied, metal ions are released from the surface of the part and dissolved into the electrolyte solution.
  The metal ions are then carried away from the part, effectively smoothing and polishing the surface.
  The amount of material removed depends on the voltage, prúdová hustota, and electrolyte composition.
  Zvyčajne, 5–50 µm of material is removed, depending on the level of roughness or defects on the surface.
• Vyhladenie povrchu: Unlike traditional mechanical polishing, electropolishing smooths the surface by targeting imperfections at the microscopic level.
  It removes microburrs, irregularities, and other surface flaws, leaving behind a surface that is much smoother than when it started.
  This process creates a mirror-like finish on stainless steel parts and improves the component’s overall performance and aesthetic appearance.

Post-Treatment

After electropolishing, the part must undergo a post-treatment process to ensure it is free from chemical residues and to restore any necessary protective coatings:

• Pasivácia: Following electropolishing, stainless steel and other alloys often require passivation to restore the chromium oxide layer that provides corrosion resistance.
  This is typically achieved by dipping the part in a kyselina dusičná riešenie, which creates a passive oxide layer on the surface.
  This process enhances the part’s resistance to corrosion, najmä v drsnom prostredí.
• Rinsing and Drying: Once passivation is complete, the part is rinsed thoroughly to remove any remaining acid or electrolyte solution.
  It is then dried under controlled humidity conditions to prevent water spots or contamination.
  Proper drying is important, as it ensures that no residual moisture is left on the part that could lead to rust or surface defects.

4. Technical Advantages of Electropolishing

Electropolishing offers several distinct technical advantages that set it apart from other finishing methods.

Surface Enhancement

• Improved Surface Finish: Electropolishing provides an unparalleled surface finish, reducing roughness by 70–90%, depending on the material and process parameters.
  A surface roughness (Rana) z <0.4 µm is typically achievable, compared to rougher cast surfaces that typically have an Ra of 3–6 µm.
  The smoothness achieved makes the part more resistant to wear, reduces friction, and contributes to better overall functionality.
• Eliminating Embedded Contaminants: One of the standout benefits of electropolishing is its ability to remove contaminants that are embedded within the surface of the metal.
  Napríklad, častice železa often remain embedded in stainless steel during manufacturing processes.
  Electropolishing efficiently removes these contaminants, ensuring a cleaner surface and improving corrosion resistance.
  This is especially important in industries like medical or food processing, where hygiene and surface integrity are critical.

Odpor

• Enhanced Corrosion Protection: The process also significantly improves a part’s odpor.
  After electropolishing, materials like stainless steel exhibit a much higher corrosion resistance, making them more durable in hostile environments.
  ASTM B912 tests have demonstrated that electropolished stainless steel parts show 3–5 times better salt spray resistance than their non-polished counterparts.
  This is crucial for applications in marine, chemické spracovanie, and other corrosive environments.
• Chromium Oxide Layer Restoration: Electropolishing also has the added benefit of passivating the surface.
  When metals like stainless steel are electropolished, they naturally restore their chromium oxide layer, which acts as a protective barrier against corrosion.
  This restoration process helps maintain the material’s integrity over time, extending the life of the part and reducing the need for regular maintenance or replacement.

Sila únavy

• Reduction of Crack Initiation Points: A key technical advantage of electropolishing is its ability to reduce the potential for fatigue cracks.
  The removal of microscopic burrs and surface imperfections significantly reduces the stress concentrations that typically lead to crack formation.
  In high-stress environments such as aerospace and automotive applications,
  the improved surface integrity provided by electropolishing helps to increase fatigue strength by making the material more resistant to fracture or fatigue failure.
  Parts subjected to high loads or dynamic stress are far more durable after electropolishing.
• Improved Performance in Dynamic Environments: Electropolished parts exhibit greater strength under dynamic loading conditions.
  This is particularly important for components that will undergo repetitive stress, ako čepele turbíny in the aerospace industry, alebo komponenty motora v automobilovom priemysle.
  The smoother surface finish not only reduces wear and tear but also prevents the accumulation of dirt and other materials that can lead to premature failure.

Aesthetic Perfection

• Mirror-Like Finishes: Electropolishing transforms parts into polished, mirror-like surfaces that are visually appealing.
  This is a significant advantage in industries where the appearance of a part is just as important as its functionality.
  Napríklad, luxury automotive parts, architektonických prvkov, alebo high-end consumer goods all benefit from electropolishing.
  The refined aesthetic not only boosts product appeal but also enhances perceived value, giving the product a high-quality, premium appearance.
• Uniform Appearance: Unlike mechanical polishing, which can create inconsistencies in surface texture, electropolishing achieves a uniform finish across complex geometries.
  This is especially beneficial for parts with intricate shapes or difficult-to-reach areas, where mechanical polishing might leave uneven surfaces or scratches.
  The electrochemical process ensures that the surface finish is consistent across the entire part.

Environmental Benefits

• Reduced Environmental Impact: Electropolishing is an environmentally friendly process compared to traditional mechanical polishing.
  Since it does not generate as much particulate waste or require abrasive materials, electropolishing results in less material consumption and less waste production.
  Navyše, the closed-loop systems used in electropolishing facilities allow for the recycling of electrolytes, reducing chemical waste and contributing to a greener manufacturing process.
• Reduction in Energy Consumption: Compared to other metal finishing methods, electropolishing tends to consume less energy, especially when combined with automated systems.
  This contributes to lowering operational costs and minimizing the environmental footprint of manufacturing processes.

5. Materiálová kompatibilita

Different materials exhibit unique characteristics that influence the electropolishing process and the results achieved.

Understanding material compatibility is critical to achieving optimal surface finishes and functional improvements in precision cast parts.

Nehrdzavejúca oceľ

• Highly Compatible: Nehrdzavejúca oceľ is one of the most commonly electropolished materials due to its excellent response to the process.
  Grades such as 304 a 316 are particularly popular in industries where corrosion resistance, estetická úprava, and strength are paramount.
  Stainless steel’s high chromium content allows for the restoration of its protective chromium oxide layer during electropolishing, enhancing corrosion resistance and overall durability.
• Typické aplikácie: Medical implants, chirurgické nástroje, food processing equipment, and aerospace components benefit significantly
  from electropolished stainless steel due to the smooth, non-reactive surfaces that reduce bacterial growth and improve fatigue resistance.

Titán

• Ideal for Electropolishing: Titán is another metal that electropolishes well, especially in applications requiring superior corrosion resistance, ako sú letecké a lekárske implantáty.
  Zliatiny titánu, including grades like Ti-6Al-4V, are widely used in environments where high strength-to-weight ratios and excellent biocompatibility are required.
• Benefits for Titanium: Electropolishing titanium helps to smooth the surface, improve fatigue strength,
  and remove any contaminants, ensuring high resistance to corrosion in aggressive environments, such as those found in chemical processing or deep-sea applications.
  The process also enhances its aesthetic quality by providing a clean, lustrous finish.
• Výziev: Však, titanium can be sensitive to excessive etching or material loss, so careful parameter control is necessary to avoid unwanted thinning of the part.

Zliatiny niklu (Odvoz)

• High Compatibility for Specialized Applications: Nickel alloys like Odvoz a Hastelloy are frequently electropolished
  for high-performance applications in the aerospace, chemický, and nuclear industries.
  These alloys are known for their excellent high-temperature strength and resistance to oxidation and corrosion.
• Výhody: Electropolishing nickel alloys removes surface impurities and provides a highly uniform finish
  that improves resistance to high-temperature oxidation, reduces the potential for fatigue cracks, and enhances overall material integrity.
  Parts used in harsh environments, such as gas turbines or reactor components, benefit from the improved surface finish that electropolishing offers.
• Výziev: Nickel alloys may require a specialized electrolyte blend and optimized voltage to ensure uniform polishing without over-etching.

Hliník

• Potential Complications: Zatiaľ čo hliník can be electropolished, it presents a few challenges compared to stainless steel or titanium.
  Pórovitosť in aluminum castings can trap the electrolyte, which can lead to an uneven or inconsistent finish if not properly managed.
  Z tohto dôvodu, aluminum parts often need pre-treatment, ako tesnenie the surface before electropolishing, to reduce porosity.
• Prínosy: When the proper pre-treatment is applied, electropolishing aluminum can enhance its appearance by creating a smooth, shiny surface.
  It also increases corrosion resistance and reduces the likelihood of oxidation, especially in exposed or outdoor applications.
• Typické aplikácie: Electropolished aluminum is commonly used in the automotive and aerospace industries,
  particularly in components such as engine parts, výmenník tepla, and housings, where high performance and durability are required.

Vysokouhlíkové ocele

• Careful Consideration Required: High-carbon steels are more challenging to electropolish due to their tendency to over-etch if the parameters are not precisely controlled.
  Excessive etching can lead to dimensional changes or a loss of desired surface characteristics.
• Benefits and Uses: When managed carefully, electropolishing can improve the appearance and resistance to corrosion of high-carbon steels, particularly in applications
  ako cutting tools, chirurgické nástroje, a industrial components where performance and finish are critical.
• Výziev: To avoid over-etching, high-carbon steels typically require stricter process control,
  including reduced voltage or shorter polishing cycles, compared to stainless steel or titanium.

Meď a zliatiny medi

• Good Results in Specific Cases: Meď and its alloys, vrátane mosadz a bronz,
  can be electropolished to achieve a lustrous finish and enhanced corrosion resistance, especially in applications where aesthetic appeal is important.
  These materials benefit from electropolishing when smoothness and cleanliness are required for components that interact with fluids, plyny, or electrical conductors.
• Benefits for Copper Alloys: Electropolishing improves the conductivity, aesthetic quality, and corrosion resistance of copper components.
  It’s commonly used in applications such as elektrické konektory, automobilové diely, a architectural details.
• Výziev: Copper is highly susceptible to over-etching, and improper processing can lead to surface degradation,
  so specialized electrolyte compositions and fine-tuned process control are essential for achieving optimal results.

Challenges with Cast Alloys

• Porosity and Electrolyte Trapping: Cast alloys, particularly aluminum and magnesium-based alloys,
  often present challenges during electropolishing due to inherent porosity in the casting process. Trapped electrolytes can cause uneven polishing or surface defects.
• Roztoky: Pre-sealing or post-polishing treatments such as Horúce izostatické lisovanie (Bedra) can significantly improve the outcome for porous cast alloys.
  These methods reduce the trapped air or gas, improving the overall consistency and uniformity of the electropolishing process.

6. Challenges and Solutions

Komplexné geometrie

Parts with intricate shapes or deep cavities can pose challenges for uniform material removal.

Pulsed current or the use of custom fixtures ensures even treatment across these complex geometries.

Environmental Compliance

As electropolishing involves the use of acids, environmental impact is a concern.

Však, modern systems use closed-loop processes that recycle up to 90% of electrolytes, reducing waste and minimizing environmental harm.

Cost Management

To optimize electropolishing for high-volume production, cycle times must be managed effectively.

Zvyčajne, smaller parts undergo polishing in 5–15 minutes, balancing quality and throughput for mass production.

7. Elektroleštenie vs. Alternative Finishing Methods

When choosing a finishing method for precision cast parts, it’s essential to compare various techniques to determine which provides the most suitable results for specific requirements.

Nižšie, we examine electropolishing alongside other common finishing methods,

such as mechanical polishing and laser polishing, based on several critical factors: drsnosť povrchu, material loss, and suitability for complex geometries.

Drsnosť povrchu (Rana)

• Mechanické leštenie: Typically achieves surface roughness values between 0.8 µm and 1.2 µm.
  While effective for general applications, it may leave behind fine scratches and imperfections that affect performance, especially for high-precision components.
  This method may also be unsuitable for parts with intricate geometries due to its reliance on abrasive contact.
• Laser Polishing: Laser polishing can achieve a surface roughness between 0.5 µm and 1.0 µm.
  Though it is capable of providing a smooth finish with minimal material loss,
  it is more expensive and less efficient for large batches, making it more suitable for smaller-scale or prototype applications.
• Elektropooling: Electropolishing stands out by achieving an exceptional surface roughness of 0.1 µm do 0.4 µm, which makes it ideal for precision applications.
  This method reduces roughness by up to 90% compared to raw cast surfaces, enhancing both performance and appearance without the risk of scratching or abrasion.

Material Loss

• Mechanické leštenie: This method involves direct abrasion of the material, which can result in significant material loss—typically higher than electropolishing.
  The level of material removal depends on the part’s surface condition and the type of abrasives used.
  For intricate parts, mechanical polishing can cause excessive material loss and affect part dimensions.
• Laser Polishing: Laser polishing is precise, resulting in minimal material loss (on the order of microns).
  Však, the process requires specialized equipment and can be cost-prohibitive for large-scale production runs, especially if parts have irregular geometries.
• Elektropooling: Electropolishing removes a controlled amount of material, typicky medzi 5 µm do 50 µm, depending on the desired surface quality and part geometry.
  This level of material removal is sufficient to smooth irregularities and improve surface aesthetics, while minimizing material loss compared to mechanical polishing.
  The controlled removal ensures dimensional accuracy is maintained.

Suitability for Cast Parts and Complex Geometries

• Mechanické leštenie: Mechanical polishing can be effective for relatively simple and smooth parts.
  Však, it struggles with complex geometries or deep cavities.
  The abrasive process is also physically taxing, leading to inconsistent results on parts with intricate designs or hard-to-reach areas.
• Laser Polishing: Laser polishing excels at treating parts with complex geometries, as it applies localized heat using a focused laser beam.
  Však, it is expensive and may not be ideal for large-scale production runs. It is best suited for parts requiring precise surface finishing where minimal material removal is required.
• Elektropooling: One of the key advantages of electropolishing is its ability to treat parts with complex geometries effectively.
  By applying an electrochemical process, electropolishing can uniformly smooth parts, including those with deep cavities, jemné detaily, and thin walls.
  This makes it an ideal choice for parts with intricate shapes and fine features, such as turbine blades, lekárske implantáty, and precision aerospace components.

Cost-Effectiveness and Efficiency

• Mechanické leštenie: Although mechanical polishing is widely available and cost-effective for simple geometries, it becomes less efficient as complexity increases.
  Navyše, the high material loss associated with this method can make it expensive in terms of both time and resources, especially for larger or more detailed parts.
• Laser Polishing: Laser polishing provides excellent surface finish quality but comes with a high cost due to the need for specialized equipment and its time-consuming nature.
  For mass production or highly complex parts, it might not be the most cost-effective choice.
• Elektropooling: Electropolishing offers the best balance between cost-effectiveness, účinnosť, and high-quality surface finishing.
  It is scalable for high-volume production and reduces the need for additional finishing steps.
  Navyše, it requires less labor-intensive manual work compared to mechanical polishing, lowering the overall operational costs.

Summary Comparison

Metóda	Drsnosť povrchu (Rana)	Material Loss	Suitability for Cast Parts
Mechanické leštenie	0.8–1.2 µm	Vysoký	Limited for intricate shapes
Laser Polishing	0.5–1.0 µm	Minimálne	High cost for large batches
Elektropooling	0.1–0.4 µm	Kontrolované	Ideal for complex geometries

8. Záver

Electropolishing is a vital process for ensuring the quality, výkon, and appearance of precision cast parts across industries such as aerospace, automobilový, a zdravotnícke pomôcky.

By reducing surface roughness, enhancing corrosion resistance, and improving overall part functionality,

electropolishing plays a crucial role in meeting the exacting standards of today’s high-performance industries.

Ako technológia napreduje, the adoption of electropolishing will continue to grow, unlocking even greater potential for part performance and design flexibility.

 

If you’re looking for high-quality electropolishing of precision cast part services, výberom Tak je perfektným rozhodnutím pre vaše výrobné potreby.

Kontaktujte nás ešte dnes!

 

Časté otázky

Otázka: Can electropolishing fix casting porosity?

A: Electropolishing improves surface smoothness but does not address internal porosity. To address porosity, you may need to use additional processes like Horúce izostatické lisovanie (Bedra).

Otázka: How does electropolishing affect dimensional accuracy?

A: Electropolishing typically removes 5–30 µm of material, so it is important to design with this material loss in mind when specifying tolerances.

Otázka: Is electropolishing suitable for high-volume production?

A: Áno! Automated electropolishing systems can process large volumes of parts efficiently, providing consistent results and high throughput.